Ecological footprint and the wealth of people from socioecological point of view (2)

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY M FATHURRAHMAN MULYAWAN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AND THE WEALTH OF PEOPLE FROM SOCIOECOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-Time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Program Batch : 2015-2019 Thai Nguyen, September 2019 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name M Fathurrahman Mulyawan Student ID DTN1554290048 Thesis Title Ecological footprint and the wealth of people from socioecological point of view Dr Ho Ngoc Son, Supervisor (s) Dr Ir Rhina Uchyani Fajarningsih, M.S Dr Agr Sc Ernoiz Antriyandarti, S.P, M.P, M.Ec Supervisor’s Signature Abstract: The environmental issue has become a trending topic but people are not aware yet of those issues which happening nowadays The over-population issue which led to the deficit of natural resources is getting hard to control and also create another environmental issue such as air pollution, water pollution, etc by using the Ecological Footprint analysis people can know how much natural resources they consume to sustain their daily lives Furthermore, this study aim is to determine the ecological footprint of people in Solo, Indonesia Through surveying and spreading the questionnaire, this study has succeeded in finding the tendency between the status of occupation and determine which categorize is more eco-friendly This study also hypothesized if the educational level affects the use of natural resources moreover, this explained educational level does affect the use of natural resources Keywords Ecological Footprint, Ecological Footprint Analysis, Sustainability, Biocapacity, Education, Culture Number of Pages 56 Date of Submission 23/09/2019 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT From the deepest feeling in my heart, I would like to say Thank you to Allah S.W.T who has given his grace so that I could finish this thesis well My Mother and My Father for their support and pray so that I can finish this as soon as possible, I love them so much To my supervisor Ibu Ernoiz who did her best to teach me and I can’t stop thanking her because I didn’t find myself stress over this thesis, she is the best supervisor in my life and she really teach me step by step and helping me with her sincere heart that I will always remember for the rest of my life, to sir Ho Ngoc Son with his kindest heart I’m being thankful as well to him because he made everything is become easier as well, without his role my thesis could not be as good as this and for my dearest bu Rhina with all her advice, I thank her so much for the advices you gave me, Pak Ari Nafril who let me use his questionnaire and ate Keraia for her thesis guide Thank you so much For kak Amana who always controlled me if I really my thesis well, thanks for being here through my drama life Mbak Nanie the very sensitive assistant ever, the most cheerful person in my life who helped me a lot through this hard times, Mbak Melissa, the goddess assistant girl with the very beautiful smile and her kindest, I thank you both for helping me during my research study My aunt Nia who helped me in translated something that I can’t even understand Ara and Paan thank you for you guys as well Nisa, thank you for being helpful one, Alfid another helpful person that I can’t forget for the rest of my life, and Wafa who helped me spread the questionnaire Thank you so much for accompanying iii me by taking me somewhere to eat to go and I will absolutely remember you guys forever Sesil and kak Ayu my video call friends that always be my place when I lost my mood, Icha and the gengs who motivated me not to give up during my research study, thank you for those people who never been here during my hard times cause you guys teach me a lot that sometimes the one that you are hoping will always stay right next to you during your hard times is the one who just be a small part in your life that you don’t even need to remember and Finally, I thank me for being able to endure every obstacle during this research study through the procrastination and bad mood I appreciate myself for did it very well The Researcher, M Fathurrahman Mulyawan iv TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale……………………………………………………… 1.2 Research Objectives………………………………………………………7 1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses…………………………………… 1.3.1 Research Questions 1.3.2 Hypotheses 1.4 Scope and Limitations…………………………………………………….8 1.5 Significance of Study…………………………………………………… CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Ecological Footprint……………………………………………………… 10 2.2 Ecological Footprint Analysis…………………………………………… 19 2.3 Global Ecological Footprint Problems………………………………… 19 2.4 Importance of Educational Level for Humanity……………………… 24 2.5 Cultural Influence on Ecological Footprint…………………………… .26 CHAPTER III METHODS 27 3.1 Research Location……………………………………………………… 27 3.2 Materials………………………………………………………………….27 3.3 Research Design………………………………………………………….28 3.4 Sampling Technique…………………………………………………… 28 3.5 Data Collection………………………………………………………… 29 3.6 Data Analysis ………………………………………………………… 29 3.6.1 Ecological Footprint Data Analysis 29 3.6.2 Factor Analysis that Affects Ecological Footprint Score in Solo 29 3.7 Ecological Footprint Test Scoring……………………………………… 33 CHAPTER IV RESULTS 35 CHAPTER V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 44 5.1 Discussion………………………………………………………………… 44 5.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………………….45 REFERENCES 47 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Components of Ecological Footprint 11 Figure Top 10 countries with the lowest and the largest Ecological Footprint per capita in the world, 2011 12 Figure Ecological Footprint based on footprint type from 1961 to 2014 13 Figure Top 10 countries with the largest Ecological Footprint, 2018 13 Figure Per person Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity of world regions, 2002 14 Figure Top 10 countries with the largest Ecological Footprin per person, 2018 15 Figure Indonesia’s per person Ecological Footprint graph 16 Figure Graph of Indonesia’s per capita Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint 16 Figure World Ecological Footprint consumption 23 Figure 10 Map of Ecological Biocapacity and Reserves…………………………… 24 Figure 11 Scoring Guide…………………………………………………………… 34 Figure 12 Ecological Footprint comparison based on sex of occupation…………….37 Figure 13 Ecological Footprint comparison based on education of Occupation…… 38 Figure 14 Ecological Footprint comparison based on status of occupation……………………………………………………………………… .39 Figure 15 Correspondence analysis based on sex of occupation…………………….40 Figure 16 Correspondence analysis based on education of occupation…………… 40 Figure 17 Correspondence analysis based on status of occupation………………… 41 LIST OF TABLES Table Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity in Indonesia 18 Table Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity of the Province Central Java 19 Table Descriptive Statistics Data Table 35 Table Ecological Footprint Score based on Sex of Occupation 37 Table Ecological Footprint Score based on Education of Occupation 38 Table Ecological Footprint Score based on Status of Occupation 38 Table Analysis of Factors that Affecting Ecological Footprint Score 43 PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale Environmental issues suddenly became a world trending nowadays The population keeps increasing as time goes by and making another environmental issue which hard solved The natural resources that the worlds have now are starting unbalance because the number of population is hard to control The natural resources that provide goods for the people are now decreasing dramatically and threatening people to environmental scarcity The fact shows the higher number of population resulting the higher demand of natural resources to sustain their lives but since the ability of nature to regenerate or resupply our needs is taking some time or even years to be generated so it is hard to meet the massive demands of a country with such a big number of population Economic premises and principles play an important role in shaping environmental policy Economist says “the sustainable of development should meet the requirement of the present without risking the capability of future generations to meet their own needs, by balancing the demand of the natural resources in order to protect the ecosystem, the ecosystem itself will provide the goods and the services which going to affects the economic growth of a country” (Greiner and Semmler, 2008; Tanasie, 1992) However, many people are not yet aware of this over-consumption problem So, how can we determine how much is the natural resources we are consuming and is that enough to sustain our needs? The powerful tool to access human carrying capacity is finally developed by Rees and Wackernagel (Columbia, 1992) They inverted the standard carrying capacity ratio and extended the concept of this ecological footprint so this tool could be used to measure how much “nature” is available for certain populations and how much natural resources consumed by the population based on their chosen lifestyle, income and technology Unfortunately, natural resources cannot meet the demands of society and led to a higher ecological footprint Furthermore, by comparing the bio-capacity level we could identify the sustainability of a region and prepare for the future mitigation of policies implemented Indonesia with more than 260 million of population and according to World Bank (2017), about 25,9 million Indonesian is in below the poverty line In over the next 25 years, Indonesia population is expected to be increasing around 67 million or 28% of the current population according to Gavin W Jones (2010) The increasing number of population will automatically lead to more human activities such as factories following by the next scene which more environmental issues might appear due to human activities In Cimanggis, West Java, the battery factory has created an environmental issue with the mercury that exists in the water below the plant which contained 0,014 PPM or three times higher than the permissible limit Since the water is used as drinking by factory workers so half of the workers are suffering from kidney disease The increasing number of population will also lead to higher number of transportation in Indonesia which led to the higher CO2 emitted to the atmosphere, Jakarta, the central City of Indonesia exposing the air quality is PM2,5 levels which way above WHO guidelines and put at risk the health of 7,8 million children in Indonesia or even causing 10,600 premature deaths and 2,800 low birth weight birth per year (Greenpeace, 2017) 0,12 Male 45-75 -0,12 Female 20-44 Axis -0,24 -0,36 -0,48 -0,6 -0,72 -0,84 -0,96 76-100 -0,96-0,84-0,72 -0,6 -0,48-0,36-0,24-0,12 0,12 Axis Figure 15 Correspondence analysis based on sex of occupation 0,096 76-100 0,08 0,064 20-44 Axis 0,048 0,032 Bachelor Degree Doctoral Degree 0,016 45-75 Master Degree -0,016 -0,9 -0,6 -0,3 Diploma 0,3 0,6 0,9 1,2 1,5 1,8 Axis Figure 16 Correspondence analysis based on education of occupation 40 For the third graph of correspondence analysis, the tendencies of the education are; The tendency of people with diploma degree is closer to ranges 20-44 following by bachelor degree For the tendency of bachelor degree is in the middle between ranges 2044 and 45-75 Meanwhile, the tendency of Master degree and Doctoral degree are close to ranges 45-75 and one step closer to ranges 76-100 compare to the other categories 76-100 0,48 0,4 Axis 0,32 0,24 20-44 0,16 0,08 Ordinary People Academicians 45-75 -0,08 Students -0,16 -0,9 -0,6 -0,3 0,3 0,6 0,9 1,2 1,5 1,8 Axis Figure 17 Correspondence Analysis based on Status of Occupation Figure 17 presents the correspondence analysis based on status of occupation The PAST software was used to determine the tendencies of each category of respondents The result showed the following tendency; 41 The tendency of students is closer to ranges 45-75 but far from ranges 2044 and 76-100 As of the tendency of Ordinary People is closer to ranges 20-44 compare to Academicians even both categories are in the middle of ranges 20-44 and 4575 For the tendency of Academicians is closer to 45-75 but also close to ranges 20-44 but far from ranges 76-100 However, even the three categories are far from ranges 76-100 but the academician is still one step closer to ranges 76100 compare to another category In this graph, the respondents showed a scattered result The expectation result of researcher that the education affects to the ecological footprint score of each respondent, however, the results from the graph is not that clearly stated that the education affects to ecological footprint score since the academician is not that close to ranges 76-100 but, since the result of academician is still bigger than other categories and also based on the table results that the researcher found that there are only two people that have score in ranges 76-100 and it was coming from academician, the researcher bravely stated that the higher education level will automatically increase human standard of living of academician and led to the higher ecological footprint towards to the environment Based on the result in Table 7, the estimated parameter of education is positively significant to ecological footprint score at 99% confidence level While the variable of age and sex are not significantly affected ecological footprints score It is indicated that higher education will also accelerate the Ecological 42 Footprint Score This result is consistent with the result from PAST software that also denote that the higher the level of education the more consumptive they are in consuming natural resources Table Analysis of Factors that Affecting Ecological Footprint Score Table Variable Age Education Sex Constant F-stat R-squared Number of observations Coefficient Standard Error -0.0617 0.0550 0.8789*** 0.2414 -0.4902 1.3272 43.341 3.7733 5.91*** 0.107 152 Note: ***Significant at 99% confidence level In concluding, the variable of age and sex not influence towards Ecological Footprint Score This means that either young or old people, male or female; they have the same behavior towards to the environment and standard of living is what distinguishes they behavior towards to the environment and this finding is in contrast with previous research that says men have higher carbon emission since men drive more than women which led to the higher ecological footprint (Medina and Toledo, 2016) or previous research that state woman are highly socialized compare to men and thus more socially responsible thereby resulting to higher environmental concern (Zelezny et al., 2000) 43 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion This study hypothesized that education is in line with the use of natural resources Many people assume that education not have significant role towards the ecological footprint score however based on data that has been analyzed show that education is the only one which has a significant role to the human’s ecological footprint On the other hand, some people are also saying that “male” is worse than “female” in treating the environment while the data clearly show that both male and female are on the same page According to Albuquerque and Alvez (2016), the relationship between education and knowledge is still unclear in the ethnobiological literature Since education is not the main factor but rather be the variables related to it, such as income and occupation Based on the result of this study the academician has a higher education level that made them have higher income which leads them to have a higher standard of living compared to those have lower income It is indicated that academician is easier in accessing natural resources This study also expected that some of the students will get a score in ranges 76-100 but unfortunately the researcher didn’t meet any students that have a score around that range These conclude that students in Solo city are aware enough about the limited natural resources the earth have In another hand, the culture in Solo or Culture of people in Java is also playing important role in behaving towards the environment or even the way they dress or what food they’re taking and this is why “students” group does not meet the score in the highest ranges indicate that they are grown up in the environment 44 that helps them to have a good attitude towards the environment This statement is in line with the research about education conducted by Johan & Harlan (2014) that says education plays important role in behaving towards the environment and since the culture is also part of education that has been introduced to us since we were young so, it is indicated that the culture in Solo has taught the society how to treat the environment in a very good manner But, since the data shows that most of the people are being in their way to be an eco-friendly citizen so we should not stop doing all the best we can in preserving the earth natural resources by using them wisely and carefully until we became an “Eco-friendly” Citizen 5.2 Conclusion The result of this study shows that the most of people in Solo are being good or eco-friendly towards the environment This is a good sign that tells most of the people in Solo know how to treat the environment in the very well manner since we know that the biocapacity in Indonesia is now decreasing dramatically and according to “the ecological and biocapacity of Central java” the only component that still in “reserve” status is the forest Thus, society, especially in solo, should be more aware of this The purpose of this study is to analyze how much natural resources we used to support our life By conducting this study hopefully, people will start to contribute themselves to preserving the natural resources, changes their behavior towards the environment and start to consume or use the natural resources wisely and carefully There a lot of simple things we can to decrease our ecological footprint, sometimes we did not realize those simple things that we always is either can 45 harm the environment or make a better environment Thus, this research study emphasized that society needs to measure how big is their ecological footprint so they knew what they should to contribute for better sustainability for the following generations 46 REFERENCES Blocker, T J, & Eckberg, D.L (1997) Gender and environmentalism: Results from the 1993 General Social Survey Soc Sci Quart., 78 (4): 841-858 Bourdieu, P (1984) Distinction Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Unversity Press Brown Weiss, E (1990) Our rights and obligations to future generations for the environment Am J Int Law 1990, 84, 198-207 Caprar, D V., & Neville, B A (2012) Norming and conforming: Integrating cultural and institutional explanations for sustaimability adoption in business Journal of Business Ethics, 110(2), 231-245 Egri, C P., Khilji, S.E., Ralston, D A., Palmer, I., Girson, I., Milton, L., Mockaitis, A (2012) Do Anglo countries still form a values cluster? 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