INTRODUCTION
Research Rationale
Environmental issues have become a global concern due to the rising population, which exacerbates the strain on natural resources As the population increases, the demand for these resources intensifies, leading to a dramatic decline in availability and threatening environmental sustainability The ability of nature to regenerate resources takes time, making it challenging to meet the high demands of densely populated regions Economic principles are crucial in shaping environmental policies, emphasizing that sustainable development must satisfy current needs without compromising future generations' ability to do the same Balancing resource demand is essential for protecting ecosystems, which in turn support economic growth Despite the severity of over-consumption, many remain unaware of the extent of natural resource depletion Understanding our consumption levels is vital to ensuring sustainability.
The powerful tool to access human carrying capacity is finally developed by Rees and Wackernagel (Columbia, 1992) They inverted the standard carrying
The capacity ratio expands the ecological footprint concept, enabling measurement of available natural resources for populations based on their lifestyle, income, and technology usage However, the increasing demands of society often exceed these natural resources, resulting in a larger ecological footprint By comparing bio-capacity levels, we can assess regional sustainability and inform future policy mitigation strategies.
Indonesia, with a population exceeding 260 million, faces significant challenges, as approximately 25.9 million Indonesians live below the poverty line (World Bank, 2017) Over the next 25 years, the population is projected to increase by around 67 million, or 28% (Gavin W Jones, 2010), leading to intensified human activities and potential environmental issues In Cimanggis, West Java, a battery factory has caused mercury contamination in local water, registering 0.014 PPM—three times the permissible limit—resulting in kidney disease among factory workers Additionally, the growing population contributes to increased transportation, raising CO2 emissions Jakarta's air quality, with PM2.5 levels far exceeding WHO guidelines, poses serious health risks to 7.8 million children and is linked to 10,600 premature deaths and 2,800 low birth weight births annually (Greenpeace, 2017).
Surakarta, commonly known as Solo, is a densely populated city in Central Java, Indonesia, with over 550,000 residents (Indonesia Access, 2018) The awareness of environmental changes among Solo's society remains uncertain, raising questions about how they balance economic growth with environmental sustainability By utilizing the ecological footprint concept, we can assess the environmental pressure exerted by the community to meet their demands This approach not only highlights the need for increased awareness but also presents an opportunity for residents to adopt lifestyle changes that harmonize the relationship between nature and the economy.
This study will explore the relationship between educational levels and the utilization of natural resources It posits that education can significantly influence individuals' attitudes and behaviors towards the environment, making it a crucial factor in fostering a sustainable future.
Research Objectives
1 To understand how big is the ecological footprint of people from solo
2 To determine which characteristics of people that affects to their ecological footprint
3 To identify how does ecological footprint analysis work in determining the sustainablity of living
4 To provide information and recommendation to the society for better understanding related to ecological footprint based on the results of this study
Research Questions and Hypotheses
This study wants to address this following question;
1 What is the ecological footprint of the people from Solo, Central Java, Indonesia?
2 What are the characteristics of the people that affect their ecological footprint?
3 How does ecological footprint analysis determine the sustainable of living?
4 Why is it important to know one’s ecological footprint?
1 Education level is not in line with the use of natural resources
2 Occupation does not affect the behaviour of using natural resources
3 Sex does not influence the use of natural resources b) Alternative hypothesis
1 Education level is in line with the use of natural resources
2 Occupation affects the behaviour of using natural resources
3 Sex influences the use of natural resources.
Scope and Limitations
The scope of this study focused on the ecological footprint and wealth of the people from Solo
Despite the potential benefits of surveys, limitations exist, including the unavailability of certain individuals for participation and the possibility of respondents providing dishonest answers, which could ultimately compromise the validity of the results.
Significance of Study
This research will be significant to the following;
1 Students, The results of study could be used for the secondary data for the further research and study
2 Society, The results of study could be used as information to encourage people to change their behaviour towards the nature by using the natural resources wisely
3 Government, The results of study could be used as information to make and implement new regulations in order to have better sustainable environment.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Ecological Footprint
According to Rees and Weckernagel (1996), the ecological footprint is inversely related to measuring human carrying capacity, reflecting the balance between waste generation and natural resource consumption Achieving sustainable development requires addressing intergenerational and intragenerational equity as crucial factors Unfortunately, humanity is currently consuming resources at a rate that exceeds the Earth's capacity for regeneration, leading to resource scarcity in various regions and posing a significant threat to future human survival (Ward and Dubos).
Intergenerational equity emphasizes our responsibility to preserve the Earth's natural and cultural environments for future generations, as highlighted by Weiss (1990) In contrast, intragenerational equity focuses on the fair distribution of natural resources among current and future generations.
Moran et al (2008) utilized ecological footprint metrics to assess sustainable consumption and development, revealing a method for evaluating the sustainable progress of nations Typically, a nation's development correlates with an increase in ecological footprint, with only a few low-income countries achieving growth without elevating their ecological footprint scores, contrasting with high-income countries that tend to exhibit the opposite trend Additionally, Jeorgenson and Clark (2011) support this observation by demonstrating that urbanized nations tend to have higher consumption rates.
11 environmental impacts” and this lead to the larger ecological footprint of a country (Figure et al., 2016)
Figure 1 Components of Ecological Footprint
The ecological footprint is closely linked to the concepts of carrying capacity and biocapacity, representing the biologically productive area required to generate renewable resources and absorb waste from the population (GFN, 2015) It measures the extent of biologically productive land and sea necessary for sustaining human activities, reflecting the availability of these resources Figure 1 illustrates the components used to calculate the human ecological footprint.
Figure 2 Top 10 countries with the lowest and the largest ecological footprint per capita in the world
In 2011, the largest ecological footprint is coming from the United Arab
The Emirates, followed by Qatar and Denmark, rank as the top three countries with the highest ecological footprint per capita The UAE's significant ecological impact is primarily due to its high energy consumption and the concentration of emissions among its relatively small population.
The statistics data shows that 71% of UAE’s Ecological Footprint is from carbon that emitted to the atmosphere and 57% of UAE’s Ecological Footprint comes from households (Footprint Network, 2015)
Figure 3 Ecological Footprint based on Footprint type from 1961 to 2014
(Source : EFA From Countries; updates 2012-2018 Journal)
Figure 4 Top 10 Countries with Largest Total Ecological Footprint
Carbon footprint growth has become increasingly difficult to manage, as highlighted by Ritchie and Roser (2018) In 2014, carbon emissions surged dramatically compared to 1961, when they accounted for only 44% of the global Ecological Footprint This trend underscores the relentless development of countries, which continues to drive up carbon emissions.
14 increased from 44% to 60% following by cropland that contributes around 19,4% of world’s total ecological footprint
In 2007, the UAE's ecological footprint decreased to 7.75 hectares per person, down from 11.68 hectares in 2006, according to a report from the Ministry of Environment and Water This improvement in sustainability is attributed to the country's adoption of the Ecological Footprint initiative The ministry has also established standards to ensure that imported lighting products are energy-efficient, particularly targeting the housing sector, which accounts for 57% of the UAE's ecological footprint.
The UAE government has implemented standards for fuel and vehicles to minimize carbon emissions In 2012, the country launched the Green Application initiative aimed at reducing energy consumption in government buildings By 2018, the UAE demonstrated progress by not ranking among the top 10 countries with the highest ecological footprints, while China emerged as the leading country in this regard.
Figure 5 Per person Ecological footprint and Biocapacity of World
Figure 5 Clearly shows that in 2002, there are only two regions which are
Asia-Pacific and Africa which is not exceed the standard of global biocapacity available per person while the other regions exceed the standard It is obvious that
North America and Western Europe are significantly over-consuming natural resources, and if everyone adopted their consumption patterns, society would exceed the planet's biocapacity by three to five times In contrast, the Asia-Pacific region is utilizing its biocapacity sustainably, with an ecological footprint that could be maintained globally Meanwhile, residents of Africa are consuming only a fraction of their available biocapacity, both regionally and globally (Kitzes et al., 2008).
Figure 6 Top 10 Countries with Largest Ecological Footprint Per Person
North America is becoming increasingly aware of its overconsumption issues and is actively seeking ways to reduce its ecological footprint In contrast, Qatar's ecological footprint continues to rise steadily.
Figure 7 Indonesia’s per person Ecological Footprint graph
Indonesia is beginning to confront a deficit in its natural resources, largely due to a lack of public awareness regarding over-consumption and potential future scarcities As illustrated in Figure 7, this deficit has been evident since 2005 and continues to pose challenges for the country.
Figure 8 Graph of Indonesia’s per capita Biocapacity and Ecological
Footprint (Source : Ecological Footprint and Ecosystem Service Models; in Indonesia
From 1961 to 2003, Indonesia's biocapacity exceeded its Ecological Footprint, indicating sustainable resource use However, a sudden increase in the Ecological Footprint thereafter surpassed biocapacity, signaling a concerning trend of overconsumption of natural resources.
In 2007, Indonesia's ecological footprint and biocapacity analysis revealed a surplus in the carrying capacity of forest land, grazing land, and fishing grounds Notably, fishing grounds had the highest land carrying capacity at 0.26 gha/person, supported by Indonesia's extensive coastlines and rich marine biodiversity Cropland demonstrated a balanced relationship between biocapacity and ecological footprint, both at 0.35 gha/person, indicating that agricultural demand aligns with environmental capacity Forest land, with a biocapacity of 0.16 gha/person, serves dual purposes: preserving ecosystems while also supporting activities like agriculture, plantations, housing, and mining Despite the high proportion between ecological footprint and biocapacity in other areas, Indonesia remains committed to sustainable forest utilization.
Table 1 Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity in Indonesia 2007 (Source : Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia, 2010)
Table 2 Ecological Footprint & Biocapacity of the Province Central Java
(Source : Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia, 2010)
Central Java Province, Indonesia, is experiencing a shortage of cropland and fishing grounds, despite having sufficient grazing and forest land to meet societal demands The most significant contributor to this resource deficiency is the consumptive behavior of the population, coupled with a lack of awareness regarding the environmental impact on resource availability.
Ecological Footprint Analysis
Ecological Footprint analysis has emerged as a vital tool for assessing ecological overshoot by quantifying human consumption of natural resources Over the years, it has gained prominence in sustainability assessments, effectively conveying the concept of our planet's limited natural resources (Venetoulis & Talberth, 2008) The ecological footprint's capability to measure bioproductivity makes it an invaluable resource for both government entities and the general public, providing insight into the extent of biotic resource consumption.
20 needed to meet humanity’s demand for timber, food, etc and also to compensate the CO2 generated by human activities
The ecological footprint quantifies the land area needed for resource production and waste absorption, measured in global hectares (gha) A crucial aspect of this measurement is biocapacity, which assesses the biologically productive land available for regeneration Biocapacity is categorized into five types: grazing land, cultivated land, forests, fishing areas, and built-up land By comparing the total ecologically productive land of a region with its ecological footprint, we can determine whether human activity is overexploiting biosphere resources, identifying areas of inadequacy or redundancy.
To work with the ecological footprint tool six fundamental assumptions in ecological footprint accounting should be understood (Wackernagel et al., 2002):
1 The resources and the waste that the majority was consumed can be tracked
2 The resources and waste flows can be measured in terms of biologically productive area demand to keep up the flows However, resource and waste flows will be excluded from the assessment if it cannot be measured, leading to a systematic underestimate of humanity’s true Ecological Footprint
3 Different categorize of region can be converted into a common unit of global hectares with world average to weighting each area based on proportion to its bio productivity
4 A single global hectare depicts a single-use and the total of global hectares in any single year will also represent the same amount of bio productivity, they can be added up to get an entire indicator of ecological footprint or biocapacity
5 Both human demand or ecological footprint and nature’s supply or biocapacity can be directly compared in global hectares
6 If demand on an ecosystem breaks the ecosystems regenerative capacity the area demanded will exceed area supplied (e.g., in short-term human can demand more biocapacity from forests, or fisheries, that those ecosystems have available)
The Ecological Footprint is a crucial metric for assessing the environmental impact of human consumption, yet it often underestimates the true extent of this impact This underestimation occurs due to several factors, including the exclusion of certain resource inputs and ecosystem services, the failure to account for the cumulative effects of consumption patterns, and the lack of consideration for the long-term consequences of human activity on biodiversity and ecosystem health By recognizing these limitations, we can better understand the urgent need for effective conservation strategies that align with our ecological reality.
1 The Footprint only tracked those that can be absorbed by the biosphere but cannot track the wastes generated by human activity Carbon dioxide is the only waste that could be tracked directly by ecological footprint since the carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere Moreover, the depletion of non-renewable resources is also cannot be tracked by ecological footprint
2 Land for the conservation is not included in the calculation of biocapacity and the amount of regenerative capacity availability that usually uses by a human for specific use is usually overestimated Biocapacity itself means the capacity given biologically productive area to renew or generate the resources or supply for human and also to absorbed spillover wastes moreover, the ecological footprint area may not exceeds its biocapacity for better sustainability (Greenfacts, 2019)
3 The ecosystem degradation such as soil erosion is out of the scope of biocapacity, means, the natural services also become one of factor that may declining the future biocapacity since the ecological footprint is an anthropocentric measurement
The ecological footprint, despite its limitations in measuring all human environmental impacts, serves as a valuable indicator of sustainability By utilizing this tool, we can assess whether we are over-consuming natural resources or contributing excess waste to the environment A straightforward method for analyzing the ecological footprint of a chosen society is through surveys or "footprint quizzes," which focus on the individual ecological footprints of respondents This approach allows individuals to understand their resource usage and evaluate whether they are using natural resources wisely or carelessly.
Global Ecological Footprint Problems
Currently, humanity consumes resources equivalent to 1.7 planets, meaning it takes Earth one year and seven months to regenerate what we use in a single year (GFN, 2019) The United Nations warns that if current population growth and consumption patterns persist, we will face significant sustainability challenges.
By 2030, humanity may require two additional Earths to sustain our resource consumption, which is accelerating at an unsustainable rate This overconsumption is resulting in dire consequences, including collapsing fisheries, shrinking forests, and depleted freshwater systems Furthermore, the rising levels of carbon dioxide contribute to climate change, potentially leading to severe resource conflicts and wars.
Mass migration, famine, disease, and other human tragedies disproportionately affect the poor, who lack the resources to escape these crises Figure 9 illustrates global consumption and highlights the number of Earths required to sustain humanity.
Figure 9 World Ecological Footprint Consumption
In 2008, the Global Footprint Network reported that Earth's biocapacity was 12 billion hectares, while humanity's ecological footprint reached 18.2 billion hectares, resulting in an average per capita footprint of 2.7 global hectares compared to only 1.8 gha of available biocapacity This disparity highlights that human consumption exceeds the planet's capacity to regenerate resources, with humanity utilizing over 50% more of nature's goods and services than ecosystems can replenish.
Figure 10 Map of Ecological Biocapacity and reserves
Most countries are experiencing a biocapacity deficit, indicating that nature is unable to meet the demands of human consumption, leading to resource scarcity However, some nations, particularly those in tropical and boreal regions, still possess abundant natural resources Indonesia, on the other hand, is facing a significant deficiency in natural resources, as evidenced by its ecological footprint exceeding its biocapacity, highlighting the overconsumption of resources by its population.
Importance of Educational Level for Humanity
Education is an essential aspect of modern life, integral to personal and societal development It is crucial for both men and women to receive a quality education, ensuring equal opportunities for all According to the Oxford English Dictionary, education is characterized as "systematic training," highlighting its structured approach to learning and growth.
25 instruction designed to impart knowledge and develop skill” In 1992 during the
The Rio Summit's Agenda 21 emphasizes that education, including formal and non-formal training, is essential for individuals and society to achieve their full potential and promote sustainable development (UNESCO, 1992) A country's progress is heavily reliant on its education system; without proper education, it risks falling behind nations that prioritize educational advancement Higher educational quality among citizens correlates with accelerated national development Addressing issues like poverty, famine, and environmental challenges invariably involves education, which is crucial for fostering environmental awareness and equipping learners with the skills to tackle ecological problems (Jacobson et al., 2006).
A study conducted by Rita Johan and Johan Harlan in 2014 compared the educational levels of two villages, referred to as Village A and Village B The findings revealed significant differences in educational attainment between the two communities.
Village A demonstrates a more positive attitude and lives more effectively than Village B Additionally, residents of Village A possess better knowledge compared to those in Village B Consequently, a strong emphasis on education within the community leads to improved social attitudes and fosters positive outcomes in their daily lives.
Research indicates that gender differences significantly influence environmental concerns and behaviors, with studies showing that females generally exhibit greater environmental awareness than males (Blocker and Eckberg, 1997; Hunter et al., 2004; Lee, 2009) However, it is essential to recognize that this does not imply that females possess superior education; various factors such as culture, technology, and economic conditions play a crucial role in shaping a country's education system Additionally, this study will examine occupational influences to determine their significance in relation to ecological footprints, comparing these factors against both education levels and gender.
Cultural Influence on Ecological Footprint
Urban sustainability literature often focuses on the built environment, including land use and the design of buildings, streets, and infrastructure However, the consumption habits of city residents—such as dietary choices, purchasing patterns, and vehicle ownership—are equally crucial While physical characteristics of the urban environment play a role in shaping these behaviors, factors like income levels, cultural influences, and personal values significantly impact residents' consumption attributes.
Higher education, such as obtaining a bachelor's degree or higher, has a dual impact on environmental concerns While individuals with advanced degrees tend to have higher average incomes, leading to increased air travel and carbon emissions, this also reflects a larger carbon footprint associated with their lifestyle choices.
METHODS
Research Location
Solo, also known as Surakarta City, is located in Central Java, Indonesia, and has a population of approximately 550,000 people (Indonesia Access, 2018) Its rich cultural heritage makes it an intriguing subject for research.
Materials
1 Questionnaire of the “Ecological Footprint Test” distributed to the respondents
2 PAST software is used to determine the tendencies of each group of respondents
3 STATA software is used to describe the data by comparing each group to check if there is a positively significant data to the ecological footprint score
4 Laptop / Computer are used for writing and searching related studies and researches.
Research Design
This research employs a descriptive approach, which is an effective method for data collection and analysis It utilizes surveys and interviews, involving personal interactions between the researcher and participants to gather essential information.
Sampling Technique
To conduct the study, the researcher uses a Descriptive Sampling Method All close-ended questions will be asked to better define the characteristics of the respondents
A sample size is 152 respondents that had been chosen using direct selection method according to three (3) layers or strata;
1 Students – 50 Respondents from college student
2 Academicians – 52 Respondents who is working in scientific areas (e.g teachers, lecturers, researchers, etc.)
3 Ordinary people – 50 Respondents from the ordinary or normal people
(e.g vendors, drivers, farmers, workers, etc.)
Data Collection
The questionnaire has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia to enhance comprehension It consists of four key sections: 1) Diet and Food Choices, 2) Shelter/Home Life, 3) Transportation, and 4) Lifestyle Choices.
Data Analysis
Following the survey and interviews, the researcher implemented specific steps to assess the environmental behaviors and consumption patterns of the respondents The data analysis employed qualitative methods, utilizing descriptive techniques to elucidate the ecological footprint scores, alongside quantitative methods through multiple linear regression to evaluate the significant relationships between the dependent and independent variables.
The Ecological Footprint data acquired from Descriptive Analysis by collecting the data from surveying 152 people
3.6.2 Factor Analysis that Affects Ecological Footprint Score in Solo
Regression analysis examines the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables, enabling the evaluation and forecasting of the mean or average value of the dependent variable When focusing on a single independent variable, such as consumption expenditure on natural resources, it is referred to as simple regression analysis In contrast, when multiple independent variables are considered, like crop yield influenced by rainfall, temperature, and sunshine, it is classified as multiple regression analysis.
In multiple regression analysis, understanding the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is crucial within the framework of the classical linear regression model For an estimator to qualify as BLUE, it must be linear and unbiased, meaning its expected value should equal the true value An unbiased estimator that also exhibits the least variance is referred to as an efficient estimator (Gujarati, 2003) The analysis will include various tests to evaluate these properties.
Coefficient of Determination Analysis defined as a part or portion from dependent variable explained by the predictors included in the model (Zhang,
The Coefficient of Determination, commonly denoted as R², is a key metric for assessing the goodness of fit of a regression line It quantifies the percentage of variance in the dependent variable that can be explained by the independent variable A value of R² = 1 (or 100%) indicates that the model perfectly explains the variations in the dependent variable, while an R² = 0 signifies no explanatory power.
The coefficient of determination (R²) is 0%, indicating that the variable fails to explain changes in the dependent variable Typically, time series data exhibits a higher coefficient of determination, as noted by Ghozali (2001).
This study employs the F-test to analyze the correlation among different respondent groups in Solo A positive and significant F-test result, even with just one or two influencing variables, necessitates a significance test for each regression coefficient to ensure accurate interpretation of the dependent variable's influences.
31 determine in more specific which independent variable affect another dependent variable The following equation will take a role as decision rule;
(i.e., all slope coefficients are contemporaneous zero) versus H1: not all slope coefficients are contemporaneous zero or only some coefficients are simultaneously zero
T-test or confidence interval commonly used to examine the null hypothesis and the procedure or the idea of T-test is based on assumption that the error term
The study utilizes a T-test to assess the partial influence of an independent variable on a dependent variable, as outlined by Gujarati (2003) It is crucial to examine the regression coefficient's value for uncertainty, determining if it aligns with another value If the coefficient is found to be zero, it indicates that the independent variable does not significantly contribute to the model, as suggested by Subanti and Hakim (2014).
The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method is a key technique used in multiple linear regression models For an OLS regression model to be effective, it must satisfy several classical assumptions, particularly regarding multicollinearity, homoscedasticity, and autocorrelation One critical aspect of this is the multicollinearity test, which ensures that the independent variables are not highly correlated with one another.
Multicollinearity occurs when multiple independent variables exhibit a linear relationship, which can undermine the effectiveness of a regression model (Gujarati, 2003) A robust regression model should avoid multicollinearity, as it inflates the standard errors of coefficients, making them less reliable As more independent variables are added, detecting their individual influences becomes increasingly challenging To identify multicollinearity, researchers can examine the tolerance value and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF); a lower tolerance value corresponds to a higher VIF, indicating potential multicollinearity issues Studies suggest that multicollinearity is not a concern when the tolerance is above 0.1 and the VIF is below 10.
Heteroscedasticity refers to the condition where the variance of residuals in a regression model is not constant, leading to inefficiencies in estimators and inflated coefficient values (Priyatno, 2009) A robust regression model should be free from heteroscedasticity, as its presence can distort results, particularly when outliers are involved, which may originate from a different population (Gujarati, 2003) To identify heteroscedasticity, one can analyze scatterplots of regression; if the points exhibit an unclear pattern above or below the Y-axis at the zero value, it indicates that heteroscedasticity is not an issue.
Auto-correlation refers to the correlation of a series of observations arranged in time (time series data) or space (cross-sectional data) (Gujarati, 2003) For regression analysis to be effective, it is crucial to eliminate auto-correlation, as it can lead to sample variance that fails to accurately represent the population variance.
Ecological Footprint Test Scoring
The scoring guide accompanies the EF test questionnaire, which can also be accessed online at www.footprint.wwf.org.uk This test is structured into four distinct sections: the first assesses diet and food choices, the second evaluates shelter and home life, the third focuses on transportation, and the final section examines lifestyle choices Each response in the questionnaire is assigned specific point values, contributing to the overall score.
This study manually calculated total points according to the provided scoring guide, which is divided into three ranges reflecting respondents' environmental behaviors A lower score indicates a more eco-friendly lifestyle, while a higher score suggests less sustainability and a greater negative impact on the environment.
After conducting this study by spreading the questionnaire and survey 152 respondents, below is the table of Descriptive Statistics Data of the survey;
Table 3 Descriptive Statistics Data Table
Table 3 illustrates that the ecological footprint scores range from a minimum of 38 to a maximum of 82, with respondents aged between 18 and 70 years The education level of participants varied from 12 to 21 years Additionally, the table presents the mean and standard deviation of the data This study effectively compares different categories to determine if there are statistically significant findings.
A total of 152 respondents participated in the study, providing diverse scores based on their questionnaire responses These scores enabled the researcher to assess the eco-friendliness of each respondent, with lower scores indicating greater eco-friendliness The scores were categorized into three ranges: 20-44, 45-75, and 76-100, each accompanied by specific descriptions to clarify the level of eco-friendliness represented.
Individuals scoring between 20-44 demonstrate a stronger commitment to environmental stewardship compared to others They tread lightly on the earth, often barefoot, and utilize natural resources more responsibly Their actions reflect a dedication to preserving the planet, ensuring it remains a clean and healthy environment for future generations to enjoy.
Individuals scoring between 45 and 75 are making progress toward becoming eco-friendly global citizens However, with a population of six billion, our current lifestyle is insufficient for sustaining the planet; we would need multiple Earths to meet our demands Therefore, it is crucial for these individuals to intensify their efforts in resource conservation and actively seek ways to protect the environment, thereby contributing to the preservation of natural resources.
Individuals scoring between 76-100 are categorized as destroyers, posing a significant threat to our planet Their reckless exploitation of natural resources, akin to stomping through the world with combat boats, jeopardizes environmental sustainability It is crucial for these individuals to alter their behavior towards the environment, embracing eco-friendly practices to ensure the preservation of vital resources By striving to become responsible global citizens, they can help guarantee that future generations, along with all living creatures, have access to clean water, air, and food.
Table 4 reveals that among individuals aged 20-44, there are 5 males and 7 females actively practicing eco-friendly habits, while the majority fall within the middle range of environmental engagement Conversely, in the 76-100 age range, two females are identified as needing to improve their eco-friendly practices.
37 behaviour towards to the environment Figure 12 shows a clear data representation
Table 4 Ecological Footprint Score based on Sex of Occupation
Figure 12 Ecological Footprint Comparison based on Sex of Occupation
This study categorized survey data by occupation education level, revealing that 36.84% of respondents held a Bachelor’s Degree, with six individuals aged 20-44 demonstrating eco-friendly behaviors Interestingly, the research identified that individuals with higher education levels exhibited more destructive behaviors towards the environment compared to those with lower education levels, as illustrated in Figure 13.
Table 5 Ecological Footprint Score based on Education of Occupation
Figure 13 Ecological Footprint Comparison based on Education of
Table 6 Ecological Footprint based on Status of Occupation
Diploma Bachelor Degree Master Degree Doctoral Degree
Table 6 presents a comparison of total points among different respondent groups, including students, academicians, and ordinary individuals The data reveals that 90.78% of respondents scored between 45-74, indicating that the majority are progressing towards becoming eco-friendly global citizens Meanwhile, 12 individuals have already achieved this status, with only two respondents from the academic sector exhibiting environmentally harmful behaviors Additionally, Figure 14 provides a clear visual representation of this data.
Figure 14 Ecological Footprint Comparison based on Status of Occupation
In this graph the researcher can describe the tendency of the following results;
1 The tendency of Male is closer to ranges 45-75
2 While the tendency of Female is closer to ranges 20-44 and far from 76-100 However, both genders are showing the same results towards ranges 45-
3 Both genders are far from ranges 76-100
Figure 15 Correspondence analysis based on sex of occupation
Figure 16 Correspondence analysis based on education of occupation
For the third graph of correspondence analysis, the tendencies of the education are;
1 The tendency of people with diploma degree is closer to ranges 20-44 following by bachelor degree
2 For the tendency of bachelor degree is in the middle between ranges 20-
3 Meanwhile, the tendency of Master degree and Doctoral degree are close to ranges 45-75 and one step closer to ranges 76-100 compare to the other categories
Figure 17 Correspondence Analysis based on Status of Occupation
Figure 17 illustrates the correspondence analysis related to occupational status, utilizing PAST software to identify trends among various respondent categories The findings revealed distinct tendencies within these groups.
1 The tendency of students is closer to ranges 45-75 but far from ranges 20-
2 As of the tendency of Ordinary People is closer to ranges 20-44 compare to Academicians even both categories are in the middle of ranges 20-44 and 45-
3 For the tendency of Academicians is closer to 45-75 but also close to ranges 20-44 but far from ranges 76-100 However, even the three categories are far from ranges 76-100 but the academician is still one step closer to ranges 76-
The graph reveals a scattered distribution of responses, indicating that the anticipated correlation between education and ecological footprint scores is not clearly established Although the scores for academicians are higher than those in other categories, only two respondents scored within the 76-100 range, both of whom were academicians This limited data suggests that while higher education levels may contribute to an increased standard of living, it also correlates with a higher ecological footprint, highlighting a complex relationship between education and environmental impact.
The analysis in Table 7 reveals that education has a significant positive impact on ecological footprint scores at a 99% confidence level, suggesting that higher education contributes to improved ecological outcomes In contrast, age and sex do not significantly influence ecological footprint scores.
The Footprint Score indicates a correlation between education level and natural resource consumption, aligning with findings from PAST software, which suggests that individuals with higher education tend to consume more natural resources.
Table 7 Analysis of Factors that Affecting Ecological Footprint Score Table
Note: ***Significant at 99% confidence level
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Discussion
This study posits that education significantly influences the use of natural resources and plays a crucial role in shaping the ecological footprint Contrary to common assumptions that education has little impact on ecological outcomes, analyzed data indicates that it is a key factor in determining individuals' ecological footprints Additionally, there are claims suggesting that males may have a more detrimental effect on the environment.
“female” in treating the environment while the data clearly show that both male and female are on the same page
The relationship between education and knowledge in ethnobiology remains ambiguous, as noted by Albuquerque and Alvez (2016) Education itself is not the primary determinant; rather, it is influenced by related factors such as income and occupation The study reveals that individuals with higher education levels, such as academicians, tend to have higher incomes, leading to an improved standard of living and easier access to natural resources However, despite expectations, no students in Solo city achieved scores in the 76-100 range, indicating a general awareness among them regarding the limitations of the Earth's natural resources.
The culture of Solo and the broader Javanese community significantly influences environmental behavior, clothing choices, and dietary preferences This cultural impact is reflected in the lower scores achieved by student groups, suggesting that their upbringing in this environment shapes their perspectives and actions.
Education plays a crucial role in shaping positive environmental attitudes, as highlighted by Johan & Harlan (2014) In Solo, cultural teachings instill a strong respect for the environment from a young age However, despite this foundation, many individuals are still on their journey to becoming eco-friendly citizens It is essential to continue our efforts in conserving natural resources and using them wisely to foster a more sustainable future.
Conclusion
The study reveals that the majority of people in Solo are environmentally conscious, which is encouraging given the alarming decline in Indonesia's biocapacity According to "The Ecological and Biocapacity of Central Java," forests remain the only component in reserve status Therefore, it is crucial for the community in Solo to enhance their awareness and take further action to protect the environment.
This study aims to evaluate our consumption of natural resources and its impact on our lives By raising awareness of our resource usage, we hope to encourage individuals to actively participate in preserving these resources, adopt more environmentally friendly behaviors, and utilize natural resources more wisely and responsibly.
There a lot of simple things we can do to decrease our ecological footprint, sometimes we did not realize those simple things that we always do is either can
This research highlights the importance of measuring our ecological footprint to understand our impact on the environment By assessing this footprint, society can take informed actions towards improving sustainability for future generations.
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Appemdix 1 First Day of Interview (1)
Appendix 2 First Day of Interview (2)
Appendix 3 First Day of Interview (3)
Appendix 4 First Day of Interview (4) Appendix 5 First Day of Interview (5)
Appendix 6 Second Day of Interview (1)
Appendix 7 Second Day of Interview (2)
Appendix 8 Third Day of Interview (1) Appendix 9 Third Day of Interview