INTRODUCTION ð21Þ The following is provided as a brief introduction to Section IX, and cannot be considered as a substitute for the actual review of the document. However, this introduction is intended to give the reader a better understanding of the purpose and organization of Section IX. Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code relates to the qualification of welders, welding operators, brazers, brazing operators, and fusing operators, and the procedures employed in welding, brazing, or plastic fusing in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and the ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping. As such, this is an active document subject to constant review, interpretation, and improvement to recognize new developments and research data. Section IX is a document referenced for the qualification of material joining processes by various construction codes such as Section I, III, IV, VIII, XII, etc. These particular construction codes apply to specific types of fabrication and may impose additional requirements or exemptions to Section IX qualifications. Qualification in accordance with Section IX is not a guarantee that procedures and performance qualifications will be acceptable to a particular construction code. Section IX does not contain rules for production joining, nor does it contain rules to cover all factors affecting production material joining properties under all circumstances. Where such factors are determined by the organization to affect material joining properties, the organization shall address those factors in the Procedure Specification to ensure that the required properties are achieved in the production material joining process. The purpose of the Procedure Specification and the Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) is to ensure the material joining process proposed for construction is capable of producing joints having the required mechanical properties for the intended application. Personnel performing the material joining procedure qualification test shall be sufficiently skilled. The purpose of the procedure qualification test is to establish the mechanical properties of the joint produced by the material joining process and not the skill of the personnel using the material joining process. In addition, special consideration is given when toughness testing is required. The supplementary essential variables apply only when toughness testing is required by the referencing code, standard, or specification. The purpose of Performance Qualification is to determine the ability of the person using a material joining process to produce a sound joint. In Operator Performance Qualification, the basic criterion is to determine the ability of the operator to properly operate the equipment to produce a sound joint. In developing Section IX, each material joining process that is included was reviewed with regard to those factors (called variables) which have an effect upon the material joining operations as applied to procedure or performance criteria. The user of Section IX should be aware of how Section IX is organized. It is divided into four Parts: general requirements, welding, brazing, and plastic fusing. Each Part addressing a material joining process is then divided into Articles. The Articles for each material joining process deal with the following: (a) general requirements specifically applicable to the material joining process (Article I Welding, Article XI Brazing, and Article XXI Plastic Fusing) (b) procedure qualifications (Article II Welding, Article XII Brazing, and Article XXII Plastic Fusing) (c) performance qualifications (Article III Welding, Article XIII Brazing, and Article XXIII Plastic Fusing) (d) data (Article IV Welding, Article XIV Brazing, and Article XXIV Plastic Fusing) (e) standard welding procedure specifications (Article V Welding) These articles contain general references and guides that apply to procedure and performance qualifications such as positions, type and purpose of various mechanical tests, acceptance criteria, and the applicability of Section IX, which previously appeared in the Preamble of the 1980 Edition of Section IX (the Preamble has since been deleted). The general requirement articles reference the data articles for specific details of the testing equipment and removal of the mechanical test specimens.
ASME B PVC.I X-2021 SECTION IX We l d i n g , Br a zi n g , a n d Fu si n g Qu alific ations 2021 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code An International Code Qual i fi cat i on St and ard for We l d i ng , Brazi ng , an d Fu sin g P roc e d ure s; We l d e rs; Bra zers; and We l d i ng , B razi ng, a n d Fusi ng Op e rat ors Markings such as “ASME,” “ASME Standard,” or any other marking including “ASME,” ASME logos, or the ASME Single Cer�fica�on Mark shall not be used on any item that is not constructed in accordance with all of the applicable requirements of the Code or Standard Use of of the ASME Single Cer�fica�on Mark requires formal ASME cer�fica�on; if no cer�fica�on program is available, such ASME markings may not be used (For Cer�fica�on and Accredita�on Programs, see h�ps://www.asme.org/cer�fica�on-accredita�on.) Items produced by par�es not formally possessing an ASME Cer�ficate may not be described, either explicitly or implicitly, as ASME cer�fied or approved in any code forms or other document AN INTERNATIONAL CODE 2021 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code 2021 Edition July 1, 2021 IX QUALIFICATION STANDARD FOR WELDING, BRAZING, AND FUSING PROCEDURES; WELDERS; BRAZERS; AND WELDING, BRAZING, AND FUSING OPERATORS ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee on Welding, Brazing, and Fusing Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 10016 USA Date of Issuance: July 1, 2021 This international code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards and it is an American National Standard The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large ASME does not “approve," "certify," “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals The endnotes and preamble in this document (if any) are part of this American National Standard ASME Collective Membership Mark ASME Single Certification Mark "ASME" and the above ASME symbols are registered trademarks of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 56-3934 Printed in the United States of America Adopted by the Council of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1914; latest edition 2021 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 Copyright © 2021 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Sections Foreword Statement of Policy on the Use of the ASME Single Certification Mark and Code Authorization in Advertising Statement of Policy on the Use of ASME Marking to Identify Manufactured Items Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees Personnel Introduction Summary of Changes List of Changes in Record Number Order Cross-Referencing and Stylistic Changes in the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code x xii xiv xiv xv xviii xxxix xlii xlvii xlviii Part QG QG-100 QG-109 General Requirements Scope Definitions 1 Part QW Welding 15 Article I QW-100 QW-110 QW-120 QW-130 QW-140 QW-150 QW-160 QW-170 QW-180 QW-190 Welding General Requirements Scope Weld Orientation Test Positions for Groove Welds Test Positions for Fillet Welds Types and Purposes of Tests and Examinations Tension Tests Guided‐Bend Tests Toughness Tests Fillet‐Weld Tests Other Tests and Examinations 15 15 15 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 21 Article II QW-200 QW-210 QW-220 QW-250 QW-290 Welding Procedure Qualifications General Preparation of Test Coupon Hybrid Welding Procedure Variables Welding Variables Temper Bead Welding 29 29 32 35 35 68 Article III QW-300 QW-310 QW-320 QW-350 QW-360 QW-380 Welding Performance Qualifications General Qualification Test Coupons Retests and Renewal of Qualification Welding Variables for Welders Welding Variables for Welding Operators Special Processes 72 72 74 75 76 77 78 Article IV QW-400 QW-410 QW-420 QW-430 QW-440 Welding Data Variables Technique P-Numbers F‐Numbers Weld Metal Chemical Composition 81 81 91 96 175 186 iii QW-450 QW-460 QW-470 Specimens Graphics Etching — Processes and Reagents 187 192 233 Article V QW-500 QW-510 QW-520 QW-530 QW-540 Standard Welding Procedure Specifications (SWPSs) General Adoption of SWPSs Use of SWPSs Without Discrete Demonstration Forms Production Use of SWPSs 235 235 235 235 236 236 Brazing 237 Article XI QB-100 QB-110 QB-120 QB-140 QB-150 QB-160 QB-170 QB-180 Brazing General Requirements Scope Braze Orientation Test Positions for Lap, Butt, Scarf, or Rabbet Joints Types and Purposes of Tests and Examinations Tension Tests Guided‐Bend Tests Peel Tests Sectioning Tests and Workmanship Coupons 237 237 237 237 238 238 239 240 240 Article XII QB-200 QB-210 QB-250 Brazing Procedure Qualifications General Preparation of Test Coupon Brazing Variables 241 241 243 243 Article XIII QB-300 QB-310 QB-320 QB-350 Brazing Performance Qualifications General Qualification Test Coupons Retests and Renewal of Qualification Brazing Variables for Brazers and Brazing Operators 247 247 248 248 248 Article XIV QB-400 QB-410 QB-420 QB-430 QB-450 QB-460 Brazing Data Variables Technique P‐Numbers F‐Numbers Specimens Graphics 249 249 250 250 250 253 257 Plastic Fusing 276 Article XXI QF-100 QF-110 QF-120 QF-130 QF-140 Plastic Fusing General Requirements Scope Fused Joint Orientation Test Positions Data Acquisition and Evaluation Examinations and Tests 276 276 276 276 276 277 Article XXII QF-200 QF-220 QF-250 Fusing Procedure Qualifications General Standard Fusing Procedure Specifications Fusing Variables 283 283 286 290 Plastic Fusing Performance Qualifications General Qualification Test Coupons Retests and Renewal of Qualification Essential Variables for Performance Qualification of Fusing Operators 293 293 294 294 294 Part QB Part QF Article XXIII QF-300 QF-310 QF-320 QF-360 iv Article XXIV QF-400 QF-420 QF-450 QF-460 QF-480 QF-490 Plastic Fusing Data Variables Material Groupings Pipe-Fusing Limits Graphics Forms Definitions 296 296 297 298 299 312 325 Nonmandatory Appendix B B-100 Welding and Brazing Forms Forms 326 326 Nonmandatory Appendix D P‐Number Listing 337 Mandatory Appendix E E-100 E-200 E-300 Permitted Standard Welding Procedure Specifications (SWPSs) Introduction Background Instructions for Adoption 338 338 338 338 Mandatory Appendix F Standard Units for Use in Equations 340 Nonmandatory Appendix G G-100 G-200 G-300 Guidance for the Use of U.S Customary and SI Units in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Use of Units in Equations Guidelines Used to Develop SI Equivalents Soft Conversion Factors 341 341 341 343 Nonmandatory Appendix H H-100 H-200 H-300 H-400 H-500 Waveform Controlled Welding Background Waveform Controlled Welding and Heat Input Determination New Procedures Qualifications Existing Qualified Procedures Performance Qualifications 344 344 344 344 345 345 Mandatory Appendix J Guideline for Requesting P-Number Assignments for Base Metals Not Listed in Table QW/QB-422 Introduction Request Format Submittals 346 346 346 346 Guidance on Invoking Section IX Requirements in Other Codes, Standards, Specifications, and Contract Documents Background and Purpose Scope of Section IX and What Referencing Documents Must Address Recommended Wording — General 347 347 347 347 Welders and Welding Operators Qualified Under ISO 9606-1:2012 and ISO 14732-2013 Introduction Administrative Requirements Technical Requirements Testing Requirements 350 350 350 350 350 J-100 J-200 J-300 Nonmandatory Appendix K K-100 K-200 K-300 Nonmandatory Appendix L L-100 L-200 L-300 L-400 FIGURES QG-109.2.1 QG-109.2.2 QW-191.1.2.2(b)(4) QW-461.1 QW-461.2 QW-461.3 QW-461.4 QW-461.5 Typical Single and Multibead Layers Typical Single Bead Layers Rounded Indication Charts Positions of Welds — Groove Welds Positions of Welds — Fillet Welds Groove Welds in Plate — Test Positions Groove Welds in Pipe — Test Positions Fillet Welds in Plate — Test Positions v 14 14 22 192 193 194 194 195 QW-461.6 QW-461.7 QW-461.8 QW-461.10 QW-462.1(a) QW-462.1(b) QW-462.1(c) QW-462.1(d) QW-462.1(e) QW-462.2 QW-462.3(a) QW-462.3(b) QW-462.4(a) QW-462.4(b) QW-462.4(c) QW-462.4(d) QW-462.5(a) QW-462.5(b) QW-462.5(c) QW-462.5(d) QW-462.5(e) QW-462.7.1 QW-462.7.2 QW-462.7.3 QW-462.8.1 QW-462.8.2 QW-462.9 QW-462.12 QW-462.13 QW-463.1(a) QW-463.1(b) QW-463.1(c) QW-463.1(d) QW-463.1(e) QW-463.1(f) QW-463.2(a) QW-463.2(b) QW-463.2(c) QW-463.2(d) QW-463.2(e) QW-463.2(f) QW-463.2(g) QW-463.2(h) QW-464.1 QW-464.2 QW-466.1 QW-466.2 QW-466.3 QW-466.4 QW-466.5 QW-466.6 Fillet Welds in Pipe — Test Positions Stud Welds — Test Positions Stud Welds — Welding Positions Rotating Tool Design Characteristics (FSW) Referenced in QW-410 Tension — Reduced Section — Plate Tension — Reduced Section — Pipe Tension — Reduced Section Alternate for Pipe Tension — Reduced Section — Turned Specimens Tension — Full Section — Small Diameter Pipe Side Bend Face and Root Bends — Transverse Face and Root Bends — Longitudinal Fillet Welds in Plate — Procedure Fillet Welds in Plate — Performance Fillet Welds in Pipe — Performance Fillet Welds in Pipe — Procedure Chemical Analysis and Hardness Specimen Corrosion‐Resistant and Hard‐Facing Weld Metal Overlay Chemical Analysis Specimen, Hard‐Facing Overlay Hardness, and Macro Test Location(s) for Corrosion‐Resistant and Hard‐Facing Weld Metal Overlay Pipe Bend Specimen — Corrosion‐Resistant Weld Metal Overlay Plate Bend Specimens — Corrosion‐Resistant Weld Metal Overlay Plate Macro, Hardness, and Chemical Analysis Specimens — Corrosion‐Resistant and Hard‐Facing Weld Metal Overlay Resistance Seam Weld Test Coupon Seam Weld Section Specimen Removal Resistance Weld Nugget Section Test Specimens Spot Welds in Sheets Seam Weld Peel Test Specimen and Method Spot Welds in Sheet Nomenclature for Temper Bead Welding Measurement of Temper Bead Overlap Plates — Less Than 3/4 in (19 mm) Thickness Procedure Qualification Plates — 3/4 in (19 mm) and Over Thickness and Alternate From 3/8 in (10 mm) but Less Than 3/4 in (19 mm) Thickness Procedure Qualification Plates — Longitudinal Procedure Qualification Procedure Qualification Procedure Qualification Toughness Test Specimen Location Plates — Less Than 3/4 in (19 mm) Thickness Performance Qualification Plates — 3/4 in (19 mm) and Over Thickness and Alternate From 3/8 in (10 mm) but Less Than 3/4 in (19 mm) Thickness Performance Qualification Plates — Longitudinal Performance Qualification Performance Qualification Performance Qualification Pipe — NPS 10 (DN 250) Assembly Performance Qualification NPS (DN 150) or NPS (DN 200) Assembly Performance Qualification Performance Qualification Procedure Qualification Test Coupon and Test Specimens Performance Qualification Test Coupons and Test Specimens Test Jig Dimensions Guided‐Bend Roller Jig Guided‐Bend Wrap Around Jig Stud‐Weld Bend Jig Torque Testing Arrangement for Stud Welds Suggested Type Tensile Test Figure for Stud Welds vi 196 197 197 199 200 200 201 201 202 203 204 205 205 206 206 207 207 208 209 210 211 211 212 212 213 214 215 216 217 217 217 218 218 219 219 220 220 221 221 222 222 223 224 225 226 227 229 229 230 231 232 QW-469.1 QW-469.2 QB-461.1 QB-461.2 QB-462.1(a) QB-462.1(b) QB-462.1(c) QB-462.1(e) QB-462.1(f) QB-462.2(a) QB-462.2(b) QB-462.3 QB-462.4 QB-462.5 QB-463.1(a) QB-463.1(b) QB-463.1(c) QB-463.1(d) QB-463.1(e) QB-463.2(a) QB-463.2(b) QB-463.2(c) QB-466.1 QB-466.2 QB-466.3 QF-221.1 QF-461.1 QF-461.2 QF-462(a) QF-462(b) QF-463 QF-464 QF-465 QF-466 QF-467 QF-468 QF-469 QF-470 K-305 TABLES QW-252 QW-252.1 QW-253 QW-253.1 QW-254 QW-254.1 QW-255 QW-255.1 QW-256 QW-256.1 QW-257 QW-257.1 QW-258 Butt Joint Alternative Butt Joint Flow Positions Test Flow Positions Tension — Reduced Section for Butt and Scarf Joints — Plate Tension — Reduced Section for Butt, Lap, and Scarf Joints — Pipe Tension — Reduced Section for Lap and Rabbet Joints — Plate Tension — Full Section for Lap, Scarf, and Butt Joints — Small Diameter Pipe Support Fixture for Reduced‐Section Tension Specimens Transverse First and Second Surface Bends — Plate and Pipe Longitudinal First and Second Surface Bends — Plate Lap Joint Peel Specimen Lap Joint Section Specimen (See QB-181) Workmanship Coupons Plates Procedure Qualification Plates Procedure Qualification Plates Procedure Qualification Plates Procedure Qualification Pipe — Procedure Qualification Plates Performance Qualification Plates Performance Qualification Pipe Performance Qualification Guided‐Bend Jig Guided‐Bend Roller Jig Guided‐Bend Wrap Around Jig Required Minimum Melt Bead Size Fusing Positions Fusing Test Positions Cross Section of Upset Beads for Butt-Fused PE Pipe Cross Section of Upset Beads for Sidewall-Fused Fitting (Profile at Crotch of Fitting) Bend Test Specimen Removal, Configuration, and Testing HSTIT Specimen Configuration and Dimensions HSTIT Specimen Failure Examples Electrofusion Crush Test Electrofusion Bend Test Fusion Zone Void Criteria Electrofusion Peel Test Short-Term Hydrostatic Test Specimen Proposed Code Case Template 232 232 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 264 265 265 266 267 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 275 288 299 300 301 302 303 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 349 Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Oxyfuel Gas Welding (OFW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Oxyfuel Gas Welding (OFW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Shielded Metal‐Arc Welding (SMAW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Shielded Metal‐Arc Welding (SMAW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Submerged‐Arc Welding (SAW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Submerged‐Arc Welding (SAW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Gas Metal‐Arc Welding (GMAW and FCAW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Gas Metal‐Arc Welding (GMAW and FCAW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Gas Tungsten‐Arc Welding (GTAW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Gas Tungsten‐Arc Welding (GTAW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Plasma‐Arc Welding (PAW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Plasma‐Arc Welding (PAW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Electroslag Welding (ESW) 37 38 39 40 41 42 vii 43 45 46 48 49 50 52 QW-258.1 QW-259 QW-260 QW-261 QW-262 QW-263 QW-264 QW-264.1 QW-264.2 QW-265 QW-266 QW-267 QW-288.1 QW-288.2 QW-290.4 QW-352 QW-353 QW-354 QW-355 QW-356 QW-357 QW-388 QW-416 QW/QB-421.2 QW/QB-422 QW-432 QW-442 QW-451.1 QW-451.2 QW-451.3 QW-451.4 QW-452.1(a) QW-452.1(b) QW-452.3 QW-452.4 QW-452.5 QW-452.6 QW-453 QW-461.9 QW-473.3-1 QB-252 QB-253 QB-254 QB-255 QB-256 QB-257 QB-432 QB-451.1 QB-451.2 QB-451.3 QB-451.4 Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Electroslag Welding (ESW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Electrogas Welding (EGW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Electron Beam Welding (EBW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Stud Welding Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Inertia and Continuous Drive Friction Welding Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Resistance Welding Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Laser Beam Welding (LBW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Laser Beam Welding (LBW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Low-Power Density Laser Beam Welding (LLBW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Flash Welding Welding Variables Procedure Specifications (WPS) — Diffusion Welding (DFW) Welding Variables Procedure Specifications — Friction Stir Welding (FSW) Essential Variables for Procedure Qualification of Tube-to-Tubesheet Welding (All Welding Processes Except Explosion Welding) Essential Variables for Procedure Qualification of Tube-to-Tubesheet Welding (Explosion Welding) Welding Variables for Temper Bead Procedure Qualification Oxyfuel Gas Welding (OFW) Shielded Metal‐Arc Welding (SMAW) Semiautomatic Submerged‐Arc Welding (SAW) Semiautomatic Gas Metal‐Arc Welding (GMAW) Manual and Semiautomatic Gas Tungsten‐Arc Welding (GTAW) Manual and Semiautomatic Plasma‐Arc Welding (PAW) Essential Variables for Tube-to-Tubesheet Performance Qualification Welding Variables Base Metal Assignment Groups Ferrous and Nonferrous P‐Numbers F‐Numbers A‐Numbers Groove‐Weld Tension Tests and Transverse‐Bend Tests Groove‐Weld Tension Tests and Longitudinal‐Bend Tests Fillet‐Weld Tests Fillet Welds Qualified by Groove‐Weld Tests Test Specimens Thickness of Weld Metal Qualified Groove‐Weld Diameter Limits Small Diameter Fillet‐Weld Test Fillet‐Weld Test Fillet Qualification by Groove‐Weld Tests Procedure and Performance Qualification Thickness Limits and Test Specimens for Hard‐ Facing (Wear‐Resistant) and Corrosion‐Resistant Overlays Performance Qualification — Position and Diameter Limitations Makeup of Equations for Aqua Regia and Lepito’s Etch Torch Brazing (TB) Furnace Brazing (FB) Induction Brazing (IB) Resistance Brazing (RB) Dip Brazing — Salt or Flux Bath (DB) Dip Brazing — Molten Metal Bath (DB) F‐Numbers Tension Tests and Transverse‐Bend Tests — Butt and Scarf Joints Tension Tests and Longitudinal Bend Tests — Butt and Scarf Joints Tension Tests and Peel Tests — LAP Joints Tension Tests and Section Tests — Rabbet Joints viii 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 63 64 65 67 67 69 76 76 76 76 77 77 80 95 96 98 176 186 187 188 188 188 189 189 190 190 190 191 191 198 233 243 244 244 245 245 246 251 253 253 254 254