Tài liệu bd hsg e 6+7

PHẦN I Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi 6+7 TENSES Present simple Present progressive S + V(s-es) (be): am- is- are S + don’t/ doesn’t +V1 S+ am not/ isn’t/ aren’t Do/Does + S+V1? Am/Is/Are + S+…? S + am/is/are + V-ing S+am/is/are(not)+V-ing Am/ Is/Are +S+V-ing? Everyday, usually, after school, never, often, sometimes, always, Now, at the present, at the moment, at this time, Look! Listen, !Be careful! Hurry up! Give the correct form of these verbs: The sun (set) ……………………………………………………………………………in the West It usually (rain) ……………………………………………………………………………in the summer They (build) ……………………………………………………………the buildings at the moment Bees (make) ……………………………………………………………honey They (get) ……………………………………………………………………on the scale now The earth (circle) ………………………………………………………the Sun once every 365 days Rivers usually (flow) ………………………………………………… to the sea Don’t worry I (give) ……………………………him your message when I (see) ………………………… him Look! Jane (play) ………………………… the guitar Hurry up! The bus (come) …………………………… 10 I (not talk) …………………………………………………… to her at present 11 How often………………………… she (go) ………………………… fishing? - She (go) ……………………………………once a year 12 your friends (be)………………………… students? -Yes, they (be) 13 the children (play)………………………………………… in the park at the moment? -No, they aren’t They (learn) to play the piano 14 …………………….you (go)………………………… to school on Sundays? – Yes, I 15 My mother (cook) ………………………………………a meal now She ( cook)…………………… everyday 16 What……………………… your mother (do)………………………… at this time? - She (make)………………………………a dress 17 she often (go)…………………………… to the cinema every weekend? 18 I don’t know But she always (go) to the church on Sundays 19 The students (not be) in class at present 20 She always (wash) the dishes after meals (do) an exercise on the present tenses at this moment and I (think) that I (know) how to use it now 21 My mother sometimes (buy) vegetables at this market 22 It (rain) much in summer It (rain) now 23 Daisy (cook) some food in the kitchen at present She always (cook) in the morning EXERCISES II Every morning , Linda ( get )……… up at She ( have ) …………… Breakfast at 6:10 After breakfast , she ( brush ) ………… her teeth She ( go ) …………… to school at 6:30 She ( have ) ……………lunch at 11:30 at school We ( watch ) …………….T.V every morning I (do ) ……………………my homework every afternoon Mai and Lan ( play ) ………………….games after school Vy ( listen ) ………………to music every night Where ( be ) ……………… your father now ? He ( read ) ……………… a newspaper What ………….you ( ) ………………? I ( be ) ……….a student Where ………….you ( go ) ……………….now ? I (go ) ………………to the market She is cooking and we ( ) …………………… the housework 10 He isn`t in the room He ( play ) ……………… in the garden 11 Look ! The birds ( fly ) ………………………… 12 I ( go ) ………………….to school by bus every day , but today I ( go ) ……………………… to school by bike 13 Listen ! Mai ( sing ) ………………………… 14 They ( play ) ………………………volleyball every afternoon They ( play ) ……………………volleyball now 15 Mai ( brush ) ………………… her teeth every morning She ( brush ) ……………………her teeth now 16 Listen ! Lan ( play ) ……………………….the piano 17 Mai ( be ) ………………….tired now 18 It is 6:00 p.m Mary is at home She ( have ) ………………… dinner with her family around six o` clock 19 Where is your father ? He is upstair He ( watch ) ………………T.V He always ( watch ) ……………………… T.V at night 20 Our teacher ( live ) …………………… on Quang Trung street 21 §ao and Mai ( ) ………………………the housework now 22 What ………………your mother ( ) ……………….? She is cooking 23 How …………………you ( go ) ……………to school every day ? 24 Nam ( go ) ……………… to work by car every day but today he ( take ) ………………………a bus 25 Where ……………… your father ( work ) …………… ? In the hospital 26 Look ! The teacher ( come ) ……………………… 27 She is very clever She ( speak ) ………………….4 languagues 28 Steve often ( smoke ) ………………….10 cigarettes a day 29 We usually ( have ) ……………………dinner at 7: 00 30 Anne ( wash ) ………………….her hair twice a week 31 Jane ( teach ) …………………English to children 32 You ( meet ) ………………….a lot of people 33 He often ( go ) ………………………….to the cinema 34 Food ( cost ) …………………a lot of money 35 Listen ! Somebody ( sing ) …………………………… 36 She is tired She ( want ) ………………….to go home now 37 How often …………you ( read ) …………………a newspaper ? 38 “ Excuse me , but you ( sit ) ……………………in my place “ “ Oh , I am sorry “ 39 “ I am sorry “ I ( not understand ) ………………………… Please speak slowly 40 What time … she ( finish ) ……………work every day ? 41 He ( not usually drive ) ……………………………to work He usually ( walk ) ………………… 43 Mozart ( play ) ……………………the piano when he ( be ) ……………three 44 Many people prefer ( fly ) …………………to ( go ) ……………… by sea 45 My mother ( go ) …………… to the supermarket yesterday evening but she ( not buy ) …………………… 46 He ( move ) …………………to Paris in 1917 and ( spend ) …………… years in Paris 47 Teenagers like ( listen ) ……………to the latest pop music 48 What ……………….you ( ) ………… tomorrow morning 49 Children shouldn`t ( drink ) ……………….coffee It ( not be ) ……… Good for their health 50 My family ( watch ) …………….T.V every night But now we ( listen ) …………………… to pop music 51 Yesterday Nga father ( start ) …………………….his new job 52 I ( meet ) ………………… her at the movie theater last night 53 He ( go ) ………………….to the English club every Sunday But last Sunday he ( not go ) …………………there , he ( go ) ………………to the City Museum 54 My mother ( make ) …………………a dress now 55 Two years ago , she ( teach ) ………………at a village school 56 We ( travel ) ……………………………to Hue next week 57 What …………….you ( ) …………………yesterday morning 58 They usually ( have ) ………………………dinner at home , but they ( have ) ……………dinner in a small restaurant yesterday evening 59 The children ( be ) …………………….here ten minutes ago , but at the moment they ( play ) …………………….in the jard 60 Could you ( show ) ……………………me the way to the bus stop 61 Lan and Hoa ( go ) ……………… to the post office now 62 Liz ( need ) ……………….some stamps and envelopes 63 Hoa ( mail ) ………………….this letter tomorrow 64 I need ( buy ) …………… a phone card 65 He ( phone ) …………………….his parents three or four times a week 66 Nam wants ( send ) …………………… this postcard to his penpal 67 We would like ( visit ) ……………………Ngoc Son Temple 68 My hair is dirty I ( wash ) ……………….it 69 We ( have ) ………………………an English test tomorrow 70 They usually ( paint ) …………………… their house blue 71 My father ( buy ) …………………… a new car months ago 72 Nam ( help ) ……………………his father repair the radio at this time 73 I ( be ) …………………busy last night , so I ( miss ) …………….a good film on T.V 74 Mr Robinson ( watch ) …………………… T.V every night 75 Mrs Mai ( make ) ………………….all her own clothes At the moment she ( make ) ………………… a dress for her daughter 76 He ( teach ) ………………….math at this school in 1986 77 Every body ( wait ) ……………….for the president in the hall now 78 You should ( go ) ……………….to bed early 79 Lan ( be ) ………………… very tired when she ( catch ) ………… a bad cold days ago 80 She needs ( eat ) ……………… a lot of vegetables and fruit 81 I hope you ( feel ) …………………… better soon 82 He ( not come ) …………………….to the meeting last week 83 My father never ( take ) ………………….medicine 84 There ( be ) ……………nobody there when I ( arrive ) …………………yesterday 85 Yesterday , Hoa and her aunt ( go ) .to the supermarket 86 I would like ( tell ) ……………you about my family 87 Vegetables often ( have ) …………….dirt from the farm on it 88 Be careful ! The children ( cross ) ……………… the street 89 I ( be ) …………….fourteen years old next week , and so will I 90 My father ( not watch ) ……………….T.V last night He ( read ) …………… newspapers and magazines 91 You should ( add ) ……………a little salt to the spinach when you boil it 92 When ……………you ( buy ) ………this dress ? Two days ago 93 I hope you ( visit ) ……………………….Ha Noi soon 94 She would like ( buy ) …………………some bananas 95 Hoa ( receive ) ………………….a letter from her mother days ago 96 It stopped ( hurt ) ……………….afterwards 97 I like ( watch ) …………………… baseball 98 The children must ( be ) …………….back by six o`clock 99 Marconi ( invent ) ……… radio 100 The disease ( spread ) ……………… fast now 101 You ought ( finish ) ………………………your home work before ( watch ) …………… T.V 102 Hoa ( have ) ……………….a lot of friends in Hue 103 Nam and Trung always ( visit ) ……………their grandparents on Sunday 104 My father ( listen ) ……………to the radio everyday 105 The children ( like ) ……………….to play in the park 106 She ( not live ) …………………….with her parents 107 Lan ( brush ) …………………her teeth after meals 108 The students ( not go ) ……………………to school on Sunday 109 Nga ( talk ) ………………to her friends now 110 She ( be ) …………………… 14 on her next birthday 111 We ( visit ) …………………… Huong Pogoda next week 112 They ( live ) ……………….with their grandparents 113 I ( come ) ………………………back tomorrow 114 He ( have ) …………………….a lot of friends 115 She ( have ) ………………… a meeting tonight 116 M y father ( jog ) ……………………………every morning 117 We often ( play ) ……………….tennis in the afternoon 118 What …………… you ( ) ……………….next Sunday 119 Phong ( watch ) …………….T.V everynight 120 They ( go ) …………… to the movies tonight 121 Tomorrow , She ( invite ) ………………….all friends to her birthday party 122 My brother ( listen ) …………… to music in his free time 123 Our friends ( come ) ……………………here soon 124 My father never ( drink ) ………………coffee 125 I usually ( go ) ……………….to school by bike but tomorrow I ( go ) ………………………to school by bus 126 Jane ( play ) ……………… the piano at present 127 He ( visit ) ………………… his grandparents next week 128 Jane ( play ) …………………… the piano at present 129 We ( not invite ) ……………… many friends to the party tonight 130 Hurry up ! we ( wait ) …………………….for you 131 Lan and Hoa ( read ) …………… in the library at the moment 132 We ( not come ) ……………………… here tomorrow morning 133 Listen ! The girl ( play ) ………………….the piano 134 Nam ( go ) ………………… to the English club every Saturday 134 What ……………….you ( ) …………….now I ( grow ) …………………some flowers 135 My father ( travel ) ……………… to Nha Trang next week 136 Students often ( go ) …………………to the school cafeteria at lunch time 137 You can ( find ) ………… math books on the racks in the middle 138 Look ! The teacher ( come ) …………………….here 139 She ( study ) ………………… maps in Geography 140 Ba can ( fix ) …………… the lights 141 They ( ) …………………….some experiments at the moment 142 You ( be ) …………….a famous author one day 143 He enjoys ( draw ) ………………….pictures 144 Mai ( learn ) ………………… to play the piano in her free time 145 I ( try ) …………………… to repair the radio now 146 The students ( write ) …………………an essay in Literature next Monday 147 Let us ( go ) …………………to the English club 148 I ( ) ……………….my math homework at the moment 149 Next year , my sister ( be ) ……………… a teacher 150 When they ( be ) ……………young , they ( leave ) …………….their family and ( go ) ……………………to Ho Chi Minh city 151 When ……………… Thomas Edison ( die ) …………………? In 1931 PARTS OF SPEECH OF WORD FORMS I Danh từ (Nouns): Định nghóa: Danh từ từ dùng để vật, việc người Phân loại danh từ: - Danh từ đếm (countable nouns): book, student, table, - Danh từ không đếm (uncountable nouns): water, grass, information, - Danh từ đơn (simple nouns): war (chiến tranh), bus (xe buýt), - Danh từ kép (Compound nouns): world peace (hòa bình giới), bus station (trạm xe buýt), Chức năng: a Làm chủ ngữ (Subject-): The children go to school every day b Laøm tân ngữ động từ giới từ: (Object): The mother gave a cake to her son c Làm bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ (Sau keep / seem/ be/ feel/ look) (Complement): He is my best friend d Làm bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ (Sau call/ select/ name/ ) We call him Tom II Đại từ (Pronouns): Định nghóa: Đại từ từ dùng thay cho danh từ Phân loại đại từ: a Đại từ nhân xưng (Personal pronouns): có loại: - Đại từ làm chủ ngữ: I/ We/ You/ They/ She/ He/ It - Đại từ làm tân ngữ: me/ us/ you/ them/ her/ him/ it b Đại từ định: This/ that/ these/ those c Đại từ bất định: (Chỉ người) someone, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, everyone (Chỉ vật) something, nothing, anything, everything Chức năng: Giống danh từ III Tính từ (Adjectives): Định nghóa: từ dùng để miêu tả cho biết thêm chi tiết danh từ Phân loại: a Tính từ miêu tả: SIZE + SHAPE + AGE + COLOR + NATIONAL + MATERIAL (kích thước + hình dạng + tuổi + màu + quốc tịch + chất liệu) b Tính từ sở hữu: my/ our / your / their / her / his/ its c Tính từ số lượng: much/ little/ few/ a lot of / plenty of / each/ every/ another Chức năng: a Bổ nghóa cho danh từ: A beautiful girl b Bổ nghóa cho đại từ: Something new c Đứng sau keep / seem/ be/ feel/ look vàbổ nghóa cho chủ ngữ; He looks happy d Đứng sau keep /make let + O + Adj vàbổ nghóa cho tân ngữ We make our parents happy IV Trạng từ (Adverbs): Định nghóa: từ dùng để diển tả tính cách, đặc tính, mức độ, dùng để bổ nghóa cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ khác cho câu Phân loại: a Trạng từ thể cách: well, carefully, quickly, hard, fast b Trạng từ thời gian: early/ late / yet/ now, today, yesterday, before, after, tomorrow c Traïng từ mức độ: too much/ too little/ very / extremely/ a lot / nearly d Trạng từ địa ñieåm: here/ there/ upstairs/ at home / in the garden e Trạng từ thường xuyên: always/ often/ usually/ sometimes/ hardly/ once a week Chức năng: a Bổ nghóa cho tính từ: A very beautiful girl b Bổ nghóa cho động từ: walk slowly; study hard; play well c Bổ nghóa cho trạng từ: walk very slowly; study so hard; play quite well 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 NOUN Anger Attraction Beauty Business Care/ ful/ ness Center Collection Curiosity Danger Death Depth (độ sâu) Difference Difficulty Excitement Friend/ - ship Fluency Harm Happiness Health Invention Laziness Length Nation/ ality Nature Pollution Practice Prevention Reason Science/ Scientist Strength Success Warmth Width VERB Attract Beautify Care Collect Endanger Die Deepen (laøm) WORD FORM ADJ PARTICIPLE Angry Attractive Attracted Beautiful Busy Careful/ less Central Collective Curious Dangerous Dead Deep Differ Different Difficult Excite exciting Friendly Fluent Harm (gây hại) Harmful/ less Happy Healthy Invent Inventory Lazy Lengthen Long Nationalize National Naturalize Natural Pollute Practice Practical Prevent Preventable Reason Reasonable Scientific Strengthen Succeed Warn Widen Strong Successful Warm Wide Excited/ ing ADV Angrily Attractively Beautifully Busily Carefully/ lessly Centrally Curiously Dangerously Deeply Differently Difficultly Excitingly NOTE Giận Hấp dẫn Đẹp Bận việc Cẩn thận Trung tâm Thu thập Tò mò Nguy hiểm Cheat Sâu Reasonably Scientifically Khác Khó khăn Hào hứng Bạn bè Trôi chảy Hại Hạnh phúc Mạnh khoẻ Phát minh Lười biếng Dài Nước/ qtịch Tự nhiên Ô nhiễm Thực hành Ngăn cản Lý Khoa học Strongly Successfully Warmly Widely Mạnh Thành công Ấm áp Rộng Fluently Harmlully/lessly Happily Healthily Lazily Naturally Polluted Practically 35 Wonder Wonder Wonderful Wonderfully IDENTIFICATION OF WORD FORMS I Choïn danh từ: (đầu câu, sau độïng từ giới từ) Kì diệu II Chọn tính từ: Trước danh từ, sau linking verbs, ADJ+ NOUN A happy girl always smiles (happiness) KEEP / SEEM/ BE/ FEEL/ LOOK + ADJ: Linking verbs: He’s heavy ( heaviness) III Chọn trạng từ: Giữa chủ ngữ động từ / sau động từ thường, sau tân ngữ đầu câu, S + ADV + V(thường): I have recently received my friend’s letter S + V (+ O) + ADV The doctor told me to breathe in slowly ADV, S + V Suddenly, he saw an accident IV Chọn động từ: đứng sau chủ ngữ: - S + V: My mother bought a new bike yesterday V Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets He feels very ………… ……….………so he talks Anger ………… ……….……… She looks………… ……….………in her new coat Attraction He plays soccer ………… ……….……… Beauty Nam is always ………… ……….……… He is on his Business …… ……….……… this week Mr Han is a ………… ……….……… driver He drives Care ………… ……….……… I live on ………… ……….……… highland in Dalak Center Hoa has a fine ………… ……….……… of stamp Collect His ………… ……….……… helps him successful Curious AIDS is a……… ……….disease Danger Her parents’ ………… ……….……… makes her very sad Death Mai understands me ………… ……….……… Depth (độ sâu) There is no ………… ……….……… between my answer and his Differ We have a lot of ………… ……….……… in learning English Difficult The is an………… ……….……… football match this afternoon Excite We are very proud of our……… ……… Friend He speaks English ………… ……….……… Fluency If you smoke, it is ………… ……….……… to you Harm She sent her best wishes for my future………… ……….……… Happiness He does exercise every morning, so he is very………… ……….……… Health Exercises ………… ……….………your health Strong ………… ……….………students don’t often succeed in the tests Laziness ……… ……….are trying to find out new stars Science Nam is very………… ……….……… and heavy Strength I don’t like hot weather I like………… ……….……… weather Warmth Ha Long Bay is a ………… ……….……… Bay Wonder ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME & REASON A ADVERD CLAUSES OF TIME: Là mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian bắt đầu liên từ When, while, after/ before, as (khi), until (đến ) S +V+ When/ while/ after/ before/ as/until + S + V Chæ tương lai: When he comes tomorrow, we will welcome him Chỉ tại: When it’s hot, I go swimming / As I come, he is eating B ADVERD CLAUSES OF REASON: Là mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý hay nguyên nhân bắt đầu liên từ: because/ since/ as (bởi vì) S + V + because/ since/ as + S + V Mr Ba is late because/ since/ as she oversleeps Because Lan and Ba don’t have a tent, they never go camping C Join two sentences into one, use because/ since/ as: Lan and Ba never go camping , so they don’t have a tent I stay at home It rains Tan is late for school He misses the bus The weather is fine We have a picnic on the mountain I don’t have a bike, so I walk Nhan is free, so he flies his kites D Join two sentences into one, use when/ while/ after/ before/ as/until: It is warm I go fishing (when) My father is eating My mother cooks (while) I take a bath first Then I eat (before) Mr Quang waits for the farmer The farmer comes (until) He will come tomorrow We will welcome him (When) You will go the museum You will see a lot of valuable pictures (When) ARTICLES A Mạo từ không xác định: A,AN Examples A An : đứng trước danh từ đếm số để A ball is round giới thiệu điều chưa đề cập I see a boy in the street lần đầu An : đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu nguyên an apple, an inkpot, an engineer aâm a book, a pen, house, a man, A : đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu phụ âm Những danh từ ,luôn dùng với A European, uniform, universal, university, union, eulogy, euphemism Những danh từ ,luôn dùng với AN hour, heir, herbal, honor B Mạo từ xác định: THE Không dùng mạo từ xác định: THE a b c d e f g h Đứng trước danh từ đếm không đếm số hay nhiều để giới thiệu điều đề cập, bổ nghóa cụm giới từ with / of + N hay điều mà biết The earth is round (ai biết) The boy in the corner is my friend The sugar on the table is sweet ( nghóa riêng biệt) The tigers in Vietnam are in danger Tên Nhiều hồ: The great Lakes Các đại dương: the Atlantic Ocean Các dòng sông: The red River Các vùng biển: The red Sea Tên dãy núi: the Andes, the rocky mountains Một vật/ người nhaát: the earth, the moon, the sun, the Pope, the sky Tên trường học có: the School of Florida Tên trường đại học có: the University of Tên trường cao đẳng có: the College of Số thứ tự đứng trước danh từ: the first World War Tên nước gồm nhiều từ: the U.S, the U.K Tên nhạc cụ: the guitar, the piano Tên chiến: the Korean war Trước danh từ không đếm số ít/ đếm số nhiều nói đên đặc điểm, chủng loại, giống nòi chung chung Athletes must follow a well- balanced diet Sugar is sweet (nghóa chung chung) Tigers like fresh meat Tên hồ số ít: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie Châu lục: Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia Tên núi: Mount Everest, Mount Pinatubo Tên hành tinh: Venus, Mars, Danh từ trừu tượng: freedom, happiness Tên trường học bắt đầu danh từ riêng: Quang Trung Secondary School Hung Vuong University, Hong Bang College Số đếm sau danh từ: World war one, chapter two Tên nước gồm từ: France, Vietnam Tên môn thể thao: baseball, volleyball, soccer Những từ không bị giới hạn nghóa: breakfast, lunch, dinner, church, school, college, home, work, hospital Supply the correct word form The duty of the police is the _of law and order (MAINTAIN) Our tomatoes are nicely; they’ll be ready to eat in about a week (RIPE) Look at this picture of Bill and his father - you can see the clearly, can’t you? (LIKE) He said ‘Good morning’ in a most _way (FRIEND) Playing for the national team for the first time was an _experience for Hong Son (FORGET) “This is not a good essay,’ said the lecturer ‘I find your arguments (CONVINCE) It’s a lovely old house, I agree, but can we afford to _ it? (MODERN) George and I have been friends since _ he used to live next door (CHILD) In winter it is important for farmers to provide food and _ for their animals (WARM) 10 Pele Ronaldo to take part in 2002 World Cup (COURAGE) 11 is one of the qualities required of a social worker (FLEXIBLE) 12 Novelists are among the most _people in the world.(IMAGINE) 13 Secondary education is and free in many countries (COMPEL) 14 The song has been selected for the Sea Games 22, Vietnam (OFFICE) 15 _are doing their best to make people aware of the danger of air pollution (ENVIRONMENT) o A or An? The general rule is that we use a before a consonant and an before a vowel: a bowl, a car,a dog, but an ant, an elephant, an insect, an orange, an urn But, what is important here is not the way a word is written, but the way it sounds We choose a or an depending on the sound at the beginning of the word and whether it is a vowel sound or a consonant sound For example, take the word uniform Although it begins with a vowel - u - when we write it, when we say it the first sound is /y/ which is a consonant: uniform is pronounced ‘/junɪfɔːm/ so we say a uniform One word which is often confused is hotel Some people pronounce this word as /həʊˈtɛl/ so they would write: a hotel But other people pronounce this word as /əʊˈtɛl/ and so they would write: an hotel o The Zero Article does not exist It is a useful term to use when describing how to use articles Essentially when we talk about the zero article, we mean that we don’t use any article in front of a noun For example, when we use a noun with a preposition, we often not use an article (that is, we just use the noun on its own): I went to school but left my books at home Mother was in church and father at sea; Grandfather came to dinner later by train and Grandmother managed to escape from prison to join us When we talk about an institution, we use the zero article – The definite article doesn't change It is always the whether the noun is masculine, feminine or neuter, singular or plural We use the definite article - the - when we talk about a singular or plural noun which refers to a particular member of a a group The woman.The man.The door.The doors Prior Reference We often use the after the noun has already been mentioned For example: An Englishman, an Irishman and a Sctosman walk into a pub The Englishman ordered a bitter; the Irishman ordered a Guiness and the Scotsman ordered a whisky The first time we mention the noun we use the indefinite article and from then on we use the definite article Known Reference If both speakers know what they are talking about they can use the even though the noun may not have been mentioned before In other words, it is implied that the noun has already been mentioned Excuse me, you know what the time is? Where's the toilet? In these examples, the speaker assumes that the listener knows what is being talked about Miscellanous In addition, the is used in the following special circumstances Exceptions include: the Hague; the Matterhorn; the Mall; the White House, the United States of America We use the definite article - the - when we talk about a singular or plural noun which refers to a particular member of a a group In this example the group is all men; we want to reference a particular man so we say: The man in the hat Compare this with the indefinite article which refers to any man in the group: A man in a hat parts of day/night days festivals seasons & months midnight, midday, noon, night Monday, Tuesday Easter Winter, February superlatives ordinals oceans, seas years 1961, 1995, 2000 inventions buildings Buckingham Palace, number 10 titles streets Acacia Avenue, Pall Mall, Sunset Boulevard rivers & canals airports Heathrow, Gatwick public buildings cities & towns mountains London, New York, Tokyo, Sydney, Cairo Everest, K2, Mont Blanc newspapers families 10 the highest, the biggest, the oldest the third man, the sixth wife the Pacific, the Black Sea the wheel, the internal combustion engine the Queen, the President, the chairperson the Thames, the Nile, the Suez the Sheraton, the Red Lion, the Natural History Museum The Independent, The Daily Mirror, The Times the Browns, the Bushes 127. A held B asked C kept D captured 128. A turn off B break into C get into D come up with 129. A on the verge of B with exception of C in answer to D in return for 130. A anything B everybody C nothing D somebody 131. A able B capable C possible D enabled 132. A scattering B dumping C distributing D loading 133. A thinking B discovering C devising D manufacturing 134. A of all B in all C even D whatsoever 135. A forget B notice C bother D mention 136. A about B out C off D away 137. A read B is read C was reading D had been read 138. A offers B reaches C obtains D wins 115 139. A now and then B now and again C sooner or later D safe and sound 140. A none B not any C neither D hardly G Read the following passages and choose the best answer to the questions: KETCHUP The sauce that is today called ketchup ( or catsup) in Western cultures is a tomato_based sauce that is quite distinct from Eastern ancestors of this product A sauce called ke-tjap was in used in China at least as early as the 17th century, but the Chinese version of the sauce was made of picked fish, shellfish, and spices The popularity of this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia, where it was called kechap The Indonesian ketjab derives its name from the same source of the Malysian sauce but is made from very different ingredients The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking black soy beans, fermenting them, placing them in a salt brine for at least a week , cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this process results in a dark, thick and sweet variation of soy sauce Early in the 18th century, sailors from the Bristish navy came across this exotic sauce on voyages to Malaysia and Singapore and brought samples of it back to England on return voyages English chefs tried to recreate the sauce but were unable to exactly because key ingredients were unknown or unavailable in England; chefs ended up substituting ingredients such as mushrooms and walnuts in an attempt to recreate the special taste of the original Asian sauce Variations of this sauce became quite the rage in the 18th century England, appearing in a number of recipe books and features as an exotic addition to menus from the period The English version did not contain tomatoes, and it was not until the end of the 18th century that tomatoes became a main ingredients in the ketchup of the United States It is quite notable that tomatoes were added to the sauce and that tomatoes had previously been considered quite dangerous to health That tomato had been cultivated by the Aztecs, who had called it tomalt; however, early botanists had recognized that tomato was a member of the Solanecaea family, wich does include a number of poisonous plant The leaves of the tomato plant are poisonous, though of course the fruit is not Thomas Jefferson, who cultivated the tomato in his gardens at Monticello and served dishes containing tomatoes at lavish feasts, often receive credit for changing the reputation of the tomato Soon after Jefferso had introduced the tomato to American society, recipes combining the new fashinonabe tomato with the equally fashionable and exotic sauce known as ketchap began to appear By the middle of the 19th century, both of the tomato and tomato ketchup were stables of the American kitchen Tomato ketchup,popular though it was,was quite time-consuming to prepare In 1876,the first mass-produced tomato ketchup, a product of German-American Henry Heizn,went on sale and achieved immediate success From tomato ketchup, Heizn branched out into a number of other products, including various sauces, pickles, and relishes 141. It is not stated in paragraph that A. the Chinese sauce was in existence in the 17th century B. the Malaysian sauce was similar to the Chinese sauce C. the Chinese sauce was made from seafood and species D. the Indonesian sauce was similar to the Chinese sauce 142. “it” in paragraph refers to A. a salt brine B. a week C. the resulting solution D. this process 143. What ingredient is not used to make Indonesian sauce? A. soy beans B. sugar 116 C. salt D. mushrooms 144. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that mushrooms and walnuts were A. difficult to find in England B. not part of the original Asian recipe C. not native to England D. transported to England to Asia 145. The phrase “became quite the rage” in paragraph means A. became an anger B. became strange C. became popular D. became a protest 146. The author mentions the English version at the beginning of the third paragraph in order to A. indicate what will be discussed in the coming paragraph B. explain why tomatoes were considered dangerous C. make a reference to the topic of the previous pharagraph D. provide an example of a sauce using tomatoes 147. According to the paragraph 3, the tomato plant A. was considered poisonous plants B. is related to some poisonous plants C. has edible leaves D. has fruit tat is sometimes quite poisonous 148. the word “staples” in paragraph could be best replaced by A. standard elements B. strong attachment C. necessary utensils D. rare alternatives 149. Where in paragraph can the following sentence go in? “It turned from very bad to exceedingly good” A. at the beginning of the paragraph B. before the sentence “ Soon after Jefferson …” C. before the sentence “By the middle of the 19th century …” D. at the end of the paragraph 150. Tomato ketchup is closest to the word A. ketchap B. ke-tjap C. ketjab D. kechap THE BEATLES In the 1960s, The Beatles were probably the most famous pop group in the whole world Since then, there have been a great many groups that have achieved enormous fame, so it is perhaps difficult now to imagine how sensational The Beatles were at that time They were four boys from the north of England and none of them had any training in music They started by performing and recording songs by black Americans and they had some success with these songs Then they started writing their own songs and that was when they became really popular The Beatles changed pop music They were the first pop group to achieve great success from songs they had written themselves 117 After that it became common for groups and singers to write their own songs The Beatles did not have a long career Their first hit record was in 1963 and they split up in 1970 They stopped doing live performances in 1966 because it had become too dangerous for them – their fans were so excited that they surrounded them and tried to take their clothes as souvenirs! However, today some of their songs remain as famous as they were when they first came out Throughout the world many people can sing part of a Beatles song if you ask them 151. The passage is mainly about A. How the Beatles became more successful than other groups B. Why the Beatles split up after years C. The Beatles’ fame and success D. Many people’s ability to sing a Beatles song 152. The four boys of the Beatles A. Came from the same family B. Were at the same age C. Came from a town in the north of England D. Received good training in music 153. The word “sensational” is closest in meaning to A. Notorious B. Bad C. Shocking D. Popular 154. The first songs of the Beatles were A. Written by themselves B. Broadcast on the radio C. Paid a lot of money D. Written by black Americans 155. What is not true about the Beatles? A. The members had no training in music B. They had a long stable career C. They became famous when they wrote their own songs D. They were afraid of being hurt by fans 156. The Beatles stopped their live performances because A. They had earned enough money B. They did not want to work with each other C. They spent more time writing their own songs D. They were afraid of being hurt by fans 157. The year 1970 was the time when A. They split up B. They changed pop music C. They started their career D. They stopped singing live 158. What the fans of the Beatles often did was A. Sing together with them B. Take their clothes as souvenirs 118 C. Ask them to write more songs D. Ask them why they should separate 159. Some songs of the Beatles now A. Are still famous as they used to be B. Became too old to sing C. Are sung by crazy fans D. Are the most famous 160. The tone of the passage is that of A. Admiration B. Criticism C. Neutral D. Sarcasm KỲ THI TUYỂN SINH LỚP 10 THPT NĂM HỌC 2007-2008 Môn thi: Tiếng Anh - khóa ngày 20-6-2007 Thời gian làm bài: 60 phút (không kể thời gian giao đề) (1-3) Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others (0.6 pt) 1. A set B head C heat D dead 2. A machine B inspiration C exchange D champagne 3. A pleased B erased C increased D amused (4-20) Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best fits the blank space in each sentence (3.8 pts) 4. The examination will be held June, 2007 A in B on C at D to 5. _ the first and second nights of Passover, Jewish families often enjoy the Seder A In B On C Over D At 6. Wearing uniforms help poor students feel equal _ others 119 A up B on C off D to 7. The boy was greatly proud _ his success at school A on B of C at D in 8. Cong Vinh seems to be well-qualified _ the latest position A in B by C for D of 9. He read his article on the website last night, ? A doesn’t he B didn’t he C did he D hasn’t he 10. Are all the students used _ their summer vacation in the countryside? A to spend B spend C to spending D spending 11. Passover in Israel and by all Jewish people A is hold B is celebrating C celebrates D is celebrated 12. “When will Mr Ba retire? He began for the company thirty years ago.” A to be worked B to working C will work D to work 13. If Ba were rich, he around the world A should travel B travelled C could travel D must travel 14. They are still playing on the field _ it is raining heavily A though B because 120 C but D despite 15. Study harder _ A if you will pass the exam B and you will pass the exam C unless you pass the exam D or you will pass the exam 16. The girl wishes she in Nha Trang for the festival next week A will stay B could stay C is staying D can stay 17. On the way to school, Long often stops _ a newspaper A to buy B buy C buying D bought 18. The cooker is displayed at Nguyen Kim Supermarket looks modern A why B who C which D whose 19. _ “Let’s go to Vung Tau on the weekend.” _ “ _” A That’s a fine day B That’s a good trip C Yes, please D Yes, let’s 20. _ “Thank you very much” _ “ ” A Are you worried? B You’re welcome C Not all D Nothing 21. For most households, lighting for 10 percent to 15 percent of the electricity bill A accounts B applies C asks D prepares 22. Ho Chi Minh City will _ temperatures between 25oC and 30¬¬oC tomorrow 121 A experience B arrive C achieve D occur (23-30) Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best fits the blank space in the following passage (1.6 pts) Mr Brown and some (23) conservationists are on a very dirty beach now Today they are ready to make the beach a clean and beautiful place again After listening to Mr Brown’s instructions, they are divided (24) three groups Group I needs to walk along the shore Group should check the sand, (25) _ group has to check among the rocks Garbage must be put into plastic bags, and the bags will be (26) by Mr Jones He will take the bags to the garbage (27) _ Each member will be given a map to find the right place They won’t eat the picnic lunch (28) by Mrs Smith until the whole area is clean (29) _ are eager to work hard so as to refresh this (30) area 23. A voluntary B volunteers C volunteering D volunteer 24. A in B to C into D onto 25. A or B and C because D though 26. A selected B chosen C collected D elected 27. A dump B yard C area D place 28. A happened B provided C achieved D shown 29. A Them all B They all C All them D All they 30. A spoiling B spoil C spoiled D spoils (31-34) Choose the underlined word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that needs correcting (0.8 pt) 31. You’re tired as you got up too late to watch TV last night A B C D 122 32. The Internet is a very fast and convenient way for us to get a lot of informations A B C D 33. The bus is such an inexpensive means of transport that people take them very often A B C D 34. She has been playing as a professional tennis player from 1990s A B C D (35-38) Use the correct form of the word given in each sentence (0.8 pt) 35. The Internet has helped students study more (EFFECT) 36. It is that our environment is more and more polluted (DISAPPOINT) 37. We are trying to have a(n) world (POLLUTE) 38. I am thankful to my teacher who always gives me lots of _ to better my knowledge (COURAGE) (39-42) Read the dialogue and then decide whether the statements that follow are True or False (0.8 pt) Mrs Lan: What’s the matter, Mrs Linh? Mrs Linh: I’ve just received my latest electricity bill It’s so enormous Mrs Lan: Let me see It’s 350,000 VND What an enormous bill it is! Mrs Linh: I paid 200,000 VND last month I don’t know why it’s higher this month Mrs Lan: Which counter is installed in your house? Mrs Linh: The usual mechanical counter was replaced with an electronic counter at the beginning of this month It is said to run more exactly and be more convenient for the power officials to record monthly electricity numbers Mrs Lan: I don’t know what happens The usual mechanical counter is still used in my house Why don’t you complain to the Power Department of Ho Chi Minh City about it? Mrs Linh: Thanks for your advice I am writing a complaint letter right now 39. The bill Mr Linh received last month was lower than the latest one 40. Mrs Linh has spent 550,000VND on electricity in the last two months 41. Mrs Lan insisted that the electrical counter is wrong 42. Electricity numbers are recorded every month (43-46) Rewrite the sentences so that they are nearest in meaning to the sentence printed before them (1.6 pts) 43. Ba said, Why don’t we stop eating chicken to avoid being infected with bird flu?” Ba suggested that chicken shouldn’t 44. The last time she went out with him was months ago It is 123 45. There was too much snow for us to go out There was such 46. Miss Huong Tram is the best student in this class Nobody ĐỀ THI TUYỂN SINH THPT Trường học THPT Lê Hồng Phong – HCM Lớp học 10 Năm học 2005 Môn thi Anh văn Thời gian 120 phút Thang điểm 10 I Choose A, B, C or D to complete the sentences (2 marks) His house has been sold $ 1,000,000 A at B for C in D with Bread is usually wheat A made of B made with C made by D made from Peter, can I you a drink? A buy for B buy to C buy D invite It isn't quite that they will come to our party A sure B exact C certain D right goes to the bus; now we will have to walk home A On time B At once C There D Early Don't hurry! There is no need A running B to run C run D you run Mike had hoped his letter A her to answer B that she answer C that she would answer D her answering Please write your answers ink A in B with C of D by Peter was not feeling well, so we gave him to than you A fewer work B less work C little work D least work 10 He spent half a year this house A to build B building C built D on building 11 Will you the door open? A leave B allow C permit D give 12 What food should you eat if you want to on weight? A take B get C put D carry 124 13 It is a skirt A French cotton flowered B cotton French flowered C flowered cotton French D flowered French cotton 14 Do you know the beautiful girl ? A sit in the car B sat in the car C sitting in the car D who sit in the car 15 The weather was cold I wish it warmer A had been B has been C were D was 16 Dickens wrote a lot of interesting stories A his is one of England's best-known writers B as one of England's best-known writers C besides one of England's best-known writers D one of England's best-known writers II Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense and form (2 marks) Last night Mrs Leidner (1 to go) to her room to rest as usual after we just (2 to finish) dinner I (3 to settle) her on her bed with plenty of pillows and her book I (4 to leave) the room when she (5 to call) me back 'Don't go, nurse, there (6 to be) something I (7 to want) to say to you.' I (8 to turn) round and she (9 to tell) me to shut the door I (10 to do) it as I (11 to tell) She (12 to rise) up from the bed and (13 to begin) to walk up and down I (14 can) see that she (15 to make) up her mind to something and I (16 not to like) to interrupt her III Arrange the numbered sentences to make a complete dialogue (1.25 marks) a Oh, I was just wondering if you wanted to go out tonight b Tonight? You must be joking - it's too cold What about coming round to my place? We could watch TV or something? c Look, if you really want to go somewhere, you could come with me to the library d Hi, Michael! How are things? e Oh, I think it's half past eight or something I'll just get the paper and have a look Just hang on for a minute f Hi, Liz Good, thanks What's new with you? g Well I was thinking of going to the school library to a bit of study What have you got in mind? h OK Just joking What time does it start? i I thought we could just go for a walk May be down to that park near the beach k Oh, come on l Watch TV? That's all you ever want to do! I want to go out somewhere That new Jane Fonda film is on in town How about that IV Write the second sentence so that it means the same as the first (2.25 marks) The last time I went to the theatre was three years ago It is 'Who did you go to the cinema with?' she said to me She asked We are sorry we couldn't come to your birthday party We are sorry not 'I was born in 1983' Mary said to Peter Mary told The milk was so hot that the boy couldn't drink it The milk was 125 He was very sad as he got a very bad mark in English If he You can't expect everyone in the village to help you, can you? Not everyone There must be a good explanation for his absence I'm People said she had passed the exam She was V Read the text carefully and the exercises below it (1 mark) Everybody loves movies We see them at theatres and we watch them on TV They are popular with children and adults, too We can learn from them or we can have a good time watching them We also call movies 'motion pictures' 'Motion' is a noun for 'moving' People tried to show motion in pictures for centuries Even prehistoric artists showed animals running in theier cave pictures Near the end of the 19th century several Europeans and Americans tried to make movies No one knows who made the first one New York City had the first movie theatre in 1894 People put money in a small machine and looked into it at the movie By 1900, movies were popular all over Europe and the United States They were not very good, but people liked them because they were new and different Every year people invented ways to make movies better They invented machines to show the pictures on a screen Then everyone could see the motion pictures on the front wall of a theatre instead of inside a small machine In 1927, inventors add sound to movies Then they added color Today it costs several million dollars to make a movie However, movie makers collect million dollars from people at movie theatres because everyone loves movies te T if the sentence is true, and F if it is false a Children like movies, but most adults not b We can learn from motion pictures c Prehistoric artists showed motion in the cave paintings d An American made the first movie e Movies were popular in Europe at the end of the 19th century f Movies are the same today as they were in 1920 g Inventors added sound and color to movies at the same time h It is expensive to make movies VI Fill each of the numbered blanks with a suitable word (1.5 marks) The country is more beautiful than town and pleasanter to live Many people think and go to the country the summer holidays they cannot live all the year round Some have a cottage in the village so that they can go there whenever they can the time English villages are not all alike, but some ways they are not very 10 from each other Most villages are so 11 to some small town that people can go there to buy 12 they can't find in the village shops UBND TỈNH TIỀN GIANG SỞ GIÁO DỤC& ĐÀO TẠO CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc lập - Tự – Hạnh phúc KỲ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI LỚP CẤP TỈNH Khóa ngày 10 tháng 02 năm 2009 Đề thức Môn TIẾNG ANH Thời gian làm bài: 150 phút ( không kể thời gian giao đề ) ( Đề gồm trang ) 126 PART I : LISTENING COMPREHENSION : ( 2.0 pts ) Question : Listen to the passage then state whether the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE The passage will be read twice : Computer won’t be able to touch the lives of people who live in distant villages From your own room, you can search the news you want from all over the world on the Internet Computers are not very useful in some areas such as business Computers can work during the night while we are sleeping and give us a report we want the next morning Question : Listen to the passage then pick out ONE best option ( A,B,C or D ) to complete each sentence The passage will be read twice : Environmental pollution is the result of ………… A natural disasters B industrialization C careless use of natural resources D both B and C Avoiding environmental pollution is……… A uneasy B possible C very easy D serious By wearing a mask when getting out of houses, people want……… A to protect their faces’ skin from the sunlight B to avoid cold or hot atmosphere C not to inhale traffic fumes and chemical wastes D not to inhale all kinds of pure air Nowadays, if living indoor we…… A can protect ourselves from pollution B cannot avoid toxic indoor pollution C can inhale quite pure and safe air D can protect ourselves when doing housework PART II : READING COMPREHENSION : ( 6.0 pts ) Question : Read the passage below then state whether the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE : It is important to have healthy teeth Good teeth help us to chew our food They also help us to look nice How does a tooth go bad? The decay begins in a little crack in the enamel covering of the tooth This happens after germs and bits of food have collected there Then the decay slowly spreads inside the tooth Eventually, poison goes into the blood, and we may feel quite ill How can we keep our teeth healthy? Firstly, we ought to visit our dentist twice a year He can fill the small holes in our teeth before they destroy the teeth He can examine our teeth to check that they are growing in the right way Unfortunately, many people wait until they have toothache before they see a dentist Secondly, we should brush our teeth with a toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste at least twice a day- once after breakfast and once before we go to bed We can also use wooden toothpicks to clean between our teeth after a meal Thirdly, we should eat food that is good for our teeth and our body: milk, cheese, fish, brown bread, potatoes, red rice, raw vegetables and fresh fruit Chocolates, sweets, biscuits and cakes are bad, especially when we eat them between meals They are harmful because they stick to our teeth and cause decay Good teeth help us to chew our food and to look nice The decay usually begins firstly inside the tooth or from the blood The decay spreads inside the tooth after it begins in a little crack in the enamel covering of the tooth Dentists can help us keep our teeth healthy Dentists can help us brush our teeth twice a year 127 Most people go to see a dentist before they have toothache We should brush our teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste Some kinds of food are good for our teeth while some others are harmful Question : These announcements appear at some places only Match each announcement proper place ( A – J ) where it usually appears : Announcements Shake well before using Staff only ! Don’t feed the animals Use no hooks ! Ladies / Gentlemen Push in Keep gate closed ! Speed limit – 80 mph ( – ) with a Appearing places A B C D E F G H I At the zoos On the front doors of a building On boxes or bottles of medicine On the doors of toilets On motorways On bags of sugar or flour In front of a cinema or theatre Railway station On the way or on the doors to some rooms or offices J Inside the gates of kindergartens Question : Fill in each numbered blank with ONE word chosen from the list below to complete the meaning of the passage : outside, through, but, travel, churches, experiments, ago, remember, taught, who As you turn on the radio for your favourite programme, you ever wonder how you can hear those sounds? How they…( )…through the air and reach your radio exactly as they are sent out? It all began nearly a hundred years…( )…when a young Italian called Guglielmo Marconi discovered how to send sounds…( )…the air Marconi was born in Boloyma in northern Italy in 1874 His father was a rich Italian businessman, and his mother was a Scot…( )…had lived in Ireland and had gone to Italy to study music The family lived in a countryhouse just …( )…Boloyma When he was a boy, people did not think that Marconi was clever He was a quiet boy who spoke little…( )…thought a lot He liked to sit and read science books in his father’s big library He also liked to do…( )…with electricity For most of his early life, he was…( )… at home He did not go to school PART III : GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY : ( 8.0 pts ) Question : Pick out ONE word that has the underlined syllable pronounced differently from the others in each case : a) chair , church , chemist , change , choice b) great , neat , heat , seat , meat c) simplify , apply , reply , supply , primary d) garment , generation , gold , gasoline , golf Pick out ONE word that is of different kind or part of speech from the others in each case: a) sunset , sun-glasses , sunflower , sunlight , sunburnt b) junkyard , benefit , sewage , trash , garbage c) amusing , rollicking , joyful , terrible , pleasant d) enlarge , widen , golden , enrich , deepen 128 Question : Write the verbs in the numbered brackets into its correct tense and form : Last Tet my classmates and I ( visit ) Rach Mieu Bridge The bridge ( open ) on January 19, 2008 Since then, there ( be ) hundred thousands of visitors coming to see the bridge This suspension bridge ( connect ) Ben Tre to Tien Giang They ( start ) the construction in 2002, and thousands of workers ( work ) hard for years to offer a huge gift to the local people on the occasion of Tet Before the bridge was put in use, people ( travel ) across the large river by ferry-boat or wooden boat It ( take ) the passengers a lot of time to travel across Rach Mieu ferry-boats during the Lunar Tet for many years Question : Fill in each blank in these sentences with the suitable form of the words in brackets : Vietnamese people are very…………….( friendliness) Over a million…… ( publish) of this work have been sold since 2000 The…… ( communicate ) throughout the world has been easier thanks to the Internet The speed of cars and motorcycles is……….( limitation ) inside the city The reason for his absense is very clear It is…… ( deny ) Do you know the ………( widely ) of this lake? Ho Chi Minh City is…… ( locate) on the bank of Sai Gon River Helen was introduced to many other stamp…….( collection ) at the meeting Question : Rewrite these sentences, beginning with the words given in such a way that they remain the same meaning as the old ones : He won a prize at the competition because he spoke English fluently Because of…… Mr Le said to his daughter, “ Do as many exercises in English as you can.” Mr Le advised…… I think no other flowers are as beautiful as rose I think rose…… They will open the flower garden to the public for ten days The flower garden…… The pagoda is very small A lot of visitors cannot stay inside at the same time The pagoda is not……… My father hasn’t driven any car for 10 years The last time…… The weather is not good They cannot climb up to the top of the mountain If…… When he was young, he went swimming every morning He doesn’t it anymore He used……… PART IV :WRITING ( 4.0 pts ) Question 10 : Write a letter to your friend to tell him/ her how your family prepared to celebrate last Lunar Tet ( in about 120 to 150 words – You mustn’t use your real name and address ) Question 11 : Your friends and you were chosen into the team of good students to sit for the examination of gifted students in English You are discussing on a plan to study and practise for the exam.Rewrite the conversation in about 15 to 20 conversational exchanges -The end - 129

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