INTRODUCTION
Background
The goal that all governments and city planners should strive for is to build cities more inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable As of 2023, half ofhumanity,
As of now, 4 billion people reside in cities, and despite a decline in birth rates, urbanization continues to rise A recent United Nations report predicts that by 2050, two-thirds of the global population will inhabit urban areas This influx of individuals seeking jobs, education, and improved living conditions brings forth significant sustainability challenges The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) warns that many countries will struggle to meet the demands of their expanding urban populations, particularly in terms of housing, transportation, energy systems, infrastructure, and essential services like education and healthcare.
The consequences of poor urban planning and design are becoming increasingly evident, affecting both individuals and the environment Rapid urban development has resulted in significant issues such as congestion, air pollution, rising carbon emissions, escalating housing costs, and growing inequality Cities, occupying only 3% of the Earth's land area, are responsible for 60-80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions, contributing substantially to global warming (Jane Jacobs, 1992) This situation particularly impacts Gen Z and Millennials, who are grappling with higher living costs and the severe effects of climate change, all while experiencing unprecedented levels of loneliness These challenges will shape future urban designs, compelling both individuals and businesses to adapt.
What has already been done on this issue
Since the 1970s, walkable cities and walkability have been extensively studied as a response to the urban sprawl and car dependency that emerged in American urban planning after World War II Today, the concept of a walkable city is integral to a broader movement aimed at mitigating the negative effects of poor urban planning on the environment, economy, and quality of life While there is a wealth of literature on this topic globally, there is a notable lack of information available in Vietnamese, and many people in Vietnam are unfamiliar with the term "walkable city." A Google search for "walkable city" in Vietnamese often leads to results related to walkable streets instead.
The topic is rarely discussed among the Vietnamese, despite a few studies by local researchers addressing it However, these studies are primarily in English and do not specifically examine college students' awareness of the issue.
Objectives
Research question: What are the young generations' perceptions ofwalkable cities?
Explore young people's perception of a walkablecity, its benefits, flaws and setbacks, and their attitude toward it.
How businesses should adapt according tothe new demographictrends.Research method: This study uses in-depth interviews to collect data and deductive coding to analyze data.
Thesis structure
This study is organized into several key chapters: Chapter 2 offers a literature review on walkability and the characteristics and benefits of walkable cities; Chapter 3 outlines the methodology employed by the author; Chapter 4 discusses the results and suggests ways to enhance awareness among college students; and finally, Chapter 5 concludes the study.
5 will provide some practical implementations and conclude the study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Walkability definition
The concept of 'walkability' was introduced by Jane Jacobs in her seminal 1961 book, "The Life and Death of Great American Cities." Over the years, various definitions of a walkable city have emerged, but two key interpretations effectively encapsulate its essence.
Walkability refers to how well the built environment promotes walking by ensuring pedestrian comfort and safety, facilitating connections to various destinations efficiently, and providing visual appeal along the way (Southworth, 2008) It encompasses the degree to which an area is welcoming to pedestrians, enhancing their experience while living, shopping, or enjoying leisure activities (Burden, 2010).
Walkable cities - what are they?
hl summary, a walkable city is a city where:
Walking is a default mode of transportation for everyone, regardless of age, income, and ability.
Empowering individuals to reach their destinations without relying on personal vehicles is essential for modern transportation While personal vehicles can still coexist in this system, their necessity is diminished, promoting more sustainable and efficient travel options.
The city is meticulously designed to enhance mobility and elevate the quality of life for its residents, featuring a well-developed public transportation system and evenly distributed amenities that are easily accessible.
- A walkable cityhas many elements of a sustainable city.
Characteristics of a walkable city
To better understand it, we need to explore the characteristics of a walkable city:
In a pedestrian-first walkable city, priority is given to pedestrians over motorists, significantly reducing both the speed and number of motor vehicles In certain areas, vehicles are entirely banned, creating a car-free environment that enhances safety and accessibility for walkers.
The city has a human-scale design, with block lengths and building sizestightly regulated.
Street has many facilities that allow pedestrians to stop, stay, and spend time like parks, plazas, and small parks.
In a walkable city, being able to freelytravel,access, and enjoy the city is recognized as a basic human right To thatend,a city must promote diversity, equality, and inclusivity.
Diversity in this context doesn’t necessarily mean race, ethnicity, or religion, but ratherage, income, and occupation.
Inclusive toward those with disabilities (vision or hearing impairments, wheelchairs, and cane users).
Equality in urban design ensures social mobility by offering all residents equal access to city services, amenities, and job opportunities A walkable city should foster inclusivity, allowing everyone to navigate their environment without discrimination against any specific group.
A walkable city allows everyone easy access to schools, hospitals, offices, shops, parks, libraries, outdoor coffees, and public spaces like town squares, andparklets.
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) promotes accessibility by integrating various transportation options, such as buses, bicycles, trains, subways, and pedestrian pathways, all within a 10-20 minute reach This concept aligns with the 15-minute city model, which emphasizes convenience and sustainability in urban planning.
To ensure seamless mobility within the city, it is essential to create a continuous network of streets that enables unobstructed travel This involves offering multiple alternative routes, so that if one path is closed for maintenance, residents can still access other options Additionally, efforts should be made to reduce the number of dead-end streets and cul-de-sacs to enhance connectivity.
For a city to be truly walkable, it must offer attractions that encourage people to stroll rather than rush through According to Steve Monzon's theory of "walk appeal," the distance individuals are willing to walk is influenced by the engaging experiences they encounter along their route Key elements include inviting public spaces, picturesque squares, appealing architecture, historical landmarks, and public art Additionally, mysterious alleys and unique building designs contribute to a city's charm, sparking curiosity and inviting exploration from visitors.
Comfortable urban environments feature clean air, minimal noise, and spacious sidewalks that can accommodate large crowds They prioritize high-quality pavements and furniture, ensuring cleanliness and safety Additionally, these spaces protect pedestrians from harsh weather conditions and vehicle traffic while minimizing encroachments into pedestrian walkways.
Safety means that pedestrians should be protected from motorized traffic, whilesecurity means thatpedestrians should be protected fromcrimeand incivilities.
A city must ensure the safety and perceived safety of its residents from crime and accidents at all times, both day and night When individuals feel unsafe, their willingness to walk and engage with their surroundings diminishes, highlighting the importance of a secure urban environment.
Adequate light can help make people feel safer and increase nighttime activities.
Traffic calming measures, such as chokers, chicanes, speed bumps, and roundabouts, are essential for reducing driving speeds and traffic volumes Implementing physical buffers like curb extensions, parklets, and cycle tracks enhances safety by creating separation from fast-moving vehicles Additionally, ensuring adequate time and signalization protection at intersections is crucial for safe pedestrian crossings.
The city as a whole is built to assist people to move around Thiscould bebenches, public toilets, signs andpathfinders An exampleis the rams built to aidwheelchairusers.
Instead of separating the places where people live, work, and entertain A walkable city mixes these functions so that the travel distance is reduced dramatically.
Mixed-use buildings are essential in combating urban sprawl, as they integrate living and working spaces Unlike single-family residential homes that serve solely as living quarters, these structures promote a walkable city environment In many Asian cities and towns, it's common for residents to inhabit the upper floors while conducting business on the ground level, fostering a vibrant community atmosphere.
Cities should celebrate diversity in architecture, featuring a mix of buildings with varying shapes, sizes, materials, and colors By embracing unique architectural styles, each city can strengthen its identity and distinction.
Urban streets need to accommodate a variety ofspeeds.
Depending on age and ability, people will walk at different speeds Typically,walking speeds range from 0.3 m/s-1.75 m/s or 1 km/h-6 km/h.
Walkable streets must designed to accommodate a variety of transportation modes.
Cities are designed to enhance social interaction, making it essential to cultivate a sense of belonging and social cohesion This can be achieved by offering diverse experiences and community activities, such as festivals and parades, that facilitate connections among residents.
Transparency in the pedestrian environment enhances attractiveness by allowing individuals to see and perceive human activity beyond the street's edge This can be achieved through elements such as windows, outdoor displays, and sidewalk cafes A transparent setting enables people to experience the social and natural life of a place through direct observation.
Vibrant is the degree to which varied applications of shop front/housing materials,design, color, anddecoradd interestto the pedestrian experience.
Activating main streets, where people can gather and interact (e.g., pedestrian pocket parks and plazas) helps foster a sense of visually active frontages.
A walkable city fosters a sense of place, which helps people and visitors form an emotional attachment to it.
The city also strives to preserve and strengthen the community’s heritage.
Streets are clean and well-maintained, clear ofgarbage, litter, broken glass, or graffiti Have an adequate number of garbage bins.
Sustainable Awalkable city must be a sustainable city.
The Global Walkability Index 2006 highlights that policy support encompasses local authorities' commitment to funding and resources for pedestrians and public transport It emphasizes the importance of enforcing pedestrian safety laws and regulations, as well as the level of public outreach regarding pedestrian and driving safety and etiquette.
Student’s awareness
A study by Siti Rechal (2019) defines awareness as the understanding of events and perceptions in our surroundings It encompasses various aspects, including social awareness, cultural awareness, self-awareness, health awareness, and leadership awareness, highlighting its multifaceted nature in shaping individual and collective understanding.
Why walkable cities are important
2.5.1 Why people today don’ t walk more
Walking is the best possible exercise Habituate yourself to walk very far -
Thomas Jefferson (August 19, 1785, ina letter to Peter Carr).
Walking is the oldest and most fundamental mode of transportation, enjoyed long before the invention of automobiles It remains a sustainable and healthy way to travel, alongside other options like horses, wagons, rail, and bicycles People walk for various reasons, including commuting to school or work, shopping, meeting friends, recreational activities, or simply for the pleasure of walking.
Walking is an environmentally friendly activity that is cost-effective and offers essential daily exercise for maintaining health and fitness Numerous studies, including those by Fernando Fonseca et al (2022), have thoroughly examined the significant environmental and health advantages of walking.
Even though walking is the most fundamental form ofhuman activity, in the
In the 21st century, walking is often overlooked as a natural mode of transportation, with many individuals opting to drive instead According to Daniel Lieberman, a professor of human evolutionary biology, the average hunter-gatherer takes 10,000 to 15,000 steps daily, while pre-pandemic Americans averaged only 4,700 steps Alarmingly, only 20% of Americans meet the recommended 150 minutes of exercise per week Lieberman argues that modern society has made exercise a choice, necessitating a conscious decision to engage in physical activity, particularly in developed Western nations like the United States, where a car-dependent culture has significantly influenced travel habits and overall health Consequently, walking, once a common activity, has diminished in favor of the convenience of driving.
2.5.2 Urban sprawl and Car dependence culture
“If you plan cities for cars and traffic, you get cars and traffic Ifyou plan for people and places, you get people andplaces ” -Fred Kent, Project forPublic Space.
The 20th century marked a significant era for automobiles, driven by industrialization that made cars and motorbikes increasingly affordable This accessibility resulted in a dramatic rise in vehicle ownership worldwide, transforming urban mobility As of 2022, the United States boasts approximately 290 million cars for a population of 338 million, while Vietnam has over 67 million motorcycles amidst a population of 98.5 million This data highlights that nearly everyone capable of owning a vehicle has one, underscoring the dominance of automobiles in modern society.
As urban populations increasingly rely on cars, cities worldwide have adapted to accommodate this surge in vehicle ownership, making private cars essential for residents While cars offer convenience, they contribute to urban sprawl, characterized by low-density housing, single-use zoning, and extensive cul-de-sacs, particularly evident in American suburbs This expansion into rural areas accelerated in the latter half of the 20th century, leading to a car-dependent culture where residents are compelled to drive due to inadequate public transport Consequently, cities have become designed for vehicles rather than people, resulting in extensive highways that diminish walkability and exacerbate issues related to climate change, livability, health, and socioeconomic disparities Awareness of these negative impacts has grown, prompting a reevaluation of car-oriented urban planning.
2.5.3 Negative effects of bad urban planning and design
Winston Churchill famously stated, “We shape our buildings and thereafter they shape us,” highlighting the profound impact of architecture on our daily lives The design and structure of our cities significantly influence how we live, work, and navigate through urban spaces.
Automobiles enhance travel independence, but they also pose significant health risks, such as air pollution, motor vehicle accidents, and injuries or fatalities among pedestrians (Susan Claris, 2016).
According to the World Health Organization, physical inactivity is a significant contributor to chronic diseases, resulting in approximately 3.2 million deaths annually, making it the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide.
A 2016 WHO report reveals that approximately 13% of adults worldwide, equating to 1.9 billion individuals aged 18 and older, are classified as overweight, with over 650 million of these being obese In the United States, more than two-thirds of the population is either overweight or obese, with the CDC and the National Center for Health Statistics indicating that around 30% of adults aged 20 and above fall into this category.
Obesity affects 60 million individuals globally and is a significant health issue, as highlighted by a WHO report that identifies it as one of the leading causes of death worldwide In 2017, obesity contributed to approximately 8% of all deaths, equating to 4.7 million fatalities While obesity may not directly cause these deaths, it significantly increases the risk of various serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and certain cancers (Susan Claris, 2016).
Obesity is influenced by various factors, including unhealthy food consumption, genetic predispositions, and a lack of physical activity linked to the built environment A study analyzing health data from over 200,000 individuals found that residents of urban sprawl tend to walk less, weigh more, and experience higher rates of hypertension compared to those living in more compact areas, as noted by Jeff Peck.
Research has shown that isolation also results in increasing the level of depression and anxietyamong people (Susan Claris, 2016).
Car-centric cities significantly harm the environment, adversely affecting the health of their residents Urban transportation is the primary contributor to air and noise pollution, leading to serious public health issues Emissions from vehicles release harmful chemicals such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide, which exacerbate local air quality Prolonged exposure to these pollutants heightens the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including asthma and lung cancer Additionally, chronic exposure to elevated levels of ozone and particulates can impair lung function and trigger respiratory ailments According to the WHO, air pollution is responsible for an estimated 3.7 million deaths globally (2012).
A large number ofcars also create noise pollution, contributing to several health problems, such as sleep disturbance, cardiovascular issues, poor work and school performance, and hearing impairment.
Heat is another major concern in urban areas High-level temperatures can cause a wide range of health problems like heat syncope, fainting, heat edema, or swelling (Susan Claris, 2016).
Physical inactivity is a significant economic burden in Europe, costing an estimated 80.4 billion euros annually, with the UK alone facing a financial impact of approximately 14.2 billion euros, which accounts for about 8.3% of its national health expenditure In the United States, the financial toll is even greater, with around 190 billion dollars spent each year on obesity-related health issues Additionally, the CDC reported that direct medical costs associated with physical inactivity exceeded $76 billion in 2000.
Asthma affects around 40 million Americans, leading to an estimated economic burden of $56 billion in the U.S each year Additionally, it contributes to a small percentage of the 200,000 annual premature deaths linked to air pollution (Susan Claris, 2016).
A US Surgeon General report has pointed out that the loneliness epidemic among younggenerations has resulted in a total of $6.7 billioneach year spent on excess healthcare costs (JP Aramouni, 2023).
Transportation ranks as the second-largest expense for American households, following housing, with the average American incurring over $9,500 annually to own a car, according to the AAA This financial burden is even more pronounced for lower-income individuals, who allocate 17% to 29% of their income to car-related expenses, including gasoline, repairs, taxes, and insurance Given that cars are primarily used for only a few hours each day, the significant costs associated with ownership highlight the inefficiency of having vehicles that occupy valuable space in homes for the majority of the time.
Benefits of walkable cities
Awalkable city provides many benefits to its people and the city itself This study has broken them down into 5 main aspects, based on their repeated appearance.
“Walking is a man’s best medicine”- Hippocrates, father of modern medicine.
More Active and Healthier People
One of the key benefits of walkability in a community is the significant health advantage it offers residents through increased physical activity According to the Victoria Transport Policy Institute (2022), individuals living in walkable neighborhoods are twice as likely to meet the recommended daily exercise levels This is largely due to the built environment that promotes walking, making it easy to achieve 30 minutes or more of activity each day In these communities, people choose to walk not just out of necessity or convenience, but also for the enjoyment it brings.
Among the health benefits are:
A study by Walk with a Doc highlights the numerous health benefits of walking, revealing that it can significantly reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and colon cancer Additionally, walking lowers cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and body fat, while boosting metabolism, enhancing heart health, toning muscles, strengthening the immune system, and increasing energy levels Furthermore, physically active individuals generally enjoy longer lifespans, as increased walking has been associated with lower chronic disease rates among healthier older women, older men, college students, and adolescents.
Higher levels of social connection lead to improved health outcomes, as highlighted in the 2023 report by the US Surgeon General The report indicates that increased community-level social capital is linked to a lower burden of disease and reduced risk of all-cause mortality Specifically, a one-unit rise in social capital correlates with a 17% increase in survival likelihood and a 29% higher chance of individuals reporting good health.
Research indicates that more walkable neighborhoods correlate with lower rates of obesity and diabetes Transport for London found that individual obesity likelihood decreases by 4.8% for every kilometer walked A CDC study reveals that reduced obesity levels also lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, high cholesterol, cancer, and mental health issues like anxiety and depression Residents of New York County walk an average of 80 minutes more per month and weigh six pounds less than those in Geauga County Additionally, European countries with higher walking and cycling rates exhibit lower levels of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension compared to the United States.
The U.S Surgeon General emphasizes that social connections play a crucial role in enhancing longevity and improving physical, cognitive, and mental health In contrast, social isolation and loneliness are linked to an increased risk of premature death and deteriorating health.
A recent study indicates that individuals who walk for over 8.6 minutes daily are 33% more likely to experience improved mental health Walking promotes the production of endorphins, which help alleviate stress and reduce cortisol levels, leading to better sleep and a decrease in mild depression symptoms, ultimately boosting self-confidence.
A healthier environment is achieved by reducing air pollution exposure, significantly decreasing mortality rates Additionally, increasing tree coverage offers protection from heat and enhances overall comfort for residents, making urban spaces more pleasant for walking and living.
Enhancing creative thinking and productivity
Walking is linked to enhanced productivity and creativity, with a Stanford study revealing a 60% increase in creative output while walking Historically, many influential thinkers, including Steve Jobs and President Barack Obama, incorporated walking into their routines to stimulate creativity Additionally, Samsung's Silicon Valley headquarters encourages employees to take walks, ensuring they are never far from outdoor spaces.
A healthy population is a productive population
Ahealthierpopulation is more economically productive and contributes to a larger labor supply and more tax revenue.
Maintaining good health can lead to significant savings on medical expenses, alleviating pressure on the healthcare system and allowing for the reallocation of limited resources to vital sectors such as education and transportation.
For most people, walking is the most accessible and affordable way to get exercise Simply by walking more, peopledon’t need to spend time and moneyon gymmemberships.
Recently, a breakthrough in obesity medicine has emerged with two new weight-loss drugs, Ozempic and Wegovy, developed by Novo Nordisk However, users must take these medications continuously to maintain their effects, leading to significant annual costs The announcement of these drugs caused the company's value to soar, surpassing Denmark's GDP, due to the vast potential consumer base Ultimately, adopting a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise could eliminate the need for such "miracle drugs."
Walking is good for business
Walkable environments promote both health and economic prosperity, as studies indicate that walkable cities generate higher income levels The appeal of aesthetically pleasing and livable urban areas attracts more residents and businesses, leading to increased consumer spending A notable example is the implementation of a cycle track on 9th Avenue in New York, which resulted in a remarkable 49% boost in retail sales for local businesses (Pham Minh Hai, 2018).
A survey conducted in Portland, Oregon, revealed that pedestrians spend significantly more than drivers Walking allows individuals to engage with their surroundings, leading to increased spending at street shops and stores This contrasts sharply with car-dependent cities, where drivers often overlook local businesses as they rush past.
Activated, vibrant public spaces can also stimulate a stronger night-time economy.
Walking eliminates the need for parking spaces, allowing cities to decrease the land required for transportation facilities One car occupies the same space as 20 pedestrians, highlighting the efficiency of foot traffic By integrating mixed-zoning and mixed-use housing, cities can create more opportunities for small businesses, leading to more effective land utilization.
Research indicates that individuals are increasingly willing to invest in walkable neighborhoods, with a Leinberger study revealing that homes in these areas command prices that are 40% higher than those in suburban locations In specific cities, the price premium is even more pronounced, with Seattle at 50%, Denver at 150%, and New York City reaching an impressive 200% Additionally, another study found that each extra point on the WalkScore correlates to an increase of approximately $500 in home value.
Manufacturing costs: First of all, the manufactureofcars constitutesamajor environmental impact in itselfin terms of materials and energy use.
Investing in pedestrian infrastructure is significantly more cost-effective than building facilities for private vehicles Constructing walkways requires fewer materials, leading to reduced environmental impact during construction Additionally, the long-term maintenance costs are lower, as pedestrian traffic causes less damage to roads compared to vehicular traffic.
METHODOLOGY
Methods
This study's methodology is primarily informed by the works of Leiserowitz (2010), Shane Timmons, and Pete Lunn (2022), as well as Belize (2016), focusing on public perceptions of climate change These foundational studies offer essential insights that guide the author in selecting suitable research methods, developing a questionnaire, conducting interviews, and analyzing collected data.
Data collection
This study employs in-depth interviews to collect data, focusing on intensive individual discussions with a small group of respondents to gain insights into their perspectives on the issue at hand According to C.R Kothari (2004), in-depth interviews provide a comprehensive understanding of emerging topics Additionally, structured interviews, as outlined by Kothari, are utilized, featuring a set of predetermined questions However, it's important to note that this interview method can be both costly and time-consuming.
Datawerecollectedfrom 25/7 to 30/7(group 1), and from 27/9 to 28/9 (group
2) Thesecond group will be interviewedusing a revised list of questions with less number of questions (8 questions), and it will be done through an online method (Googlemeet).
All interviews will be recorded on a smartphone, generating transcripts from the data collected Interviewees will respond in Vietnamese, and their answers will subsequently be manually translated into English transcripts.
Data analysis
This study employs deductive coding to analyze data, beginning with a predefined set of codes derived from the literature review framework presented in Chapter 2 The data is then categorized into these codes, allowing for a comparison between the established framework and the interviewees' responses This approach reveals the interviewees' knowledge, uncovers new insights, and identifies any gaps or shortcomings.
Questionnaire design
The study's questions were developed based on the frameworks established by Shane Timmons, Pete Lunn (2022), and Belize (2016) The questionnaire comprises five sections, each designed to explore participants' perceptions while also providing them with foundational knowledge on the topic This approach aims to enhance their understanding before the interviews, potentially leading to improved performance, particularly for the first group.
Sampling interview
Conducting a pilot study before the main interview is essential for validating questions, eliminating author bias, and ensuring that the questionnaires are clear and effective This process allows for the adjustment, addition, or removal of questions to avoid duplication Additionally, pilot interviews provide valuable experience in conducting in-depth, semi-structured interviews Once the questionnaire is refined, planning for the actual interviews can commence.
Recruitment
17 participants were chosen for this research Of which there are 11 males and 6 females Theirages range from 19 to 24 years old Most ofthe participants are college studentsor graduated.
Gender Age English level Date Time started
Table 3-1 Participants and Interview’s information
Conducting interview
To ensure consistency and enhance the reliability of findings, the author follows a structured interview protocol (Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Susan Golant, 2023) This protocol emphasizes a friendly and informal approach, beginning with light small talk to create a welcoming atmosphere before the interview commences.
Building a strong rapport with participants can lead to improved responses, as suggested in 2012 The author outlines the study's purpose, expectations for participants, and the interview process Additionally, interviewees are informed about the confidentiality agreement, ensuring their anonymity before they consent to being recorded.
All participants will be asked a consistent set of questions, but the interview approach will be tailored to each individual to enhance effectiveness (C.R Kothari, 2004) The interview process will continue until the saturation point is achieved, which occurs when the researcher determines that no new or significant data is being collected (Kumar, 2005).
The interview time range from 30-60 minutes depending on the participant,but will not exceed 90 minutes (Jacob& Furgerson, 2012).
Things I did to make the interviews more effective
The interview lasts for two hours, allowing participants ample time to answer questions comfortably; typically, it takes about one hour to complete all inquiries A relaxed atmosphere is essential, so participants should select quiet, undisturbed, and comfortable locations for the interview.
Interviews are conducted in a conversational style to create a relaxed atmosphere, encouraging participants to share deeper insights Interviewees are allowed ample time to reflect on their responses and are motivated to provide their best answers To gauge their knowledge effectively, the process includes numerous probing and follow-up questions, such as asking for examples or requesting further elaboration Encouragement phrases like "Come on, try harder!" are also used to stimulate engagement and ensure comprehensive responses.
Effective communication in interviews is enhanced by skills such as body language The author discovered that showing genuine interest in participants' responses through nodding, smiling, and using inviting hand gestures, along with affirming words like "Yeah," significantly improves the interview experience.
All interviews will be conducted face-to-face to effectively engage Gen Z participants aged 19 to 24, who are known for their short attention spans—averaging just 8 seconds, as noted by Hampton and Keys (2016) and Shatto and Erwin (2016) Given the potentially dull topic of the future of the city, maintaining their interest is crucial, and this is more challenging to achieve through online methods However, this concern does not apply to Group 2.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Perception of walkable city
Walkable city definition and its important
Onlytwo participants (P9, PIO) had seen theterm walkable cityprior to their interviews.
Participants struggled to accurately define a walkable city, with some, like P5, PIO, and P11, confusing the concept with well-known pedestrian streets in Ho Chi Minh City The general consensus among most was that walkable cities primarily focus on facilitating walking.
The concept of a walkable city is increasingly recognized worldwide, primarily for its benefits in enhancing public health and mitigating climate change effects Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on cost savings and the reduction of parking spaces in urban environments.
Walkable cities are characterized by a clean, green environment with reduced carbon emissions, ample trees, and minimized noise and air pollution They foster a friendly atmosphere and provide enjoyable spaces with wide open streets that accommodate large crowds Attractions such as street vendors and various amenities draw people in, while sustainable development practices, including the use of green and recycled energy, are essential Additionally, walkable cities often feature vertical development with high-rise buildings and a dense MRT system, ensuring safety from traffic accidents, easy mobility, and less congestion Ultimately, these cities promote an active and comfortable lifestyle for their residents.
(P4) added: Walkable city needs crosswalks, and sidewalk laws to support pedestrians has many destinations like marketplaces, and hospitals, making it more convenient [to walk].
People choose to walk primarily for health benefits, followed by a growing awareness of environmental issues Financial considerations also play a significant role, as walking is a cost-effective alternative to driving Additionally, many find walking relaxing and enjoy the opportunity to explore their city and nature Walking allows for social interactions with friends and pets, making it a convenient and proactive mode of mobility.
What impacts people’s decision to walk
Several factors significantly influence people's decision to walk, including perceived safety concerns in the city, inadequate crosswalks, poor traffic management, and high vehicle congestion Additionally, the distance to destinations, personal habits, and family circumstances—such as the necessity to drive multiple family members—also play crucial roles in this decision-making process.
They are also aware of the numerous problems that city dwellers are facing today, suchas:
- Due to the convenience and prevalence of motorcycles With the increasing level of income, an average working person can easily afford to buy a motorcycle (P8);
Motorcycles are also much faster [thanwalking] (Pl, P3, P5, P8, PIO, PH);
Because of busy urban lifestyle With unfavorable working hours, if [you] don’t drive, [you] won’t be able to make it in time (P9);
The distance is too far from where I am with most jobs concentrated at the city’s center (P4);
The city isn’t designed for walking (P2), [with] inadequate infrastructure
- Vietnamese public transportation system is still inadequate (P9) and failed to meet the needs ofmany people (P4, P7);
Vietnamese parents don’t want their children to walk (P4) because the roads are too dangerous, too many drivers (P5, P7, P8).
People often prefer convenience and exhibit laziness, which is evident in their reliance on ride-hailing services like Grab The unpredictable and typically hot weather further discourages walking, while pollution and health constraints also contribute to this trend Ultimately, there seems to be little motivation or necessity for individuals to choose walking as a mode of transportation.
Perception of walkable city benefits
All participants agree that walking helpsto improve people’s physical health and mental health, stated that:
Walking is a daily exercise that significantly lowers the risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory issues while strengthening leg muscles and bones It also helps reduce unnecessary stress, enhances mental well-being, and curbs negative thoughts Additionally, walking contributes to a more positive outlook and improved overall mental health.
Almost every participant failed to name the aspect of social The only exception is (P9), who is not only ableto identify it but also recognizes the benefit regarding inequality, said:
[Walkable cityhelps] reduce the gap between rich andpoor [because] people can go further to find a job (P9).
All participants have a very good understanding ofthe economic benefits of awalkable city, answers include:
[A healthy pupolation] is more productive due to improved spirit,thus increasingconsumption ofgoods, which generated more taxes and GDP (P9);
Social management High-density [city] makes it easierto manage the same number of people because tracking a walkingperson is easier for those who drive (P6);
Reduce dependence on gasoline and less likely to be affected by gasolineprices (Pl);
Reduce energy, resources, fuel, minerals, and oil consumption and switch to more natural energy sources likewind and solar (P9);
Enhancing the shoe industry can significantly benefit fashion retailers, as increased walking among people boosts foot traffic and visibility for shops, similar to trends observed in Japan, China, and New York Walking encourages individuals to engage with their surroundings, fostering a deeper appreciation for local businesses that often goes unnoticed when driving.
Reducing the need for infrastructure like bridges can save both money and space in urban areas, while alleviating congestion leads to significant time savings Walkable cities facilitate convenient goods delivery and attract more tourists, which in turn helps reduce travel costs for visitors These vibrant urban environments draw investment and encourage company headquarters to establish themselves locally Additionally, walkable cities can lower healthcare-related expenses for residents and municipalities, minimize the costs associated with parking security, and decrease the demand for traffic management, ultimately reducing the risk of vehicle theft.
Participants primarily focused on the environmental impact of cars and traffic, highlighting the importance of reducing carbon emissions, minimizing noise pollution, and promoting cleaner air They emphasized the need to protect the environment (P4), conserve mining resources (P3), and support the thriving of other species (P6).
Few participants failed to name livability, but were able to identify its benefits, such as: Making the city more beautiful and convenient for people (P7);
Enhancing urban living allows individuals to enjoy more quality time with each other and themselves, while eliminating traffic jams facilitates easy movement throughout the city This reduction in congestion also lowers accident risks, contributing to improved traffic safety A bustling city atmosphere is fostered by an increase in cultural offerings such as theaters, workshops, book sales, and street exhibitions, which are complemented by the expansion of public spaces.
Perception of flaws and setbacks
Participants were able to point outsomeof the flawsof walkable cities, most notable are:
[Walkable communities] in Germany still have alot of criminals (Pl);
Using public transportation like trains often requires patience, as you have to wait for them In contrast, owning a car provides the comfort of traveling alone without delays However, I prefer not to choose between these two options.
Restricting car usage in the city could lead to significant strain on the transportation system during peak times when many people need to travel simultaneously Additionally, increased foot traffic might result in more littering, highlighting a lack of public awareness about cleanliness There are also safety concerns, such as the risk of robbery at night, while walking during the day can be uncomfortable due to sweating.
- If people don't buy cars, car companies will lose profit (P5);
During rush hour, instead of traffic jams,there will be trainjams; There will stillbeunemployment because some companies will be forced to close down like oil stations (P9);
Cities in Vietnam face challenges in adapting to the concept of walkable urban environments, requiring both time and financial resources for a successful transition While there may be sufficient capital available, a shortage of skilled professionals could hinder implementation efforts Even with a successful shift towards walkability, the issue of managing the existing high volume of vehicles remains a significant concern Additionally, changing public attitudes is a complex task, as resistance often comes from older generations, making it easier to engage younger individuals Cultural preferences also play a role, with some residents favoring traditional homes with gardens, reminiscent of American lifestyles.
All participants said they wished to beable to walk in theircity.
Most participants believe that the long-term benefits outweigh the drawbacks and challenges For instance, when population growth surpasses infrastructure capacity, walking becomes a more favorable option for urban mobility.
When it comes to supporting it, all of the participants said yes, they would support it However, there are some caveats to this Most notable is (P4), which said:
“Support for it is entirely dependent on the situation you are in If the situationis extremely urgent, then there would be no walkable cityhere”.
On the other hand, (Pl) does support a walkable city, however, he said it would requirea stable economyfor it to work But most important is (P3)response:
“I would support it, but because I haven't experienced it, so I don't know how to judge it correctly”.
The findings indicate that the majority of participants possess a limited understanding of the topic, primarily recognizing issues related to transportation modes and the environmental consequences of personal vehicles, such as congestion and carbon emissions However, they show a lack of awareness regarding critical factors like rising housing costs, the loneliness epidemic, demographic shifts, and the increasing rate of urbanization While participants can identify benefits such as health, economic, and environmental advantages, they struggle to acknowledge other significant benefits, including reducing inequality and promoting efficient land use.
Despite limited prior knowledge, participants expressed significant interest in the concept of a walkable city, emphasizing their desire to live in such an environment They believe that a walkable city will ultimately offer greater benefits than a traditional city and are unified in their support for this vision.
Group 1 outperformed group 2, primarily due to group 2's shorter interview time and fewer supporting set-up questions However, a closer analysis reveals that the understanding levels between the two groups are relatively similar, as both groups primarily identified benefits in health, economic, and environmental aspects, while overlooking social and livability factors.
The study identified two key factors influencing participants' varying levels of understanding Firstly, English proficiency plays a significant role, as most relevant literature is in English, leading to greater awareness among those with higher language skills Consequently, participants with advanced English abilities demonstrate a deeper understanding of the subject matter Secondly, firsthand experience is crucial; individuals who have lived in walkable cities, such as participants P9 and P17, possess a much better grasp of the associated benefits compared to participant P5.
Malaysia stands out as one of the most developed nations in Southeast Asia, where biking is a common mode of transport for locals, while tourists prefer using trains and the MRT In contrast, Vietnam's public transport system is less advanced, with stations spaced no more than 500 meters apart and trains arriving every five minutes, ensuring minimal wait times for commuters.
This analysis reveals a correlation with various benefits that many undergraduate college students may not be aware of, such as housing, car-related, and social benefits Given that most of these students do not own cars or houses, their understanding of these benefits is limited Additionally, as able-bodied individuals who typically use motorcycles, they may not recognize the reliance of many others on publicly funded transportation systems to meet their needs.
When discussing walkable cities in Vietnam, it's important to consider the lack of available information on this topic, as it is not commonly addressed in daily life due to the country's developing status Additionally, age may play a role in awareness, with older individuals likely having more knowledge about walkability issues.
Discussion 4 7
The findings indicate that most participants have a limited understanding of the topic, primarily recognizing issues related to transportation modes and the environmental drawbacks of personal vehicles, such as congestion and carbon emissions However, they show a lack of awareness regarding critical factors like rising housing costs, the loneliness epidemic, demographic shifts, and increasing urbanization While they can identify benefits related to health, economy, and the environment, they struggle to recognize advantages such as reducing inequality and promoting efficient land use.
Despite limited prior knowledge, participants expressed significant interest in the concept of a walkable city, welcoming its potential They unanimously desire to live in a more walkable environment and believe that, in the long run, a walkable city will outperform a traditional one, garnering their full support for its development.
Group 1 outperformed group 2 in the study, primarily due to group 2's significantly shorter interview time and fewer supporting set-up questions However, a closer examination reveals that the understanding levels of both groups are relatively similar, as both groups could only identify benefits related to health, economics, and the environment, while lacking insights into social and livability aspects.
This study identifies two key factors influencing participants' varying levels of understanding: English skills and first-hand experience Firstly, since much of the relevant literature is in English, participants' awareness is significantly impacted by their proficiency in the language, with those possessing advanced English skills demonstrating greater knowledge and insight Secondly, the lack of personal experience in walkable cities plays a crucial role; participants like (P9) and (P17), who have lived in such environments, exhibit a deeper understanding of the associated benefits compared to (P5).
Malaysia stands out as one of the most developed countries in Southeast Asia, where biking is a common mode of transportation for locals, while tourists often prefer trains and the MRT In contrast, Vietnam's public transportation system is less advanced compared to its neighbors, with stations located no more than 500 meters apart and trains arriving every five minutes, ensuring minimal wait times for commuters.
This analysis highlights the correlation between various benefits, such as housing, car-related, and social benefits, which many undergraduate college students may not fully understand As most of these students do not own cars or houses, their awareness of these benefits is limited Additionally, being able-bodied and owning motorcycles, they may overlook the challenges faced by individuals who depend on publicly funded transportation systems for their daily needs.
When discussing walkable cities in Vietnam, it's important to consider the limited availability of information on this topic, as it is not commonly addressed in daily life due to the country's developing status Additionally, age may play a role in awareness, with older individuals likely having more knowledge about urban walkability issues.
CONCLUSION
Practically implementations
Young generations are increasingly concerned about health, the environment, and urban living conditions While they may not fully understand the solutions, they strongly support the concept of walkable cities This shift in mindset is poised to significantly impact industries such as car manufacturing, as rising concerns over carbon emissions and air pollution push manufacturers to adopt more eco-friendly transportation options, including bicycles and electric vehicles In walkable cities, the proximity of businesses and residential areas creates opportunities for sustainable delivery methods, such as cargo bikes, further promoting environmental responsibility.
The fashion industry stands to gain significantly as younger generations prioritize their appearance and possess greater disposable income Their inclination towards walking encourages them to invest in better clothing and footwear Additionally, young people enjoy activities such as skateboarding, socializing in public spaces, capturing photos in picturesque locations, and dining out, prompting businesses to adapt to these evolving preferences Furthermore, developers should collaborate with local officials to innovate urban housing and apartment designs that are compact, visually appealing, and potentially incorporate solar panels Research indicates that more attractive and walkable areas not only draw in more businesses but also attract tourists and local customers, as pedestrians tend to spend more than those traveling by car.
5.2 Lesson from Singapore and Seoul
Singapore and Seoul are leading the way in transforming their urban landscapes to prioritize people over personal vehicles, exemplified by initiatives like the Seoul Transport Vision 2030 aimed at creating more walkable environments Vietnam, facing similar challenges of rapid urbanization and rising car ownership, should emulate these successful strategies while also learning from their pitfalls This shift is essential not only for economic savings but also for preserving countless lives and ensuring a sustainable, livable city for future generations.
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1 Whatdo you know aboutwalkable city?
2 Do you knowwhythis model get proposed inthe first place?
3 What arethe characteristicsof a walkable city?
6 Whypeople todaydon’twalk as much as they used to?
7 What arethe modes oftransportation in a walkable city?
8 What streets today lackthatmakes a person wantto walk more?
9 What arethe places inthis city do you spend a lot oftime in?
10 Why do you like to hang out atthose places? What do they offer you?
11 What kind of activities do you wantto do in a city?
12 Whichaspects do you think a walkable city touches on?
13 What do you think would be the benefits of a walkable city forthe people and forthe city itselfinterms of Health, Social, Economical, Environmental, and Livability?
14 Do you think walkable cityhas any flaws or setbacks?
15 Do you think a walkable city is better thana regular city?
16 If yes, do you think you would support it? Even ifit means you haveto
17 Do you think inthe longterm its benefitsoutweigh its negative aspects?
18 Do you like to be able to walk inyour city?