Tiếng anh chuyên ngành thể thao (tập 1) phần 1

Pre-reading task

II Reading text 6)2; III New Words and Expressions 6S5) ,

VI Word study: Prefixes (super- /under- /over- / sub-/ sur-/ dis-/ + N ) (699 ) VII Grammar focus: Equal Comparisons 7700 J VIII Further exercises 7722 2

II Reading text '7f6'6 III New Words and Expressions Í8C0Ỉ0

VI Word study: Cardinal and Ordinal numbers '8^484 VII Grammar focus: Modal verbs 81787 VIII Further exercise '9-M94

Reading text

VI Word study: Compound Adjectives 5 3 VII Grammar focus: Superlatives of Adjectives 5 5 VIII Further exercises 5'9

X Post-reading task 6)1 Unit 4: SyvimminỊỊ 6)2

III Nevv Words and Expressions 98

VI Word study: Suffixes: -ous/-ive 103

VII Grammar íòcus: Adverb Clause o fT im e 103

X Post-reading ta s k 109 ưnit 7: Martial A rts 110

III New Words and Expressions 111

VI Word study: Suíĩixes: -less/-ful 116

VII Grammar focus: Gerund after preposition 117

Part II: KINDS OF SPORTS WITH A BA L L 129

VI Word study: Preíixes: out/under-/ over- /dis- /mis- /re- / en-/+ V 135

VII Grammar íòcus: Passive voice: The Present Simple and

VI Word study: Suffix: -ness 155

VII Grammar focus: Passive voice: The Past Simple and

VI Word study: Adverb of Manner (Adj + ly = Adv) 165

VII Grammar focus: Passive voice: The Present Perfect T en se 167

VI Word study: Compound noun (Noun + N oun) 180

VII Grammar focus: Passive voice: Modal Verbs 183

VI Word study: Suớĩỡxes: -tion/ -ation/ -ment—ằNoun 196

VII Grammar focus: Relative Pronouns and Relative Adverbs 198

VI Word study: The negative preíixes “ un-, im-, il-, ir-, in-” 214

VII Grammar focus: Reduced forms ofrelative clauses 216

VI Word study: Suíĩìxes: -al/ -able 228

VII Grammar focus: Infinitives of purpose “in order to+ inf, so as to + in f \ 229VIII Further exercises 232

Glossaries in Texlbook 2239References in Textbook 29.97

PARTI KINDS OF SPORTS WITHOUT A BALL

PHÀN 1 CÁC MÔN THỂ THAO KHÔNG DÙNG BÓNG

1 Can you match the names of the sport events to the pictures below?

A uneven bars B balance beam c íloor exercise

D still rings E high bar F pommel horse

2 Do you think that Gy mnastics is the sport o f beauty and danger? Why?

Gymnastics is a dynamic sport that combines physical strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and balance Its origins trace back to ancient Greek exercises, which included skills for mounting and dismounting horses, as well as elements derived from circus performances.

Part I: Kinds o/Sports Without A Ball 15

Intemationally, all o f the gymnastic sports are govemed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) Each country has its own national goveming body aíĩĩliated to FIG.

Competitive artistic gymnastics is the most recognized form of gymnastics, featuring distinct events for both men and women Women's competitions include the uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault, while men's events consist of floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and high bar.

Participants can include children as young as two years old doing children's gymnastics, recreational gymnasts o f ages 5 and up, competitive gymnasts at varying levels o f skill and world class athletes.

Ancient Greek exercises were initially personal athletic feats, encouraging youth to blend amusement with physical activity Over time, this practice evolved into a structured system regulated by the State, with exercise time equaling that of art and music Each Greek city featured gymnasiums for various sports, but the decline of gymnastics began after Emperor Theodosius abolished the Olympic Games in 393 AD due to corruption This led to centuries of neglect for the sport until Girolamo Mercuriale's 1569 work, "Le Arte Gymnastica," revived interest by exploring ancient views on diet, exercise, and hygiene In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, German educators Johann Friedrich GutsMuths and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn developed apparatus-based exercises for young men, laying the groundwork for modern gymnastics.

16 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thế t.hiao

By the late 19th century, men's gymnastics gained significant popularity, leading to its inclusion in the inaugural modern Olympic Games in 1896 From then until the early 1950s, gymnastics competitions featured a diverse range of exercises that may seem unusual today, such as synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder events.

G Y M N A S T I C S Ĩ Í Ẽ điausting and push the gymnast's strenịl Ể ế

Artistic gymnastics is typically divided into men's and women's categories, with men competing in six events: Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse, Still Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, and High Bar Women compete in four events: Vault, Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise Historically, women in some countries, such as the USSR in the 1950s, also participated in events like the rings, high bar, and parallel bars Although the routines performed in each event are relatively short, they are physically demanding, testing the gymnast's strength, flexibility, endurance, and awareness to their limits.

In 2006, the FIG implemented a new points system for Artistic gymnastics, moving away from the traditional 10-point limit This system, now used in elite-level competitions in the U.S., features two distinct scores: execution and difficulty Previously, only the execution score, capped at 10.00, was used, with judges deducting points for mistakes during performances A fall, for instance, results in a 1.00 deduction The introduction of the difficulty score marks a significant shift, as it evaluates the complexity of the performed elements and can be adjusted if skills are not executed or connected properly Connection bonuses are a common deduction, particularly challenging when linking multiple flight elements This updated code allows gymnasts to achieve higher scores based on both the difficulty of their skills and their execution.

1III NE\V WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

- gymnastics ['cÌ3Ìm'naỉstiks] (n): môn thề dục

- involve [irTvolv] (v): bao gồm, liên quan

- períormance [psToimgns] (n): sự biểu diễn, sự thể hiện

- physical [Tizikl] (adj): liên quan đến cơ thể, vật lý, vật chất

- ílexibility [’fleks3'biliti] (n): sự mềm dẻo, uyền chuyển, linh hoạt

- agility [s'd2Ìlỉti] (n): sự nhanh nhẹn

- co-ordination [kou^rdi^eiỊn] (n): sự phối hợp

- balance ['basbns] (n): sự thăng băng

- evolve [i'v3Ỉv] (v): suy ra, tiến triển

- mount [maunt] (v): trèo lên, cưỡi

- disư.ount [dis'maunt] (v): xuống

- atTil ate [a'filjeit] (v): nhập, liên kết

- une\en [An'i:vn] (adj): không bàng phẳng, không đều, lệch

- bean [bi:m] (n): thanh thăng bằng

- vaul: [vo:lt] (n): mái vòm, khung vòm để nhảy qua

- Porrmel horse ['poml ho:s] (n): ngựa gỗ tay quay

- paralel ['paeralel] (adj): song song, tương đưcmg, ngang hàng

- partcipam [pri:'tisipont] (n): người tham gia

- recrtational ['rckri'eiÍ3nl] (adj): có tính tiêu khiển

- corroetitive [k3m'petitiv] (adj): có tính ganh đua

- feat fi:st] (n): kỳ công, kỳ tích, sự điêu luyện

- gyrmast ['dsimnasst] (n): huấn luyện viên thể dục, chuyên viên thể dục

- vpíy{Ịveéxi 1 (v*)ỉ'thay đồi, làm cho khác

18 Giảo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể thiao

- athlete ['ae01i:t] (n): vận động viên

- exhausting [ig'zo:stir|] (ađj): làm cho mệt lữ, kiệt sức

- endurance [in'dju3r3ns] (n): sức bền, sức chịu đụng

- avvareness [aVesnas] (n): sự nhận thức

- no longer (idiom) [nou 'lorịga]: không còn nữa

- elite ỊTlita] (adj): xuất sấc, ưu tú

- separate ['seprat] (adj): riêng lẻ, tách biệt

- execution ['eksi'k.ju:Jn] (n): sự thực hiện

- previous [’pri:vÌ3s] (adj): trước, trước đây

- judge ['d3Ad3] (n): nguời phán xét, phân xử, trọng tài

- d ed u ct [di'dAkt] (v ): trừ di

- significant [sig'nifik3nt] (adj): có ý nghĩa, quan trọng, đáng kể

- bonus ['bounss] (n): tiền thưởng, phần cho thêm

- gain [gein] (v): đạt được, có được

Gymnastics requires a unique combination of strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination It developed from ancient physical exercises and has evolved significantly over the years The FIG, or Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique, is the governing body for the sport While men's gymnastics typically includes events like the pommel horse and rings, women's gymnastics features apparatus such as the balance beam and uneven bars Participants in gymnastics can range from young children to elite athletes, with contributions from pioneers like Johann Friedrich GutsMuths shaping modern gymnastics In the early 1950s, gymnastics included events such as floor exercise and vault In 2006, artistic gymnastics underwent a major change with the introduction of a new scoring system This new points system offers a more comprehensive evaluation of performance, emphasizing both difficulty and execution, which enhances the competitive nature of the sport.

2 Dccide whether the following statements arc True (T) or False (F) a Gymnastics originated in Greece.

Sports without a ball, such as gymnastics, have a rich history rooted in ancient Greece, where exercises included skills for horse riding The Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) governs gymnastics worldwide, with each country having its own national governing body There are four events in gymnastics for both men and women, although competitive gymnasts and athletes cannot participate in gymnastics competitions All Greek cities featured gymnasiums, which served as courtyards for activities like jumping, running, and wrestling Women's gymnastics gained popularity and was included in the first competitions.

"modem" Olympic Games in 1896. i Artstic gymnastics isn’t usually divided into Men's and Women's Gymnastics j The gymnast's easy score is based on what elements they perform.

Each country has its own national governing body affiliated to FIG It typically involves the women's events of uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault Participants can include children as young as two years old doing children's gymnastics In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three pioneer physical educators created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus In some countries, women at one time competed on the rings, high bar, and parallel bars Both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises under the rubric of gymnastics In fact, the period for exercise or gymnastics was equal to the time spent on art and music combined The system is used in the U.S for elite level competition.

20 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể thcao i During the gymnast's períòrmance, t h e deduct from this score onlly. j Connection are the most conưnon deduction from a difficulty :scoorc.

2 Match a word in A to its deíinition or synonym in B

2 Coordinate b very old, dating from very long time ago

3 Evolve c get off a horse or a bike

5 Dismount e link with, connect with

7 Affiliate g control, direct or rule

8 Competitive h trying very hard to be better than others

9 Participant i connected vvith entertainment, amusememt j the person who is taking part in an event

VI WORD STUDY: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

1 The boy is 5 vears old —ằ He is a 5-vears-old boy.

2 We took a tour that lasted one month —ằ We took a one-month tour.

We can use this íòrmation to form adjectives from a number and a motuiun in singular form When numbers are used as an adịective, (time, age, etc.), remermbeier to use a hyphen:

Num ber- Noun (in singular form) —ằ Adjective

1 My son is 5 years old.

2 My 5-year-old son starts kindergarten this year.

3 That student wrote a report that was ten pages long.

4 That student wrote a ten-page report.

Parll: Kincls o f Sports ÍVithoul A Ba 11 21

Excrciisc 1: C om plctc thc second sentcncc so th at it has the sam e m caning as the iìrst, using the stru ctu re num ber-noun

1 Her call to London lasted 20 minutes.

2 Sarm’s new apartment is in a building which has twelve storeys.

—* Sann’s new apartment is in a

3 The manager said that the sale vvould last for 2 days.

—ằ The manager said that it vvould be a

4 Mark bought a tool set containing 79 pieces.

5 1 need two tables that are 1.2 meters high.

6 My parents savv a play in 3 acts last night.

7 1 met a man who is 100 kilograms this moming.

8 She has just bought three skirts with 35 dollars each

—* She has just bought three

9 This well is lOmeters deep.

10.1 like a mobile phone vvhich can hold 2 sims.

Excrcỉse 2 Convcrt the dcscriptions of the undcrlincd noun phrascs into attributive adjectives.

1 Her daughter is a ping-pong player who slams hard.

2 It looked like a trophy that had been hard to vvin.

3 Our sumo Champion \veighs 200 kilograms.

22 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể thao

4 After that T v program, our baby’s hair turned green.

5 The tail of the lizard I caught was three feet long.

VII GRAMMAR FOCUS: TAG QUESTIONS

1 Gymnastics is the sport o f beauty and danger, isn 't (7?

2 Gymnastics originated in Greece, didn 7 ifí

In the two sentences above, is n ’t it and didn 't it are Tag Questions, so, ía Tag

• A tag question tollovvs a statement and after stands a comma.

• A tag question consists o f 2 words only.

• When thc statement is affirmative, the tag question is negative.

• When the statement is negative, the tag question is affưmative.

He shouldn’t smoke, should he?

• The structure o f a tag question is: V + s.

• The subject o f a tag question must be a pronoun.

H erparents went to America last year, didn’t theyl

If ửie verbs in the statement are be and modal verbs (can, could, shouldl, nmust, may, will ), we reuse that kind o f verbs in the tag question.

You can’t swim, can you?

If the verbs in the statement are Ordinary Verbs, we use correspimrmdiriỊ’ auxiliary verb (do, does, did) in the tag question.

She goes to school by bus, doesn’t she?

If the tag question is negative, the verb must be in the reduction form.

They have lived here for 5 years, haven’t they?

Purl 1: Kinds o f Sports ỈVithout A Ball 23

Excrcise 1: Put a tag question at the end o f the sentences

2 Nam đid the work w e ll,

3.1 ditín’t have to speak to m e ,

5 You wouldn’t like that s h ir t,

6 He used to write diaries,

8 The Smiths often go svvimming at the w eek en d ,

10 There was an examination yesterday,

11 Míry and Tom have been studying French for 2 years,

12 His family always have beer for m e a ls ,

14 We often vvatch TV in the aítemoon,

15 You have cleaned your b ik e

16 Jotn and Max don't like M aths,

18 Thiy are going home from school,

19 Míry didn't do her homework last Monday,

Eiercise 2: Choose the correct question tag

1 H e’: not com ing, ? a isn’t he b is he

2 1’rr not la te , ? a am I b am I not

3 Thi bank lent him the m o n ey , ? a didn’t it b isn’t it

4 Yoi shouldn't do that ? a shouldn’t you b should you

24 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thề thiao

5 You don’t take sugar in co ffee, ? a isn’t it b do you

6 She looks tire d , ? a does she b doesn’t she

7 There’s a cinema near the station, ? a isn’t it b isn’t there

8 He arrived la te , ? a isn’t it b didn’t he

9 Your parents have arrived y e t, ? a have they b haven’t they

10 It’s time to g o , ? a isn’t it b isn’t there 11.1’m rig h t, ? a aren’t I b am I

12 You had seen it b e íò re , ? a hadn’t you b don’t you

13 Everybody looked so m iserable, ? a didn’t everybody b didrTt they

14 You wouldn’t do th a t, ? a vvould you b wouldn’t you

15 He’11 b e th e re , ? a won’t he b isn’t he

16 Everybody will be ử ie re , ? a won’t it b won’t they

17 She’s had too much to do la tely , ? a isn’t she b hasn’t she

18 It won’t h ap p en , ? a will it b doesn’t it

19 They should be here so o n , ? a shouldn’t they b shan’t ửiey

Purt I; Kinds o f Sports Without A Ball 25

21 Her brother’s got to leave early ? a hasn't he b have they

22 That dog’s very n o isy , ? a isn’tth a t b isn’t it

23 You have got to arrive betore half past e ig h t, ? a haven’t you b don’t you

24 They took it ? a didn’t they b did they

25 That’s the shop vvhere you used to w o rk , ? a isn’tth a t b isn’t it

26 The book’s a best-seller, ? a isn’t it b isn’t the book

27 You haven’t got a sis te r, ? a do you b have you

28 L’ra in tro u b le , ? a aren’t I b amn’t I

29 You would tell me if you k n e w , ? a didn’t you b wouldn’t you

30 You’d rather not tell m e , ? a hadn’t you b wouldn’t you

31 Lima is the Capital o f P e ru , ? a isn’t it b isn’t Lima

32 He'd better try h ard e r, ? a wouldn’t he b hadn’t he

33 Thỉre’s nothing on TV to n ig h t, ? a isn’t there b is it

34 Shí won't be here for another h o u r, ? a w on’t she b will she

35 Thỉre was nothing in the b o x , ? a wasn’t there b was it

26 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể thiao

Exercise 3: Choose the correct tag to finish the sentence

1 Teresa is an accountant, ? a aren't she b doesn't she c isn't she

2 1 am a good vvorker, ? a I am b do I c amn't I

3 Pierre is a grandfather, ? a he isn't b isn't he c he is

4 Kate is a d octor, ? a she is b is she c doesn't she

5 Jacques and Alicia are students, ? a aren't they b are they c isn't he

6 Mary is at work right n o w , ? a is she b isn't he c is he

7 He is h ere , ? a is he b isn't she c is she

8 You and I are busy right n o w , ? a aren't I b aren't we c we aren't

9 It's windy to d a y , ? a am I b aren't they c isn't it

10.1 am ready for the next exercise, ? a isn't it b don't I c aren't you

I isn't he l aren't you l isn't he

Part I: Kinds o f Sports ÍVithout A Ball 27

VIII FURTHER EXERCISES: WRỈTE THE NAMES OF SPORTS FROM THE PICTURES (FROM LEFT TO R!GHT AND FROM UP TO DOVVN) r

In vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25-meter runway and perform a round-off entry onto a springboard, leading to an inverted landing on the vaulting horse or table Each gymnast's starting point on the runway varies based on height and strength The post-flight segment often features multiple saltos or twisting movements, with round-off entry vaults being the most prevalent in elite gymnastics.

HUitlí ot>on$Q1 com.'69?SS

The 28 English textbooks in gymnastics focus on the athlete's technique as they run towards the springboard From the round-off position, the gymnast executes a backward motion similar to a back handspring, landing on the vaulting platform Following this, she blocks off the platform, performing a variety of twisting and somersaulting combinations The final segment of the routine culminates with the gymnast landing gracefully on her feet.

The uneven bars, also known as asymmetric bars in the UK, feature two horizontal bars set at different heights, allowing gymnasts to perform intricate routines These bars are constructed from fiberglass and covered in wood laminate to enhance durability, a significant improvement from the traditional wooden bars that were prone to breaking The width of the bars can be adjusted to accommodate different gymnasts During their routines, gymnasts execute a variety of movements, including swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves, often passing over, under, and between the two bars Typically, gymnasts mount the uneven bars using a springboard for added momentum.

In gymnastics, athletes perform a choreographed routine lasting up to 90 seconds on a padded beam, which is 125 cm high, 500 cm long, and 10 cm wide This event showcases a combination of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersaults, turns, and dance elements, emphasizing the importance of balance, flexibility, poise, and strength.

A typical pommel horse routine involves both single leg and double leg skills, with single leg elements often taking the form of scissors performed on the pommels However, double leg work is the cornerstone of this event, where gymnasts execute circular swings with both legs in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, incorporating various skills across all parts of the apparatus To increase the difficulty, gymnasts frequently add variations to traditional circling skills by incorporating movements like turns and spindles or by straddling their legs in flares The routine concludes with a dismount, which can involve swinging the body over the horse or landing after a handstand.

Part I: Kinds ofSports Without A Ball 29

The rings are suspended from a height of 5.75 meters, allowing gymnasts to hang freely and swing during their routines Each performance must showcase balance, strength, power, and dynamic motion while minimizing the swinging of the rings Gymnasts are required to include at least one static strength move, with many opting for two or three Additionally, the dismount should match the overall difficulty of the routine, ensuring a challenging and impressive performance.

Word study: Compound Adjectives

Gymnastics is a dynamic sport that combines physical strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and balance through various exercises It has its roots in ancient Greek practices, which included skills for mounting and dismounting horses, as well as techniques derived from circus performances.

Competitive artistic gymnastics is the most recognized form of gymnastics, featuring women's events such as uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault Men's events include floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and high bar.

Ancient Greek exercises began as individual athletic feats, blending amusement with physical activity, which eventually became a structured part of the education system, equal in importance to art and music Every Greek city featured a gymnasium for various sports like jumping, running, and wrestling However, after the abolition of the Olympic Games by Emperor Theodosius in 393 AD, gymnastics and other sports declined significantly For centuries, this discipline was largely forgotten until Girolamo Mercuriale's 1569 work, "Le Arte Gymnastica," revived interest by examining ancient attitudes toward diet, exercise, and hygiene In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, German educators Johann Friedrich GutsMuths and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn developed structured exercises using their own apparatus, paving the way for modern gymnastics.

By the late 19th century, men's gymnastics gained significant popularity, leading to its inclusion in the inaugural modern Olympic Games in 1896 From then until the early 1950s, gymnastics competitions featured a diverse array of exercises, including synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder events, which may appear unusual to contemporary audiences.

Artistic gymnastics is primarily divided into men's and women's categories, with men competing in six events: Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse, Still Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, and High Bar Women participate in four events: Vault, Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise Historically, women have also competed in events like rings, high bar, and parallel bars in some countries, such as the US during the 1950s Although the routines performed in each event are brief, they demand immense physical exertion, testing the gymnasts' strength, flexibility, endurance, and awareness to their limits.

In 2006, the FIG revamped the Artistic gymnastics scoring system, moving away from the traditional 10-point limit to incorporate both an execution score and a difficulty score for elite competitions in the U.S Previously, only the execution score, which remains out of 10.00, was used, with judges deducting points for errors during a gymnast's performance A fall incurs a 1.00 deduction at the elite level The introduction of the difficulty score marks a significant shift, as it evaluates the complexity of the performed elements and can be adjusted if skills are incomplete or not properly connected Connection bonuses are common deductions, emphasizing the challenge of linking multiple flight elements This new scoring system enables gymnasts to achieve higher scores based on both the difficulty of their skills and their execution quality.

Gymnastics requires a combination of strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination It developed from ancient practices of physical training and performance The acronym FIG stands for Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique, the governing body for the sport Men's gymnastics typically includes events like the pommel horse and rings, while women's gymnastics features the balance beam and uneven bars Participants in gymnastics can range from young children to elite athletes The modern form of gymnastics was significantly shaped by pioneers such as Johann Friedrich GutsMuths and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn In the early 1950s, gymnastics competitions included events such as floor exercise, pommel horse, and vault In 2006, artistic gymnastics underwent a major transformation with the introduction of a new scoring system The new points system assigns scores based on difficulty and execution, providing a more comprehensive evaluation of performance The advantage of this new code of points is that it encourages gymnasts to take more risks and showcase advanced skills.

The ancient Greeks engaged in various exercises, including skills for horseback riding, and every Greek city featured a gymnasium for activities like jumping, running, and wrestling Gymnastics, governed by each country's national body under the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), includes four events for both men and women Although competitive gymnasts and athletes are barred from participating in some gymnastics competitions, women's gymnastics gained enough popularity to be included in the inaugural events.

Each country has its own national governing body affiliated to FIG It typically involves the women's events of uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault Participants can include children as young as two years old doing children's gymnastics In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three pioneer physical educators created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus In some countries, women at one time competed on the rings, high bar, and parallel bars Both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises under the rubric of gymnastics In fact, the period for exercise or gymnastics was equal to the time spent on art and music combined The system is used in the U.S for elite level competition.

Athletics/Track and Field

New Words and Expressions

VI Word study: Compound Adjectives 5 3 VII Grammar focus: Superlatives of Adjectives 5 5 VIII Further exercises 5'9

Gymnastics is a dynamic sport that emphasizes physical strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and balance It has its roots in ancient Greek exercises, which included skills for mounting and dismounting horses, as well as techniques derived from circus performances.

Competitive artistic gymnastics is the most recognized form of gymnastics, featuring distinct events for both women and men Women's competitions include the uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault, while men's events comprise the floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and high bar.

Ancient Greek exercises began as individual athletic feats, blending amusement with physical activity Over time, these exercises were integrated into a formal educational system, with equal emphasis placed on gymnastics, art, and music Every Greek city featured a gymnasium for various sports like jumping, running, and wrestling However, the Olympic Games were abolished by Emperor Theodosius in 393 AD due to corruption, leading to a decline in gymnastics For centuries, the practice faded into obscurity until Girolamo Mercuriale published "Le Arte Gymnastica" in 1569, reviving interest in diet, exercise, and hygiene In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, German educators Johann Friedrich GutsMuths and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn developed exercises on custom apparatus, laying the groundwork for modern gymnastics.

By the late 19th century, men's gymnastics gained significant popularity, leading to its inclusion in the inaugural modern Olympic Games in 1896 From that point until the early 1950s, gymnastics competitions featured a diverse array of exercises, which may appear unusual to contemporary audiences These events encompassed synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder activities.

Artistic gymnastics is typically divided into men's and women's categories Men compete in six events: Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse, Still Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, and High Bar, while women compete in four events: Vault, Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise Historically, women in some countries, such as the USSR in the 1950s, also competed in events like rings, high bar, and parallel bars Despite the brevity of routines, each event demands immense physical exertion, testing the gymnast's strength, flexibility, endurance, and awareness to their limits.

In 2006, the FIG implemented a new points system for Artistic gymnastics, moving beyond the traditional 10-point limit This system, utilized in elite-level competitions in the U.S., features two distinct scores: an execution score and a difficulty score Previously, the execution score was the sole metric, with judges deducting points for falls, which incur a 1.00 penalty at the elite level The introduction of the difficulty score marks a significant shift, as it evaluates the complexity of the performed elements and may decrease if skills are not completed or connected properly Connection bonuses are a common deduction, particularly when linking multiple flight elements, which can be challenging if the initial skill is not executed correctly The new scoring system enables gymnasts to achieve higher scores based on both the difficulty of their skills and their execution quality.

1 Answer the following questions a What characteristics does Gymnastics require? b What did Gymnastics develop from? c What does FIG stand for? d What is the difference betvveen Gymnastics for men and women? e Who can be the participants o f Gymnastics? f Who contributed creating modem gymnastics? g What events did Gymnastics include in the early 1950s? h What happened to Artist Gymnastics in 2006? i What are the scores o f the new points system? j What is the advantage o f the new code o f points?

The ancient Greeks engaged in various exercises that included skills for riding horses Gymnastics, governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), features four competitive events for both men and women Each country has its own national governing body under FIG It’s important to note that competitive gymnasts and athletes cannot participate in gymnastics competitions Additionally, every Greek city had a gymnasium, which served as a courtyard for activities like jumping, running, and wrestling Women's gymnastics gained enough popularity to be included in the inaugural competitions.

1 Fillin each blank vvith a vvord/phrase provided in thc box judges competed equal involves bonuses goveming elite pioneer gathered young a Ea;h counừy has its own natio n al body aíĩiliated to FIG. b It lypically the women's events o f uneven bars, balance beam, floor extrcise, and vault. c Paticipants can include children as as two years old doing chldren's gymnastics. d In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three ph/sical educators created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus. e In some countries, vvomen at one time on the rings, high bar, and paallel bars. f Bah national and intemational competitions involved a changing variety o f exircises under the rubric, gymnastics. g Intầct, the period for exercise or gymnastics vvas to the time spent onart and music combined. h Th; system is used in the u s f o r level competition.

In vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25-meter runway and perform a round-off entry onto a springboard, followed by an inverted landing on the vaulting horse or table The vaulting process consists of three segments: the run/take-off, the pre-flight, and the post-flight Each gymnast starts at a different point on the runway based on their height and strength The post-flight segment may include multiple saltos, somersaults, or twisting movements Round-off entry vaults are the most prevalent among elite gymnasts, showcasing their technical skill and precision.

The gymnast executes a series of movements on the runway, transitioning from a round-off position to a back handspring, which allows her hands to land on the vaulting platform From there, she performs various twisting and somersaulting combinations, ultimately landing gracefully on her feet in the post-flight segment.

The uneven bars, also known as asymmetric bars in the UK, consist of two horizontal bars set at different heights, allowing gymnasts to perform intricate routines Constructed from fiberglass and covered with wood laminate for durability, these bars have replaced traditional wooden models that were prone to breaking The width of the bars can be adjusted to accommodate different gymnasts Athletes execute a variety of movements, including swinging, circling, transitional, and release techniques, often passing over, under, and between the two bars Typically, gymnasts mount the uneven bars using a springboard to initiate their routines.

The gymnast executes a choreographed routine lasting up to 90 seconds on a padded beam, which is 125 cm high, 500 cm long, and 10 cm wide This event showcases a combination of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersaults, turns, and dance elements Key attributes required for success in this discipline include balance, flexibility, poise, and strength.

A typical pommel horse routine features both single leg and double leg exercises, with single leg skills often taking the form of scissors performed on the pommels However, double leg movements are the core of this event, where gymnasts swing both legs in a circular motion—either clockwise or counterclockwise—while executing various skills across the apparatus To increase the difficulty, gymnasts frequently incorporate variations such as turns (moores and spindles) or straddling their legs (flares) into their circling skills The routine concludes with a dismount, which can involve swinging the body over the horse or landing after a handstand.

The rings are suspended 5.75 meters above the floor on wire cables, allowing gymnasts to hang freely and swing Each routine must showcase balance, strength, power, and dynamic motion while minimizing the rings' swinging Gymnasts are required to perform at least one static strength move, with many opting for two or three Additionally, the dismount must match the overall difficulty of the routine.

Badminton

Word study: Suffixes: -ous/-ive

In English we can add the suffix -ous to some nouns to make adjectives Words that end in -ous mean “fu ll o f something”.

Our classroom is spacious (lull oi"space)

104 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thê thao

• If a noun ends in -e, omit the e beíore adding the suffix -ous

• Adjectives that end with the suffíx -ive mean “able to do something Example:

David is very persuasive (He can persuade people to do almost anything)

Exercise 1: Add the correct suffix (-OUS or -ive) to each noun in the chart

Noun Adjective imagination destruction fame protection danger action poison product

Exercise 2: Choose the best adjectỉve to complete each sentence

1 Some plants are very to eat In fact, if you eat a plant, you can become sick or even die.

2 Albert Einstein is a scientist Most people in the vvorld know who he was.

3 Tom is very in the International Student Organization He goes to meetings every week and helps the new members get to know each other.

4 The storms were v e r y The wind knocked over the trees and damaged houses.

5 Writers and artists are v e r y people They need to have wild imaginations to create stories and paintings.

6 Ms Miller is v e r y o f her children She vvorries that something bad will happen to one o f them, so she tries to protect them and keep them safe.

Part I: Kinds o f Sports Without A Ball 105

VII GRAMMAR FOCUS: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

An adverbial clause of time modifies a verb and includes both a subject and a verb As a dependent clause, it cannot stand alone and must be connected to an independent clause to form a complete sentence These clauses can appear either before or after the independent clause When placed at the beginning, a comma is required to separate the clauses, while no comma is needed when it follows the independent clause Adverbial clauses of time are essential for indicating when an action occurs.

Here are some o f the most common conjunctions used to inữoduce adverbial clauses o f time: when, while, before, after, as soon as, until/till, once, since, as, whenever.

Here is the sequence o f tenses in adverbial clauses o f tứne and the main clause:

• Sequence o f Present Simple in the main clause and Present Simple, Present Continuous and Present Perfect in adverbial clauses o f time

We alvvays take our umbrellas with us when it rains.

I usually read the nevvspaper while I am waiting for the bus.

Emphasizing the continuous nature of ứie activity

He never goes home beíore he has íìnished his work.

Emphasizing the completion o f the activity

• Sequence o f the íuture tenses in the main clause and Present Perfect and Present Simple in adverbial clauses o f time

I am going to w ait until you have finished your work.

We will go as soon as you ha ve íinished The present perfect emphasizes the your work completion o f the activity

We will go when you have finished your work.

• Sequence o f the past tenses in the main clause and Past Perfect in adverbial clauses o f time

106 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thế thao

1 I sat near the window whenever I • A past habit took a bus.

2 He left after/when/as soon as he had íĩnished his work.

3 The train had already left when I • The Past Períect in 2, 3 expresses arrived at the station activities that happened beíore other activities in the past.

• Even when we are talking about the future, we use a present verb form after when, before, aỷter, as soon as, until, once, etc.

• Notice that in the other part o f the sentence, a future verb form is used (will, going to, etc.)

When I fĩnd it, r i l bring it for you

I ’m going to stay here until I find somewhere to li ve

• While is also used in Adverbial clause o f contrast This clause is used to show direct contrast, “this thing” is exactly the opposite o f “that thing”.

Jack is short w hile Jill is tall.

While Tom’s very good at Science, his brother is absolutely hopeless.

• W hile is used at the beginning o f a sentence (although; despite the fact that)

While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available.

Exercise 1: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense

1 A: Hovv long do you want me to heat the oil?

B: Heat it till it (b eg in ) to smoke.

2 A: How long are you going to stay here?

B: Fm going to stay here until my brother (íin ish ) his exams.

Part I: Kinds o f Sports Without A Balỉ 107

3 A: When will you start the trip?

B: We'll leave as soon as we ( g e t) our tickets.

B: \Vell, when you (speak) French Auently, you may find a good job.

5 A: Are you taking English courses?

B: Yes And my teacher says that when I (take) five courses, I will be able to speak it quite íluently.

6 A: Is your father at home?

B: No He is away on business If you have a message for him, I (give) it to him as soon as he ( g e t) home.

7 A: Please tell me how to get to the post oíĩĩce.

B: Go till you ( c o m e ) to a square with a statue in the middle; then tum left and you (fin d ) it on your right.

8 A: What did he say beíòre he left for Paris?

B: He said he wou!d gi ve me a ring as soon as he (re ac h ) Paris.

Exercỉse 2: Choose the most appropriate conjunction and complete the sentences with the correct verb form

1 W hen/Before Clare (qualiíy) as a plumber, she will eam a lot of money.

2 Loma and lan will have to sort out their financial problems b efore/until they (h av e ) the baby.

3 1 íirst met Tom w hen/once I (c y c le ) to work.

4 I’m sure Kevin (go) back to work as soon as/until it is right for the children.

5 Things (not get) easier for Kevin and Sally afte r/u n til the children are a bit older.

6 While/As soon as we were vvaiting to see a doctor, Tom (ask) me out.

7 1 think Clare will get bored with plumbing when/until she (h a v e ) to do it all day every day.

8 Shahrazad (get) ready for bed w hen/w hile her sister came to visit her.

9 Some people (lik e ) listening to music before/while others đo not.

10 AsAVhile I think some parts o f the plan ( b e ) good, I don't ứiink it's practical.

DanceSport is a contemporary style of ballroom dancing that merges physical fitness with social interaction People of all ages worldwide are seeking ways to improve their fitness, boost their energy levels, and enhance their appearance while acquiring essential social skills.

Nhiều nghiên cứu khoa học gần đây đã chỉ ra giá trị của khiêu vũ thể thao Một trường Đại học tại Úc phát hiện rằng điệu Rumba quốc tế giúp cơ thể rắn chắc hơn hoạt động chạy bộ, trong khi điệu Tango quốc tế có thể làm tăng nhịp tim cao hơn so với môn quần vợt.

Outdoor recreation encompasses leisure activities conducted in outdoor environments, particularly in natural or semi-natural areas away from urban settings Popular examples include adventure racing, backpacking, bicycling, camping, canoeing, fishing, hiking, horseback riding, hunting, kayaking, mountaineering, rock climbing, sailing, skiing, and surfing Additionally, outdoor recreation can involve team sports or practices that take place in open-air locations.

The two primary purposes for outdoor recreation are beneficial use and pleasurable appreciation.

Beneficial use encompasses the physical and social rewards that goal-directed activities provide to individuals or groups Outdoor activities such as backpacking, canoeing, climbing, and hiking fall under this category, along with broader classifications like water sports, snow sports, and horseback riding These activities primarily offer physical benefits but also contribute to mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being Engaging in outdoor settings fulfills various needs, including physical health, self-sufficiency, risk-taking, social bonding, and personal achievement through skill enhancement and stamina testing.

Part I: Kinds o f Sports Without A Ball 109 and seeking adventure or excitement) The outdoors can be an environment in vvhich people "shovv what they can do".

Experiencing the beauty of nature fosters a deeper appreciation for the natural world, enhancing both inner perception and spiritual well-being Engaging in outdoor activities such as nature study, aesthetic contemplation, meditation, painting, photography, archaeological research, and exploring indigenous cultures can enrich our lives Additionally, these activities often provide physical rewards, promoting overall health and wellness.

In modern societies, there is a prevalent belief that nature's worth is solely based on its utilitarian value, focusing on its practical benefits This perspective often overlooks the intrinsic value of nature, which encompasses the profound perceptual and spiritual experiences that come from appreciating the natural world.

Engaging in outdoor activities offers a serene escape into nature, promoting relaxation and enjoyment of life These activities serve as cost-effective alternatives to traditional tourism and are often utilized for educational purposes and team-building exercises.

Write a short paragraph about 60 - 80 vvords for One o f the outdoor recreational activities you like best.

Discuss the following questions in groups:

1 Do you think martial arts are popular in Vietnam?

2 According to you, where were martial arts originated from?

3 Can you list some forms o f martial arts you know?

*S||^ The martial arts were originally concemed l with preparing men for battle They no longer

- have a military role, but still retain an aggressive element There are many forms,

* including Aikido (meaning “way of ô harmony”); Hapkido (a Korean form o f martial

1 arts, very similar to aikido); Jiu-jitsu

* ' (“compliant techniques”); Judo (“compliant way”); Karate (“way o f the empty hand”);

Kung-íù (a form o f Chinese boxing); and Taekwondo (“foot, hand, way”) Many of the techniques in martial arts have developed from jiu-jitsu which was first used in

Japanese martial arts are a continuous means of self-defense that encompass a variety of techniques, including throws, strangleholds, arm and wrist locks, kicks, punches, and chops Each modern martial art form demands a unique combination of skills; for instance, Karate focuses on dynamic and precise movements, while Aikido emphasizes softer, slower, and more fluid techniques Additionally, each discipline has specific fitness requirements, such as strength, flexibility—especially in the pelvic area—muscle coordination, and endurance.

Martial Arts are performed by males and females o f a wide age range Karate and Taekwondo have more than 200,000 participants in the us, including 40,000

Part I: Kinds ofSports Without A Ball 111 children People choose to study martial arts for a variety o f reasons: To acquire self-defence techniques; to improve cardiovascular íitness, strength, ílexibility, and self-esteem; And to enjoy the artistic expression o f the sport.

Martial arts, despite being contact sports, have a relatively low injury rate, attributed to effective supervision and a strong emphasis on self-discipline in clubs With only 16.9 injuries per 100,000 participants, martial arts rank the lowest in injury statistics compared to other sports, such as basketball (188.0) and even dancing (18.8) While common injuries include bruises and sprains, serious injuries like concussions, fractures, and, in rare cases, fatalities due to abdominal or chest blows can occur Although fatalities are uncommon, head injuries from strikes pose a significant risk, as repeated impacts can lead to brain damage Therefore, it is crucial for individuals interested in martial arts to seek reputable clubs with qualified instructors to ensure safety.

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

- to be concemed with: liên quan đến

- military ['militri] (adj): thuộc về quân đội

- retain [ri'tein] (v): giữ lại, vẫn có

- aggressive [3'gresiv] (adj): hùng hỗ, hung hăng, công kích

- harmony ['haimani] (n): sự hài hòa, sự cân đối, sự hòa hợp

- compliant [konVplaiont] (adj): hay chiu theo ý nguời khác, dễ dãi

- technique [tek'ni:k] (n): kỹ thuật

- ceaseless [’si:slisnis] (adj): không ngừng, không ngớt, không dứt

- self-defence fse lf di'fens] (n): sự tự vệ

- throvv [0rou] (n): sự vật ngã

- stranglehold [’strasr|glhould] (n): sự bóp chặt, sự thắt chặt t r > m

- arm and vvrist-locks (n): khóa chặt, ghì chặt cánh tay, cổ tay

- kick [kik] (n): cái đá, cú đá

- punch [pAntí] (n): cú đấm, cú thoi

- emphasize [’emf3saiz] (v): nhấn mạnh

- dynamic [dai'nasmik] (adj): năng động, sôi nồi

- precise [pri'sais] (adj): chính xác

- direct [di'rekt dai'rekt] (adj): trực tiếp

- utilize ['ju:tglaiz] (v): sừ dụng

- c o n tin u o u s |kon'tin)U 3s] (ad j): liên tục

- ílexibility ['fleks3'biliti] (n): tính linh hoạt, tính linh động

- pelvis ['pelvis] (n): chậu, khung xương chậu

- coordination [k3uodi’neÍ3n] (n): sự phối hợp

- endurance [in'dju3rans] (n): khả năng chịu đựng

- cardiovascular ['ka:dÌ3u'vasskjob] (a): thuộc tim mạch

- self-esteem ['self i'sti:m] (n): lòng tự trọng

- artistic [a:'tistik] (adj): tính nghệ thuật

- expression [iks'prejn] (n): sự biểu hiện, sự thể hiện

- contact ['kontaekt] (n): sự va chạm

- relatively ['relativli] (adv): một cách tương đối

- supervision [su:p3'vÍ3n] (n): sự giám sát

- insistence [irVsistsns] (n): sự nhấn mạnh, sự khẳng định

- self-discipline ['self disiplin] (n): kỷ luật, tự giác

- bruise [bru:z] (n): vết thâm tím (trên người)

- contusion [k3n'tju:3n] (n): sự làm giập, (y học) sự đụng giập, vết đụng giập

- sprain [sprein] (n): sự bong gân, sự trặc (chân, tay), chỗ bong gân, chỗ trặc

- strain [strein] (n): sự căng, sự căng thẳng, trạng thái căng, trạng thái căng thẳng

- concussion [ksrVLvín] (n): sự chấn động

Part Ị: Kinds o f Sports Without A Ball 113

- íracture [Traekt/a] (n): (y học) sự gãy, chỗ gãy (xương)

- paralysis [p3'raelisisj (n): sự mất cảm giác, mất điều khiển của một bộ phận thân thể, chứng liệt

- fatality [f3'taeliti] (n): sự rủi ro

- damage ['diemiđs] (n): sự làm hại

- soft organs ['snft'pae]3t] (n): các phần mềm trên cơ thể

- prohibit [pre'hibit] (v): ngăn cấm

- brain damage [brein 'dasmid3] (n): tổn thương não

- danger f'deind33] (n): sự nguy hiểm

- physical [Tizikl] (adj): thuộc về thể chất

- psychological ['saik3'lod3Íkl] (adj): ứiuộc về tâm lý

- prospective [pr3s'pektiv] (adj): thuộc về tương lai

- reputable ['repjutobl] (adj): danh tiếng

- competent ['kompitsnt] (adj): giỏi, có năng lực

1 Answer the following questions a What were Martial Arts originally concemed with? b Do they have a military role? c What are the forms o f Martial Arts? d Have many o f the techniques in Martial Arts developed from jiu-jitsu? e Does every Martial Art have ửie same íitness requirements? f By vvhom and at what age are martial arts performed? g How many people participate in karate and taekwondo in the Unites States? h Why do people choose to study martial arts? i Why do participants have relatively rare irýuries in martial arts? j What are some o f serious injuries participants may have in martial arts?

2 Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) a The Martial Arts are concemed with preparing men for battle. b Aikido, Hapkido, Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, Karate, Kung-Fu and Taekwondo are some forms of Martial Arts. c Many of the techniques in Martial Arts have developed from Jiu-Jitsu. d Each modem form o f martial arts requires the same combination o f skills. e In Karate, dNTiamic, precise, and direct movements are emphasized. f In Aikido, people utilize softer, faster, and more continuous movements. g People choose to study martial arts just to enjoy the artistic expression of the sport. h Martial Arts are contact sports, so injuries often happen. i In a comparison o f injuries per 100,000 participants, Martial Axts came top o f the list. j According to a comparison o f irýuries among sports, dancing had a higher irýury rate than martial arts.

1 Fill in each blank with a word/phrase provided in the box martial arts movements physical íitness forms self-defense self-esteem martialrequires strength a Martial Arts are cultivated f o r and even spiritual improvement. b competitions have become sporting events, where One puts one's body and sometimes even one's life on the line. c In modem Chinese the term for Martial Arts, “Wushu”, implies demonstrations o f often closer to dance or gymnastics than íighting. d Today many Asian styles o f are practised in the West, including Thai boxing, Chinese Taijiquan, Burmese Bando, and even several rare arts from India, such as Binot. e A group o f Asian skills combining mental, physical, and spiritual energies for in vveaponless fighting.

Part 1: Kinds ofS p o rts ỈViíhout A Ball 115 f Martial arts are practiced for a variety o f reasons, including self-defense, competition, physical health and , as well as mental, physical and spiritual development. g Through systematic practice in the martial arts a person's physical fitness may be boosted ( , stamina, ílexibility, movement coordination, etc.) h Beyond contributing to physical fitness, martial arts training also has beneíits for mental health, contributing to , self-control, emotional and spiritual well-being. i As in war, success in s p o r ts strategy and tactics. j Martial Arts is a broad term that covers a variety o f schools a n d whose unity derives only from their origins in the arts o f war and single combat.

2 Match forms o f Martial Arts to their appropriate dcscriptions

4 Kendo (meaning "Way o fT h e Svvord”)

5 Taekwondo a is a modem martial art, combat sport and Olympic sport created in Japan in

Post-reading ta s k

In gymnastics, the women's events include the uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault, while the men's events consist of floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and high bar Each event presents unique challenges and technical demands, leading to discussions about which is the most difficult for both women and men The complexity of skills, balance, and strength required in these events varies, making it essential to analyze their differences to determine the most challenging disciplines in gymnastics.

1 Many people like running in early momings, why?

2 It is said that “To be a good runner is easier than to be a good íòotball player”’ EDo you agree with that?

Athletics encompasses a diverse range of competitive events, including running, jumping, throwing, and walking The primary forms of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking Its simplicity and minimal equipment requirements make athletics one of the most widely participated sports globally While athletics is predominantly an individual sport, team events like relay races and cross country competitions combine athletes' performances for a collective score.

Organised athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games froim 7776

The International Association of Athletics Federations oversees most modern athletic events, including the Summer Olympics, which feature athletics as a central component Key international competitions include the IAAF World Championships and the World Indoor Championships Additionally, athletes with physical disabilities participate in the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships.

Part I: Kinds ofSports Without A Baỉl 31

History: Antiquitỵ and Middle Ages

Athletic contests such as running, walking, jumping, and throwing are some of the oldest sports, with origins tracing back to prehistoric times Evidence of athletics can be found in Ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara, where illustrations of running during the Heb Sed festival and high jumping date back to around 2250 BC.

The Tailteann Games, an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland founded around 1800 BC, featured a variety of sporting events, including running and stone-throwing, over a thirty-day period Notably, the first Olympics in 776 BC included only one event, highlighting the historical significance of early athletic competitions.

The stadion was a stadium-length running event that marked the beginning of athletics in ancient Greece This event eventually evolved to incorporate throwing and jumping disciplines, forming part of the ancient pentathlon Additionally, athletics competitions were featured in other Panhellenic Games established around 500 BC.

The Cotswold Olympic Games, originating in 17th century England, included unique athletic events such as sledgehammer throwing From 1796 to 1798, the Olympiade de la République took place in revolutionary France, serving as an early precursor to the modern Summer Olympic Games This competition primarily featured running events along with various ancient Greek disciplines, and the 1796 Olympiade notably marked the introduction of the metric system into sports.

Track and field competitions originated in the late 19th century, primarily featuring athletes from rival educational institutions, military organizations, and sports clubs Athletes can participate in multiple events based on their specialties, with separate competitions for men and women The sport is categorized into indoor and outdoor formats, with indoor events typically taking place in winter and outdoor events in summer Competitions are held in track and field stadiums, which define the venue for these athletic contests.

Track and field events are categorized into sprints, middle-distance, and long-distance races, with relay races involving teams of four runners who pass a baton to complete the distance Hurdling and steeplechase events add obstacles to the flat running format Field events are divided into jumping and throwing competitions, where athletes are judged on distance or height Common throwing events include shot put, discus, javelin, and hammer throw, while jumping events consist of long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault Combined events like the decathlon for men and heptathlon for women feature multiple track and field disciplines, with athletes accumulating points based on their performances.

Track and field events represent the pinnacle of athletic competition, prominently featured in prestigious championships like the Olympic Games and World Championships in Athletics, as well as the Paralympic and IPC World Championships These events attract many renowned athletes and are integral to major athletics competitions Additionally, track and field competitions are held at various levels, from national championships to annual invitational meetings, encompassing elite events such as the IAAF Diamond League series, as well as grassroots competitions like all-comers meets and school events.

Road running competitions are predominantly long-distance events held on paved or tarmac roads, often concluding in the track of a major stadium While road running is a popular recreational sport, elite-level competitions, especially marathons, stand out as a significant aspect of athletics These events can vary in distance, but the most recognized include the marathon, half marathon, 10km, and 5km races The marathon is the only road racing event classified as a World Athletics Gold Label event, highlighting its prestige and global appeal.

Running events are prominent at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and the Summer Olympics, with the marathon being the sole road running event featured in both the IPC Athletics World Championships and the Summer Paralympics Additionally, the annual IAAF World Half Marathon Championships showcases the growing popularity of distance running The World Marathon Majors series highlights the five most prestigious marathons in the elite circuit: Berlin, Boston, Chicago, London, and New York City.

III NEVV VVORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

- exclusive [iks'klu:siv] (adj): có chọn lọc, riêng biệt, dành riêng

- involve [in'vol v] (v): bao gồm, có liên quan đến

- relay [ri'lei] (n): cuộc chạy đua tiếp sức

- backbone ['baekboun] (n): xương cột sống, điểm tựa, trụ cột

- disability [’dis3'biliti] (n): sự bất lực, sự tàn tật, sự hạn chế

- root [ru:t] (n): g ố c, rễ, nguồn gốc

- prehistoric ['pri:hi'storik] (adj): thuộc về thời tiền sử

- depict [di'pikt] (v): vẽ, miêu tà, mô tà

- illustration ['il3s'treijn] (n): sự minh họa

- tomb ['tu:mb] (n): ngôi mộ

- stone [stoun] (n): đá, loại đá

- expand [iks'pasnd] (v): m ở rộng, trải ra, phát triển

- emerged [i'm3:d33d] (adj): nổi bật lên

- featurcd [Tirtíad] (adj): có đường nét, có nét mặt, được đưa ra, được đề cao

- sledgehammer [sled3 'haems] (n): búa tạ

- revolutionary ['rev3'lu:jn3ri] (adj): liên quan đến cách mạng, có sự thay đổi lớn

- forerunner [fo:'rAna] (n): người báo hiệu, người vượt lên trước

- premier ['premi (r)] (adj): đứng đầu, thứ nhất, trên hết

- ancient ['einíant] (adj): cổ , xưa

- disciplines [di's3plinz] (n): ký luật

- display [dis'plei] (v): trưng bày, triển lãm, biểu lộ

- represent ['repri'zent] (v): đại diện cho, tượng trưng cho

34 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể Ithao

- institution ['insti'tju:jn] (n): thể chế, sự thành lập, cơ quan quan trọng

- military ['militri] (n, adj): quân đội, binh lính

- separately ['sepretli] (adv): riêng biệt, tách rời nhau

- íòrmat ['fD:maet] (n): khổ, cấu trúc, dạng thức

- venue ['verýu] (n): nơi xử án, nơi gặp gỡ

- Sprint [sprint] (n): sự chạy nhanh, cách chạy nước rút

- middle-distance ['midi - 'distans] (n): cự ly trung bình

- long-distance [b r| - 'distsns] (n): cự ly dài

- comprise [kgm'praiz] (v): bao gồm

- baton ['baetan] (n): gậy tiếp sức, dùi cui, đũa điều khiển, vạch chéo

- hurdling ['ha:dliĩ|] (n): môn chạy vượt rào

- steeplechase ['sti:pltjeis] (n): cuộc đua ngựa vượt rào, cuộc chạy vượt rảo

- obstacle ['obstakl] (n): chướng ngại vật

- hurl ['ha:li] (v): ném mạnh, phóng lao

- implement ['implỉmsnt] (n): đồ dùng, dụng cụ, sự thực hiện

- triple jum p ['tripl d3Amp] (n): m ôn nhảy ba bước

- pole vault [poul vo:lt] (n): nhảy sào

- decathlon [di'kas0bn] (n): cuộc thi mười môn phối hợp

- heptathlon [hep'tasObn] (n): cuộc thi điền kinh nữ, bày môn phối hợp

- prestigious [pre'stid33s] (adj): có uy tín, có tiếng tăm

- prominent ['prominsnt] (adj): nổi bật, xuất chúng

- grassroots [’gra:sru:ts] (n): thường dân, dân ờ quê, nền táng, cơ sờ

- paved [peiv] (adj, v): được dành đường, mở lối, mớ đường

- tarmac ['ta:m sk] (n): hợp chất nhựa đường

- recreational ['rekri'eiÍ3nl] (adj): có tính chất giải trí

- judge [’d3Ad3] (n,v): quan tòa, thẩm phán, trọng tài

- disqualiíìcation [dis'kwolifrkeiJn] (n): sự truất quyền dự thi

- pedestrianism [pi'destrÌ3nism] (n): người đi bộ, vận động viên đi bộ

Pari I: Kinds ofSports Without A Ball 35 ÍV READING COMPREHENSION

1 Answer the following questinns a What is the deíinition o f athletics? b Which are the most common types o f athletics competitions? c What does IAAF stand for? d Where were athletics events depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs? e What was the original and only event at the íĩrst Olympics in 776 BC? f Which events are held in the ừack and fĩeld stadium? g How many runners must pass a baton in relay races? h Are hurdling events and the steeplechase variations upon the ílat running? i What must athletes clear on the track during the race? j Hovv many events are there in competitions in the field?

2 Dccidc \vhethcr tlic following statemcnts are True (T) or False (F) a Athletics is an exclusive collection o f sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. b Athlstics is mostly a team sport. c The most modern events are conducted by the member clubs o f the International Association o f Athletics Federations. d The Tailteann Games were an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded around

Athletic competitions have a rich history, dating back to 500 BC, with significant events emerging at the Panhellenic Games founded around 776 BC An early precursor to the modern Winter Olympic Games occurred from 1796 to 1798 with L'Olympiade de la République in Revolutionary France Track and field events are conducted in both indoor and outdoor formats, with most indoor competitions taking place in summer and outdoor events primarily held in winter Relay races typically feature teams of four runners, while field events are categorized into two types: jumping and throwing competitions.

36 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thế ehaco j The marathon is the only road running event featured at the 1AAF W’orlvith a vvord provided in the box g as human polar pin pot

Circuit fairy courts account pocket

1 The Russian Arctic is home o f t h e bear and many other species.

2 If those two wircs touch, the appliance will short - and probably go up in ílames.

3 I need to withdraw some money out o f my b a n k

4 N o being should have to suffer what these people have suffered.

5 My mum gives me 1 USD a w e e k money.

6 Please, make coffee and serve it in our new co ffe e

7 A safety - is used for fastening ửiings, especially cloth.

8 T h e tale princess lived happily ever after.

9 N atu ra l is used for cooking and heating homes in our country.

10 I hate playing on hard te n n is - 1 much prefer grass.

VII GRAMMAR FOCUS: COMPARATIVE OF ADJECTIVES

Herc are some examplcs from the text:

• To be a good runner is easier than to be a good football player.

• High jum ping appearing in tombs from as carly as o f 2250 BC.

• Short adjective: adị + er (than)

• Long adjeclive: more adj (ihanl

40 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong TỉhỂ thau

Examples: lon g - longer, hot - hotter, b ig - bigger, fast - faster, sm all - sm aller, beautiful - more beautiful, difficult - more difficult,

1 Harry is older than VVilliam.

2 Alice is more careful than her brother.

2 Rulcs for adding -er after short adjectives in the Comparative degree

We use -er with the following adjectives:

• Adjectives with One syllable clean cleaner new newer cheap cheaper

• Adịectives with two syllables and the following endings:

■ Adịectives with two syllables, ending in -y dirty dirtier easy easier happy happier

■ Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -e r clever clevercr

■ Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le simple simpler

• Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow

Parl I: Kinds o f Sports Without A Ball 41

Martial A rts

Grammar focus: Gerund after preposition

Gymnastics is a dynamic sport that demands physical strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and balance Its origins can be traced back to ancient Greek exercises designed for skills like mounting and dismounting horses, as well as techniques from circus performances.

Competitive artistic gymnastics is the most recognized form of gymnastics, featuring distinct events for both men and women Women's competitions include the uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault, while men's events consist of floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and high bar.

Ancient Greek exercises began as individual athletic feats, blending amusement with physical activity, and eventually became integral to the state's educational system, with equal emphasis on gymnastics, art, and music Every Greek city featured a gymnasium for various sports, but after Emperor Theodosius abolished the Olympic Games in 393 AD due to corruption, gymnastics fell into decline for centuries In 1569, Girolamo Mercuriale's "Le Arte Gymnastica" revived interest by exploring ancient perspectives on diet, exercise, and hygiene The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw German pioneers Johann Friedrich GutsMuths and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn develop structured exercises for youth, laying the foundation for modern gymnastics.

By the late 19th century, men's gymnastics gained significant popularity, leading to its inclusion in the inaugural modern Olympic Games in 1896 From then until the early 1950s, gymnastics competitions featured a diverse range of exercises, including synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder events, which may appear unusual to contemporary audiences.

Artistic gymnastics is typically divided into men's and women's competitions, with men participating in six events: Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse, Still Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, and High Bar Women compete in four events: Vault, Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise Historically, in some countries, women also competed in events such as rings, high bar, and parallel bars, notably in the 1950s in the USSR Although the routines performed in each event are brief, they are physically demanding, challenging the gymnast's strength, flexibility, endurance, and awareness to the utmost.

In 2006, the FIG implemented a new points system for Artistic gymnastics, moving away from the traditional 10-point scoring limit This system, utilized in elite level competitions in the U.S., features two distinct scores: an execution score and a difficulty score Previously, only the execution score, capped at 10.00, was used, with judges deducting points for mistakes, such as falls, which incur a 1.00 deduction The introduction of the difficulty score marks a significant shift, as it reflects the complexity of the skills performed This score can be affected by incomplete elements or failure to connect skills, with connection bonuses being a common area for deductions The updated code of points enables gymnasts to achieve higher scores based on both the difficulty of their routines and their execution quality.

1 Answer the following questions a What characteristics does Gymnastics require? b What did Gymnastics develop from? c What does FIG stand for? d What is the difference betvveen Gymnastics for men and women? e Who can be the participants o f Gymnastics? f Who contributed creating modem gymnastics? g What events did Gymnastics include in the early 1950s? h What happened to Artist Gymnastics in 2006? i What are the scores o f the new points system? j What is the advantage o f the new code o f points?

Sports without a ball have a rich history, particularly in ancient Greece, where exercises included skills for riding and maneuvering horses The Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) serves as the governing body for gymnastics, with each country having its own national organization Gymnastics features four competitive events for both men and women, showcasing the sport's inclusive nature Notably, women's gymnastics gained significant popularity, leading to its inclusion in the first Olympic Games Additionally, every Greek city boasted a gymnasium, a space dedicated to activities like jumping, running, and wrestling, highlighting the importance of physical fitness in ancient culture.

1 Fillin each blank vvith a vvord/phrase provided in thc box judges competed equal involves bonuses goveming elite pioneer gathered young a Ea;h counừy has its own natio n al body aíĩiliated to FIG. b It lypically the women's events o f uneven bars, balance beam, floor extrcise, and vault. c Paticipants can include children as as two years old doing chldren's gymnastics. d In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three ph/sical educators created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus. e In some countries, vvomen at one time on the rings, high bar, and paallel bars. f Bah national and intemational competitions involved a changing variety o f exircises under the rubric, gymnastics. g Intầct, the period for exercise or gymnastics vvas to the time spent onart and music combined. h Th; system is used in the u s f o r level competition.

In vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25-meter runway and execute a jump or round-off entry onto a springboard, followed by an inverted landing on a vaulting horse or table Each gymnast begins their run at a different point based on their height and strength The post-flight segment often features multiple saltos or twisting movements, with round-off entry vaults being the most prevalent in elite gymnastics These vaults involve a technique where gymnasts perform a round-off before taking off.

The 28 English textbooks in the Ithato series focus on gymnastics techniques, particularly the transition from the springboard to the vaulting platform Starting from a round-off position, the gymnast performs a backward motion similar to a back handspring, landing on the vaulting horse From there, she executes a variety of twisting and somersaulting combinations before completing the routine by landing on her feet.

The uneven bars, also known as asymmetric bars in the UK, consist of two horizontal bars set at different heights, allowing gymnasts to perform a variety of routines Constructed from fiberglass and covered in wood laminate for durability, these bars have replaced the traditional wooden versions that were prone to breaking The width of the bars can be adjusted to accommodate different gymnasts During their routines, gymnasts execute swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves, navigating over, under, and between the two bars, often utilizing a springboard for their initial mount.

The gymnast executes a choreographed routine lasting up to 90 seconds on a padded beam, which is 125 cm high, 500 cm long, and 10 cm wide This performance includes a series of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersaults, turns, and dance elements Success in this event demands exceptional balance, flexibility, poise, and strength.

A typical pommel horse routine includes both single leg and double leg maneuvers, with single leg skills often represented by scissors performed on the pommels However, double leg work is the primary focus of this event, where gymnasts swing their legs in a circular motion, either clockwise or counterclockwise, executing various skills on all parts of the apparatus To increase the difficulty, gymnasts frequently incorporate variations such as turning movements (moores and spindles) or straddling their legs (flares) Routines conclude with a dismount, which may involve swinging the body over the horse or landing after a handstand.

The rings are suspended 5.75 meters above the floor on wire cables, allowing gymnasts to hang freely and swing during their routines Each gymnast must perform a sequence that showcases balance, strength, power, and dynamic movement while minimizing the rings' swinging A minimum of one static strength move is required, with some gymnasts opting to include two or three Additionally, the dismount must match the overall difficulty of the routine, ensuring a challenging and impressive performance.

KINDS OF SPORTS WITH A BA L L

Table tennis

1 Do you think that Chess is really a game? Is it the most popular game in Vietnam?

2 What are the main diíĩerences between chess and SNvimming?

3 How often do you study this game at university? And is it the most interesting game?

Chess is a two - player board game played on a chessboard, a square checkered board with

Chess is a globally beloved game featuring 64 squares in an eight-by-eight grid, enjoyed by millions across various platforms including homes, clubs, online, through correspondence, and in tournaments.

*First row: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king 'Second row: pawns

In chess, each player starts with sixteen pieces, including one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns, each moving uniquely The goal is to checkmate the opponent's king, putting it in a position where it cannot escape capture Players can also win if their opponent resigns, often due to significant material loss or an unavoidable checkmate Additionally, games can end in a draw through various circumstances The game unfolds in three phases, beginning with the opening.

Pieces at the start of a game

Pari I: Kinds o f Sports Without A Ball 77 the development o f pieces); The opening yields to the phase called the middlegame; The last phase is the endgame, generally characterized by the disappearance o f queens.

Chess is an officially recognized sport by the International Olympic Committee, with competitions sanctioned by FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs) Additionally, numerous chess variants exist, featuring unique rules, pieces, and boards.

Since the late 20th century, computers have been increasingly programmed to play chess at a high level, with home computers now capable of competing effectively Over the past twenty years, computer analysis has greatly enhanced human understanding of chess theory, especially in endgame strategies Notably, the computer program Deep Blue made history in 1997 by becoming the first machine to defeat a reigning World Chess Champion, Garry Kasparov.

In chess, White always makes the first move, followed by alternating turns for each player Players can move a piece to an unoccupied square or capture an opponent's piece by landing on its square, with the exception of en passant Each piece has a unique movement style, and players must avoid moves that place their king in check The game concludes when a player has no legal moves, resulting in either checkmate, where the king is under attack, or stalemate, where the king is not Diagrams illustrate potential moves, indicated by dots, showing available squares if no other pieces obstruct the path.

The official rules o f chess are maintained by the World Chess Federation Along with information on official chess tournaments, the rules are described in the F1DE Handbook, Lavvs o f Chess seclion.

The king moves one square in any direction The king has also a special move which is called castling and involves also moving a rook.

The rook is capable of moving any number of squares horizontally or vertically, but it cannot jump over other pieces It plays a crucial role in the king's Castling move alongside the king.

The bishop can move any number o f squares diagonally, but may not leap over other pieces.

The queen combines the power of the rook and bishop and can move any number o f squares along rank, fíle, or diagonal, but it may not leap over other pieces.

Part I: Kinds o f Sports Without A Ball 79

The knight in chess moves in an "L" shape, covering two squares vertically and one square horizontally, or vice versa It can occupy any adjacent square that is not on the same rank, file, or diagonal Uniquely, the knight has the ability to leap over other pieces on the board.

A pawn can advance one square forward to an unoccupied space on its file, or it may move two squares forward on its first move if both squares are vacant Additionally, a pawn can capture an opponent's piece by moving diagonally to an adjacent file where the opponent's piece is located.

The pieces at each side are the king, the queen, the bishops, the knights, the castles (the rooks) and the pawns, abbreviated in conventional notation: K, Q, B, N,

R, p White moves fĩrst, after which the players altemate tums in accordance with fixed rules, each player attempting to force the opponent's principal piece, the King, into checkmate a position where it is unable to avoid capture.

In chess, while the ultimate goal is to checkmate the opponent, games can conclude in various ways aside from checkmate Players have the option to resign, granting victory to their opponent, and continuing in a hopeless position is deemed poor etiquette Additionally, in time-controlled games, a player may lose on time despite having a better position Draws can also occur through several methods, including mutual agreement, stalemate, threefold repetition of a position, the fifty-move rule, or impossibility of a legal move.

The 80 English textbooks in chess often emphasize the concept of checkmate, which can sometimes be unattainable due to a lack of sufficient material In certain scenarios, such as the pawnless endgame or the two knights endgame, achieving checkmate may require more than 50 moves Consequently, the fifty-move rule is not universally applicable, especially in correspondence chess.

Chess matches often involve time controls, particularly among club and professional players If a player's time expires before completing the game, they automatically lose, provided their opponent can checkmate Game durations vary significantly, with long matches lasting up to seven hours, while rapid chess typically lasts 30 minutes to one hour Blitz chess features even shorter time controls, ranging from three to fifteen minutes per player, and bullet chess is played with less than three minutes each In tournament settings, a game clock with dual displays is used to manage the remaining time for each player.

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

- altemate [o:l't3:ii3t] (v): xen kẽ, luân phiên, lần lượt kế tiếp nhau

- rook ['ruk] (n): quân xe, quân cờ tháp (castle)

- dot [dot] (n): điểm, chấm nhỏ

- convention [ksnVenỊn] (n): quy ước, tục lệ

- initial [i'nij3l] (adj): ban đầu, lúc đầu

- occupied [’ũkjupaied] (adj): đang sừ dụng, có dính líu, bận rộn

- checkmate ['tjek'meit] (v): chiếu tướng, đánh bại

- stalemate ['steilmeit] (v): dồn vào thế bí

- destination ['desti'neijn] (n): điểm đến

- leap over [li:p 'ouva] (v): nhảy qua

Pari I: Kinds ofSports Without A Ball 81

- diagonally [dai'aeg3n3lij (adv): theo đường chéo

- vertically l'vo:tikli] (adv): theo chiều dọc

- horizontally ['hari'zont3li] (adv): theo chiều ngang

- adjacent [o'(Ì3eisnt] (adj): gần kề, sát ngay

- promotion [pro'mouJnJ (n): sự thăng tiến, sự đẩy mạnh

- etiquette ['etiket] (n): nghi thức, quy ước

- threeíbld [’0ri:fould] (adj): gấp ba, gồm ba bộ phận

- repetition [’repi'ti/nj (n): sụ lặp lại

- insufficient ['ins3'fijont] (n): không đù, chưa dù

- duration [dju3'reijn] (n): khoảng thời gian

- GM (Grand Master) [graend ’ma:sto] (n): quán quân môn đánh cờ, kiện tướng

- simultaneously ['simrteiniasli] (adv): đồng thời, xảy ra cùng một lúc

- eligible ['elid33bl] (adj): đù tư cách, thích hợp

- registration [’red3Ì'streiJn] (n): sự đăng ký, sự vào sổ

- albresaid [3'fo:seid] (adj): đã nói ở trên, đã nói đến trước đây

- obviously ['Dbvissli] (adv): m ột cách rõ ràng, hiển nhiên

- annually [ 'asrýuali ] (adv): hàng năm

- resounding [ri'zaundÌT|] (adj): nổi danh, lừng lẫy (về một sự kiện )

- contribute [kon'tribju:t] (v): đóng góp, góp phần

1 Answer the following questions a What is the other name o f Chess? b How many pieces does each player have in the opening position? c What are the names o f the chessmen? d What is the objective o f the game? e How can you describe the chessboard? f What are the positions o f the players? g Are the pỉayers reterred to as "Black" and "White"? h Are the official rules o f chess are maintained by w c s ?

82 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể ihao

1 What does “tie” mean? j How long does a game o f chess last?

2 Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) a A square checkered board has 64 squares arranged in an 8-by-8 grid. b Chess was played by millions o f people worldwide at home, in clubs, c Each player begins the game with thìrty-two pieces. d The object o f the game is to 'win' the opponent's king. e The course o f the game is divided into three phases: The opening, The middle and The last phase. f Pieces are moved to neither an unoccupied square nor one occupied by an opponent's piece. g In the diagrams, the dots mark the squares vvhere the piece can move. h Either player may resign which is a win for the other player. i Checkmate from some positions can be íòrceđ in fewer than 50 moves j The duration usually lasts 30 minutes or one hour per game.

1 Fill in each blank with a vvord/phrase provided in the box maintained piece dravv displays make pieces play superior rules machine a Pieces are used to attack and capture the opponent's b A game may also result in a in several ways, where neither player wins. c There are also many chess variants ửiat have d iffe ren t different pieces, and different boards. d Computers have been programmed t o chess with increasing success. e The Computer program Deep Blue was the íĩrst player to overcome a reigning World Chess Champion. f A player may not any move that vvould put or leave his king under attack.

Tiêu đề	Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành thể thao (tập 1) phần 1
Tác giả	TS. Trần Quang Hải, ThS. Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Nga, ThS. Đoàn Minh Hữu
Trường học	Đại học Thể dục Thể thao Đà Nẵng
Chuyên ngành	Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành thể thao
Thể loại	sách
Năm xuất bản	2023
Thành phố	Hà Nội

Định dạng
Số trang	129
Dung lượng	4,21 MB