(Tiểu luận) international business module topic research the political system of the usa

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY GROUP ASSIGNMENTS INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MODULE Topic: Research the political system of the USA Group – Advanced International Business Administration 62C Student’s name Student’s ID 4 Lương Đỗ Quỳnh Anh Lê Thị Tuyết Anh Nguyễn Hồng Quỳnh Nguyễn Thị Hồng Phượng Nguyễn Phương Anh Lê Xuân Tùng 11204337 11200157 11206748 11206653 11200248 11207371 h GROUP th ASSIGNING TASKS TO GROUP MEMBER Individual task’s tracking board and comments Student’s name Lương Đỗ Quỳnh Anh Task assigned Build content and present Completion progress Finishes all the tasks on time, manages (Leader) structure Roles of politicians, lobbyers, and media, slides Present group assignments all the tasks to be submitted, tracks group member’s completion progress, does all paper’ works and be the last to review group assignments including Lê Thị Tuyết Anh The way a law has passed both content and slides Has the responsible for the oriented in the USA Nguyễn Hồng Quỳnh Nguyễn Thị Hồng Phượng Nguyễn Phương Anh Present group assignments History of the founding of the USA Background of the time and be positive on the meetings Missed the deadlines and did not really complete the given tasks Both content and slides did not reach group’s quality American political system And slides The American voting system and slides so that they still need a lot of corrections Be supportive and positive when giving ideas and comments on the Present group assignments History of the founding of the USA group tasks Finishes given tasks on time and tries her best researching info Missed the deadlines but did a great job researching and briefing content Background of the American political system about the given tasks Has supportive attitudes and gives comments on group And slides work h The way a law has passed in the USA’s slides content, spends much time on doing research and submits tasks on time Does presentation slides about “The way a law has passed in the USA” on Lê Xuân Tùng GROUP NOTES: Each group member has carefully researched their given tasks and made their own presentation slides related to the topic The whole group has scheduled meetings on Teams in order to divide tasks equally and discussed how the group presentation would be organized Each member had put lots of effort on doing this group assignments about “The political system of the USA” so that the presentation can be well-prepared and as high quality as possible TABLE OF CONTENT AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM History of the founding of the United State of America General overview of the US political system Foundations of the US political system Political Parties THE AMERICA’S VOTING SYSTEM Overview of elections in the United States Voting methods Features of the election system Levels of election 4 THE WAY A LAW HAS PASSED IN THE USA 12 How Laws are Made 12 The way a law has passed in the USA 12 The differences between the laws of VN and the laws of the USA14 ROLES OF POLITICIANS, LOBBYERS, AND THE MEDIA 17 Politicians and their functions 17 Lobbyers/ lobbies/ lobbyists and their duties CONCLUSION 24 21 h The Media and its roles 26 I AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM History of the founding of the USA and background of the American political system - The United States of America (U.S.A or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S or US) or America, is a transcontinental country located primarily in North America It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine minor outlying islands, and 326 Indian reservations - The legal system in the United States is a common law system (with the exception of Louisiana, which has a mix of both civil and common law) - Although having a federal government with multiple parties, American politics have mostly been dominated by two major political parties (republican and democratic) a History of the founding of the United State of America In the late 16th century, England (British Empire), Kingdom of France, Spanish Empire, and the Dutch Republic launched major colonization programs in North America Successful colonies were established within several decades One of which was Jamestown in 1607  4/7/1776 marks the birth of the nation with the declaration of independence, legally separating the 13 colonies from British rule and establishing the USA  1787 is the year that the states send their representatives and form committees to decide on the constitution  1789 is the year that the first president of the US, George Washington was appointed and every state in the nation ratified the constitution while the first few states ratified back in 1788 b General overview of the US political system The U.S is a federal republic: h  The federal government: established by the U.S constitution with the president, congress and court sharing the power of the federal government  States government: function below the level of the federal government over a defined territory c Foundations of the US political system  Popular sovereignty - Popular sovereignty is a doctrine rooted in the belief that each citizen has sovereignty over themselves Citizens may unite and offer to delegate a portion of their sovereign powers and duties to those who wish to serve as officers of the state, contingent on the officers agreeing to serve according to the will of the people  Separation of power Separation of powers is a doctrine of constitutional law under which the three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) are kept separate This is also known as the system of checks and balances because each branch is given certain powers so as to check and balance the other branches Each branch has separate powers, and generally each branch is not allowed to exercise the powers of the other branches The Legislative Branch exercises congressional power, the Executive Branch exercises executive power, and the Judicial Branch exercises judicial review  Federation The US has a different system which is Federalism; it’s a system of shared power between two or more governments with authority over the same people and geographical area The federal government also acts as a figure to unite the states and the people together with a defined identity h d Political Parties The most popular parties are the Democratic and the Republican party both of them make up for most of the vote from the general population American electoral politics have been dominated by two major political parties since shortly after the founding of the republic of the United States of America Since the 1850s, they have been the Democratic Party and the Republican Party Since the last major political realignment in the mid-20th century, the Democratic Party has been the center-left and liberal party, and the Republican Party has been the center-right and conservative party Some political candidates, and many voters, choose not to identify with a particular political party In some states, independents are not allowed to vote in primary elections, but in others, they can vote in any primary election of their choice  Democratic Party Founded by President Andrew Jackson and his supporters in 1828 He was President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and to this day Americans consider Andrew Jackson to be the first Democratic President of the United States The Democratic Party is the oldest voter-based political party in the world and the oldest existing political party in the United States Known as the party of the "common man," the early Democratic Party stood for individual rights and state sovereignty but opposed banks and high tariffs The symbol of the Democratic Party is the image of the Donkey, and the color of the logo is Blue The position of the Democratic Party is considered liberal and supports civil liberties and social freedoms  Republican Party h Founded in 1854 by a group of former members of the Whig Party with the principle of opposing slavery and tending to modernize America The Republican Party can also be referred to as the Grand Old Party (GOP), is one of the two major political parties in the United States The party focuses on minimizing interference or establishing government agencies to run, support a free-market economy and minimal government intervention in the economy In the modern day, its demographic base skews towards people living in rural areas, men, Southerners, and white Americans, particularly white evangelical Christians, and the white working class In recent years, the Republican Party has made gains among white working class and Hispanic voters while losing support among college-educated whites II THE AMERICA’S VOTING SYSTEM Overview of elections in the United States - Elections in the United States are held for government officials at the federal, state, and local levels At the federal level, the nation’s head of state, the president, is elected indirectly by the people of each state, through an Electoral College (The United States Electoral College is the group of presidential electors required by the Constitution to form every four years for the sole Document continues below Discover more from: Kinh doanh quốc tế KDQT1 Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân 999+ documents Go to course Vợ nhặt - Đoạn trích Kinh doanh quốc tế 100% (61) Đề thi Kinh doanh quốc tế NEU Kinh doanh quốc tế 100% (11) h Quan điểm toàn diện - nothing Kinh doanh quốc tế 100% (9) 22856309 cấu tổ chức cty đa quốc gia Nestle 25 Kinh doanh quốc tế 100% (9) Cơ cấu tổ chức chiến lược kinh doanh quốc tế Grab 52 Kinh doanh quốc tế 100% (8) Chiến lược cấu tổ chức kinh doanh quốc tế Apple 54 Kinh doanh quốc tế 100% (8) purpose of appointing the president and vice president.) Today, these electors almost always vote with the popular vote of their state All members of the federal legislature, the Congress, are directly elected by the people of each state There are many elected offices at the state level, each state having at least an elective governor and legislature There are also elected offices at the local level, in counties, cities, towns, townships, boroughs, and villages; as well as for special districts and school districts that may transcend county and municipal boundaries - While the United States Constitution does set parameters for the election of federal officials, state law, not federal, regulates most aspects of elections in the U.S., including primaries, the eligibility of voters (beyond the basic constitutional definition), the running of each state's electoral college, as well as the running of state and local elections All federal, state and local elections are administered by individual states Voting methods Voting systems used in each state: First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Nonpartisan blanket primary and top two Instant-runoff voting (IRV) Louisiana primary runoff general Nonpartisan blanket primary and top four instant-runoff general h The most common method used in U.S elections is the first-past-the-post system, where the highest-polling candidate wins the election Under this system, a candidate only requires a plurality of votes to win, rather than an outright majority Some may use a two-round system, where if no candidate receives the required votes, then there is a runoff between the two candidates with the most votes Since 2002, several cities have adopted instant runoff voting in their elections Voters rank the candidates in order of preference rather than voting for a single candidate If a candidate secures more than half of the votes cast, that candidate wins Otherwise, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated Ballots assigned to the eliminated candidate are recounted and assigned to those of the remaining candidates who rank next in order of preference on each ballot This process continues until one candidate wins by obtaining more than half the votes In 2016, Maine became the first state to adopt instant-runoff voting (known in the state as rankedchoice voting) statewide for its elections, although due to state constitutional provisions, the system is only used for federal elections and state primaries Features of the election system a Multiple levels of regulation In the US, elections are conducted by local authorities, working under local, state, and federal law and regulations, as well as the US Constitution It is a highly decentralized system In around half of US states, the secretary of state is the official in charge of elections; in other states, it is someone appointed for the job or a commission It is this person or commission who is responsible for certifying, tabulating, and reporting votes for the state b Party systems Americans vote for a specific candidate instead of directly selecting a particular political party The United States Constitution has never formally addressed the issue of political parties Due to Duverger's law, the two-party system continued following the creation of political parties, as the first-past-the-post electoral system was kept Candidates decide to run under a party label, register to run, pay filing fees, etc The party organization stays neutral in the primary elections until one candidate has been elected c Ballot access h Ballot access refers to the laws which regulate under what conditions access is granted for a candidate or political party to appear on voters' ballots Each state has its ballot access laws to determine who may appear on ballots and who may not According to Article I, Section 4, of the United States Constitution, the authority to regulate the time, place, and manner of federal elections is up to each State, unless Congress legislates otherwise Depending on the office and the state, it may be possible for a voter to cast a write-in vote for a candidate whose name does not appear on the ballot, but it is extremely rare for such a candidate to win office d Campaign finance The funding of electoral campaigns has always been a controversial issue in American politics Money contributed to campaigns can be classified into "hard money" and "soft money" Hard money is money contributed directly to a campaign, by an individual or organization Soft money is money from an individual or organization not contributed to a campaign but spent in candidate-specific advertising or other efforts that benefit that candidate by groups supporting the candidate, but legally not coordinated by the official campaign The Federal Election Campaign Act had changed over the years to avoid corruption in "soft money" Changing campaign finance laws is a highly controversial issue Some reformers wish to see laws changed to improve electoral competition and political equality Opponents wish to see the system stay as it is, whereas other reformers wish for even fewer restrictions on the freedom to spend and contribute money The Supreme Court has made it increasingly difficult for those who wish to regulate election financing, but options like partial public funding of campaigns are still possible and offer the potential to address reformers' concerns with minimal restrictions on the freedom to contribute e Primaries and caucuses In partisan elections, candidates are chosen by primary elections (abbreviated to "primaries") and caucuses in the states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, and the U.S Virgin Islands A primary election is an election in which registered voters in a jurisdiction (nominating primary) select a political party's candidate for a later election There are various types of primary: either the whole electorate is eligible, and voters choose one party's primary at the polling booth (an open primary), or only independent voters can choose a party's primary at the polling booth (a semi-closed primary); or only registered members of the party are allowed to vote (closed primary) Primaries are also used to select candidates at the state level, for example in gubernatorial elections Caucuses also nominate candidates by election, but they are very different from primaries Caucuses are meetings that occur at precincts and involve discussion of each h party's platform and issues such as voter turnout in addition to voting A state's presidential primary election or caucus usually is indirect: it determines how many delegates each party's national political convention will receive from their respective state These delegates then in turn select their party's presidential nominee Held in the summer, a political convention's purpose is also to adopt a statement of the party's principles and goals known as the platform and adopt the rules for the party's activities The day on which primaries are held for congressional seats, and state and local offices may also vary between states The only federally mandated day for elections is Election Day for the general elections of the president and Congress; all other elections are at the discretion of the individual state and local governments Levels of election a Federal elections The United States has a presidential system of government, which means that the executive and legislature are elected separately Article II of the United States The differences between the laws of VN and the laws of the USA The difference in the way the state is organized is an important point leading to the difference between the legal systems of Vietnam and the United States More than half, due to following two different schools of law, Common law and Civil law, Vietnam and the United States have differences in the use of case law in theory as well as in legal practice * CIVIL LAW AND COMMON LAW Common law Legal System Legal system originating in Europe whose most prevalent feature is that its core principles are codified into a referable system which serves as the primary source of law Legal system characterized by case law, which is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals Role of judges Chief investigator; makes rulings, usually non-binding to 3rd parties In a civil law system, the judge’s role is to establish the facts of the case and to apply the provisions of the applicable code Though the judge often brings the formal charge Makes rulings; sets precedent; referee between lawyers Judges decide matters of law and, where a jury is absent, they also find facts Most judges rarely inquire extensively into matters before them, instead relying on arguments presented by the part Precedent Only used to determine administrative Used to rule on future or present cases of constitutional court matters Role of jury In cases of civil law, the opinion of the jury may not have to be unanimous Laws vary by state and country Juries are present almost exclusively in criminal cases; virtually never involved in civil actions Judges ensure law prevails over passion Juries are comprised only of laypersons — never judges In the U.S., juries are employed in both civil and criminal cases Their function is to weigh evidence presented to them, and to find the facts and apply the law Sources of Law Constitution Legislation – statutes and subsidiary legislation Custom International Law [Nota bene: It may be argued that judicial precedents and conventions also function within Continental systems, but they are not generally recognized Constitution (not in the UK) Legislation – Statutes and subsidiary legislation Judicial precedent – common law and equity Custom Convention International Law Type of argument and role of lawyers Adversarial Lawyers ask questions of witnesses, demand production of evidence, and present cases based on the evidence they have gathered h Civil law Inquisitorial Judges, not lawyers, ask questions and demand evidence Lawyers present arguments based on the evidence the court finds 15 - In Vietnam, the Constitution grants constitutional and legislative powers, in a unique way, to the National Assembly Article 83 of the 1992 Constitution stipulates: “The National Assembly is the highest representative body of the people, the highest organ of State power of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam The National Assembly is the only body with constitutional and legislative powers The National Assembly decides on basic domestic and foreign policies, socio-economic tasks, national defense and security, the main principles on organization and operation of the State apparatus on social relations and civic activities The National Assembly exercises supreme supervision over the entire operation of the State.” The legal documents that the National Assembly has the authority to promulgate are the Constitution, the Code, the Law and the Resolutions and the documents promulgated by the National Assembly have the highest legal value The National Assembly Standing Committee is the permanent body of the National Assembly during its non-meeting period According to regulations, the National Assembly Standing Committee has the authority to issue Ordinances and Resolutions, which have lower legal validity The U.S Constitution grants the power to pass laws to Congress A proposal that is considered by Congress is called a bill If a majority of the members of each house (the Senate and the House of Representatives) pass it (in the case of a Presidential veto, a two-thirds majority), then the bill becomes law Federal law is called a statute The United States Code is the result of the "codification" of federal laws The Code itself is not a law, but merely statutes arranged in a logical order h The legislative power of the National Assembly is limited To be more precise, it is authorized by the American people to pass the Constitution, which prescribes the areas in which Congress has or does not have the power to make laws Article I, Section of the Constitution prohibits the National Assembly from passing certain types of laws Of course, the right to interpret the regulations of jurisdiction less accurately is extremely important Thus, in the early stages of the republic's history, by grasping the interpretive role, the judiciary took on an extremely important role in the American legal system => In Vietnam, “The National Assembly is the only body with constitutional and legislative powers” In the USA, Federal law is the product of the interaction between the legislative (bicameral Congress) and the Executive (the President) A bill (sponsored by at least one MP) to be officially enacted usually has to go through discussion and vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate and is not vetoed by the President The President does not have the power to directly submit bills to both houses of Congress, but as the most prestigious leader in his Party, the President can greatly influence the legislative program of the country Congress In addition, with the exercise of the veto - a constitutional right of the President, the President has the ability to veto laws that he considers to be unenforceable or unconstitutional accordance with the national interest or the exercise of its executive power In fact, when a bill has been vetoed by the President, the ability of the National Assembly to discuss it again with a minimum of 2/3 votes is very difficult Specifically, under President Franklin Roosevelt, he made 635 vetoes, only times were re-discussed by Congress to successfully pass that law With President 16 Reagan, he vetoed 78 times but only times Congress successfully reversed the vote With President Bush (father), he vetoed 46 times, but only once was Congress successfully reversed IV ROLES OF POLITICIANS, LOBBYERS, AND THE MEDIA Politicians and their functions - A politician is someone who holds a government office or finds other ways to influence law and public policy - In the United States, politicians are usually elected officials or people seeking election to a leadership position where they can influence public opinion and shape laws and policies - Politicians build relationships with constituents and advocate for certain core beliefs that they plan to uphold through their decision-making * Types of politicians Politicians in the United States can work in the legislative, executive, and judicial sectors of the government They are generally aligned with a political party that helps them connect with voters and work toward common goals a Councilor - City councilors, also known as aldermen, work on a local level to distribute the city budget and develop laws and ordinances that reflect the needs of constituents - City councilors are generally focused on community issues and involved with improving public services and supporting local schools Councilors may focus on one aspect of public services, such as education, transportation, or housing h Clark County Councilor - Gary Medvigy b Commissioner - County commissioners enforce local laws, codes, and ordinances They oversee the sheriff’s department and allocate money within the budget for maintaining infrastructure and unincorporated areas 17 * Some areas have both a council and a commission, while others incorporate the responsibilities of both roles into one position Brian Mackin Named C-USA Deputy Commissioner c Mayor - Mayors are the head of a city and are generally part of the city council or commission - Some cities elect the mayor separately, while others have councilors appoint the mayor from the council on a rotating basis Mayors oversee a city’s administration and city planning h Washington, DC - Mayor Muriel Bowser d Governor - A governor is the highest-ranking official of a state’s government Governors collaborate with state legislators to distribute funds and enact changes to the law They have the power to appoint judges and other government positions and veto legislation 18 Kristi Noem – Governor of South Dakota e Representative - Legislators in the state or national House of Representatives, also known as congressmen or congresswomen, serve two-year terms proposing bills and serving on government oversight committees h John Rutherford – United State Representatives f Senator - Senators review bills submitted from the House of Representatives and decide whether to pass them into law - They also have the power to confirm federal appointments like Supreme Court Justices Senators are up for re-election every six years 19