Báo cáo khoa học nông nghiệp " Commercial and High Quality Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops for Processing Purpose in the Northern and Central Vietnam " potx

Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development Commercial and High Quality Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops for Processing Purpose in the Northern and Central Vietnam (Project No. 008/07VIE) Baseline Study (Milestone 2) Date: 22 July 2008 2 TABLE OF CONTENT Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………… 3 I. Background ……………………………………………………………………………… 4 II. Survey objectives…………………………………………………………………………… 4 III. Survey Methodology ……………………………………………………………………… 4 IV. Research results ………………………………………………………………………… 5 ATTACHMENT A: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE …………………………………………. 21 3 AusAID CARD Project 008/07VIE Food Crops Research Institute, Vietnam and University of Sydney, Australia Baseline survey on the current production and consumption of sweet potato in Quangtri, Thanhhoa and Bacgiang provinces of Vietnam Collaborating organizations: - Food Crop Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Vietnam - University of Sydney, Australia Project leaders: - Vietnamese Project Leader: A/Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Tuat - Australian Project Leader: Prof. Les Copeland Haiduong, Vietnam, May 2008 Executive Summary A survey of current practices for sweet potato cultivation and use was conducted by local extension officers in Thanhoa, Bacgiang and Quangtri Provinces. The survey involved a questionnaire (designed by FCRI in conjunction with the USyd partners; Attachment A) and interviews in each of three communes in three districts in the three selected provinces, and addressed issues including: source of planting materials; cultivation methods; planting and harvest times; inputs; area planted, yield and dry matter content of tubers; use of sweet potato tubers, leaves and stems. A brief, initial review of the sweet potato literature was also conducted, which will be updated progressively during the project. The following were among the conclusions of the survey: • Farmers in the three provinces have been planting sweet potato for a long time and it has brought considerable economic return for farmers in all three investigated provinces. Sweet potato cultivation is been considered irreplaceable in the cropping systems. • Sweet potato is planted in as a spring crop in Quangtri, mainly as a winter crop in Thanhhoa and as a winter and spring crop in Bacgiang. • Farmers in all investigated localities needed new, high yielding varieties with good quality, and an accompanying advanced technical package on planting materials, cultivation, maintenance techniques, processing, and storage. The cultivation techniques in all investigated localities were based on the experience of farmers and were very backward. • Sweet potato processed products were still very simple and poor. The stems and leaves were mainly used for animal feed. Tubers were partly used for animal feed, for food and for other purposes. Nevertheless, the processing products such as starch, chips and wines had not been produced and considered important. • Sweet potato products had been commercialized, and mainly traded at home and local markets. However, the price was still low and not stable, while the production cost was still high. 4 I. Background The project "Development and Selection of Commercial and High Quality Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops for Processing Purpose in the Northern and Central Vietnam" has as its objectives: 1. Choose a small number of sweet potato cultivars from those designated by FCRI as potentially suitable for cultivating in locations in northern and central Vietnam and conduct field trials in selected locations to evaluate these cultivars according to yield and dry matter content for value-adding purposes 2. Development and evaluation of processing methods for sweet potato, for example production of flour and starch for food processing and industrial applications, sweet potato chips, sweet potato wine 3. Develop methods that can be used by small-holder farmers for fermenting leaves and stems of sweet potatoes into a silage-type product for animal feeding 4. With the assistance of Australian experts, improve the science capacity of Vietnamese researchers and extension workers in modern techniques for plant improvement, storage and food processing technology, analysis of food quality 5. Improve of knowledge and skills of farmers for cultivation of sweet potato as part of a sustainable farming system 6. Establish model sites to display advanced cultivation techniques, and organize field day meetings to spread knowledge to farmers. To fulfill these objectives, the review on current production and consumption of sweet potato is an important first step, after which the design of the operational aspects of project will be fine tuned. The questionnaire used to obtain information from the farmers is in Appendix A. II. Survey objectives - To evaluate the current production of sweet potato in the three provinces selected: Quangtri, Thanhhoa and Bacgiang. - To examine the current cultivation techniques for intensive sweet potato production - To evaluate the status of consumption and processing of sweet potato III. Survey Methodology 3.1 Methods 3.1.1. The survey locations Three provinces selected were Quangtri, Thanhhoa and Bacgiang. Thanh Hoa, in Central VN, is the largest province in VN in size and population. It is mostly flat with large areas of poor sandy soils suitable for sweet potato cultivation. Bac Giang in North East VN, is located in a dry region with many sloping areas and much potential area for upland crops. The soils are poor and degraded. Quang Tri in central VN 550 km from Hanoi, is located at boundary between northern and southern VN in a different climatic region from other sites, but suitable for upland crops. The soils are heavier and marginal. 3.1.2 Methods for doing the survey Method for choosing sample: In each province, three districts were selected, and in each district, 3 communes were selected. In summary, 27 survey points (communes) were selected. In each survey points, farmers were randomly selected for getting information. Method for getting information: Interviewing method was used for getting information. Besides of that the Participatory Rural Assessment (PRA) and questionnaire were also used for getting the information. The interviewed people were explained and trained before interviewed. The data were statically analyzed by using EXCEL program. 5 3.1.3 The data collection and analysis methods Participatory Rural Assessment (PRA) was used for collecting data. The investigator used questionnaire to get information from the leader of communes and farmers through directly interviewing them. The data were then statically analysed. 3.2 Investigation contents 3.2.1. Investigation of the current situation of sweet potato production The data were collected as follows - Area (ha) - Yields (tonnes/ha) - Total production (tonnes) - Crop system formula of sweet potato - Varieties - The application of intensive cultivation techniques 3.2.2. The usage and consumption of sweet potato - For human food - For animal feed - Sale in market - Processing IV. Research results 4.1. The situation of sweet potato production in the survey area 4.1.1. Land resources and the current situation of land usage at communes in the three provinces The results of survey in Table 1 show that the average population per commune ranged from 2708-8126 people. Quangxuong district of Thanhhoa province had the lowest population per commune (2708.8). On the other hand Tinhgia district of Thanhhoa had the highest population per commune (8126), followed by Hiephoa district of Bacgiang (7690) and Hailang district of Quangtri (5049). The average cultivated land per commune was various with districts and provinces, and it ranged from 169.8-439.4 ha. Vietyen district of Bacgiang province had the largest average cultivated land area per commune (666.9 ha), and Vinhlinh district of Quangtri had the lowest land area per commune (169,8 ha). The average sweet potato area per commune ranged from 10-61.3 ha. Dongson district of Thanhhoa province had the lowest average sweet potato area per commune (10.0 ha). On the other hand, Tinhgia district of Thanhhoa had the highest average sweet potato area per commune (75 ha), followed by Tanyen district of Bacgiang province (61.3 ha), Quangxuong district of Thanhhoa (54.7 ha) and Giolinh district of Quangtri province (47.6 ha). Table 1: Population, main labor, the average cultivated land and sweet potato land area per commune in 9 districts of 3 provinces Quangtri Thanhhoa Bacgiang Province/ districts Parameters GL VL HL TG QX DS TY VY HH Population 3947.7 3367.0 5049.7 8126.3 2708.8 3611.7 4223.1 5638 7690 6 Main labor 882.3 2418.3 3463.67 4221.7 1407.2 1876.3 1407.7 2796 3847 Cultivated land (ha) 439.4 169.8 210.0 1642.7 379.2 374.8 666.9 261.9 269.3 Sweet potato land (ha) 47.6 25.8 37.3 75 54.7 10.0 61.3 36.7 29.7 Note: GL = Giolinh district; VL= Vinhlinh district; HL = Hailang district TG = Tinhgia district; QX = Quangxuong district; DS= Dongson district TY = Tanyen district; VY = Vietyen district; HH = Hiephoa district 4.1.2. Growing season, the purpose of sweet potato production and suggestion Data in Table 2 show that in Thanhhoa and Bacgiang province sweet potato was mainly cultivated in the winter season. However, in Quangtri province, sweet potato was largely cultivated in the winter-spring season. In Quangxuong and Dongson district of Thanhhoa, sweet potato was also cultivated in the spring season. The results of survey on the purpose of sweet potato cultivation show that 100% of interviewed people indicated they grew sweet potato for getting leaves and stems to feed animals. About 30% of tubers were used as human food and 30% of tubers were used as animal feed. In communes of 3 investigated districts in Quangtri province, about 20% of tubers were used to produce food processing product called “Khoaigieo). About 10-20% tubers were boiled and used, and about 10% of tuber was sale in the market. The result of the investigation on people point of view about the cultivation of sweet potato in the future indicated that 100% of interviewed people agreed that there was a need for change in sweet potato cultivation in the near future. First, there was a need in the improvement of varieties, especially replace the old varieties by the new ones with higher yield and better quality. Beside of that 100% of interviewed people also advocated that along with new varieties, it was necessary to focus on the development of new and advanced cultivation technical procedure. Table 2: Percentage of sweet potato area in different growth season, the purpose for use of sweet potato products, and the attitude of people towards the improvement of new varieties and technology in the future Quangtri Thanhhoa Bacgiang Province/ districts Parameters GL VL HL TG QX DS TY VY HH Crop productions (%) Winter 0 0 0 75 100 100 100 100 100 Winter -Spring 100 100 100 25 0 0 0 0 0 Spring 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 Purposes for using sweet potato products(%) Using stem, leaf for animal feed 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Using tuber for food 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Using tuber for animal feed 30 30 30 50 50 50 50 50 50 7 Using tuber for processing “Khoai Gieo” a 20 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Using for cooking 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 Marketing 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Attitude of people towards the improvement of new varieties and technology in the future (%) No need 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Need 100 67 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 a sun-dried sweet potato slices Note: GL = Giolinh district; VL= Vinhlinh district; HL = Hailang district TG = Tinhgia district; QX = Quangxuong district; DS= Dongson district TY = Tanyen district; VY = Vietyen district; HH = Hiephoa district 4.1.3. The real situation on the usage of sweet potato varieties in 3 investigated provinces The result of collecting information on the use of sweet potato varieties in 3 provinces (Table 3) shows that in all 3 investigated provinces, there are 100% of communes growing old sweet potato varieties, with the exception of Tinhgia and Dongson districts of Thanhhoa where the new varieties were cultivated under 33-67% of sweet potato cultivated areas. The reason for planting old varieties: When was asked about the reason for the use of old varieties, 67-100 of interviewed people in Quangtri province said that old varieties tolerated rather well to drought, 33% indicated that old varieties had good quality, 33-67% agreed that the planting materials of old varieties was cheap, and 33% gave the opinion that old varieties tolerated well to pests and diseases. Table 3: Information on the use of sweet potato varieties in 3 investigated provinces Quangtri Thanhhoa Bacgiang Province/ districts Parameters GL VL HL TG QX DS TY VY HH The percentage of farmers growing varieties (%) New variety 0 0 0 67 0 33 0 0 0 Local variety 100 100 100 33 100 67 100 100 100 The reason for planting old varieties (%) High price 0 0 33 0 0 33 0 0 0 High yield 67 67 67 0 0 33 Drought resist 67 100 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 High quality 0 0 33 100 100 33 100 100 67 cheap seed 0 67 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 Less disease 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 The reason for planting new varieties (%) Yes 100 67 67 67 67 0 33 100 100 No 0 33 33 33 33 100 33 0 0 The source of getting information about new varieties (%) 8 Committee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Extension 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 0 Neighbors 0 0 0 33 0 33 0 0 0 Public information system 67 67 67 0 0 33 67 50 100 User’s Guide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Friends 33 33 33 0 0 0 33 50 0 The place for buying planting materials (%) Institute 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 0 Project 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Market 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Seed company 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Extension center 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 Neighbors 100 100 100 33 100 33 100 100 100 The activities in evaluation and selection of planting materials by farmers (%) Yes 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 0 67 0 67 0 0 0 The people or organizations carrying activities in evaluation and selection (%) commune 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 Farmer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Extension 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Note: GL = Giolinh district; VL= Vinhlinh district; HL = Hailang district TG = Tinhgia district; QX = Quangxuong district; DS= Dongson district TY = Tanyen district; VY = Vietyen district; HH = Hiephoa district In Thanhhoa province, 67% of interviewed people reported that old varieties had high yield, 33- 100% believed that these varieties had good quality, and 33% indicated that the planting materials from old varieties were cheap. In Bacgiang province, 67-100% of interviewed people said that old varieties had good quality. The reason for cultivating new varieties: When was asked about the use of new sweet potato varieties, up to 67% of interviewed people in Quangtri province answered that they got information from public information system (television, radio, paper …), while 33% informed that the information was acquired through friends and relatives. In Thanhhoa province, 67% of interviewed people reported that they got information about new varieties from agricultural extension workers, 33% from public information system and 33% from friends and relatives. In Bacgiang province, the number was 70% from public information system and 30% from friends and relatives. It is understood that in Quangtri and Bacgiang provinces, where the extension system has not been developed well, farmers get more information from public information system and friends. On the other hand, in Thanhhoa province that has extension systems developed well, more number of farmers got information from these systems. The place of buying planting materials: When was asked where they bought planting materials, nearly 100% of interviewed people answered that they bought from local markets or neighbors. However, about 67% of farmers in Dongson district, Quangtri province informed that they bought planting material through agricultural extension centers. 9 Activities in selection of planting materials: The activities in evaluation and selection of planting materials were still not considered important. In Quangtri and Bacgiang provinces 100% of planting materials was not evaluated and carefully selected. In Thanhhoa province, only 10% of communes carried out the activity in evaluation and selection of planting materials. 4.1.4. The technical procedure for multiplication of planting materials and cultivation The results of survey on the technical procedure for multiplication of planting materials and cultivation of sweet potato are presented in Table 4. Generally, the activities in selection and maintenance of pure planting materials have not been seriously considered. Almost 100% farmers in investigated communes used the poor planting materials. With the exception of districts in Bacgiang province, farmers in other provinces used planting materials that had been cultivated through more than 3 times. The methods of maintenance and multiplication of planting materials: 100% of farmers maintained and multiplied planting materials in their own garden by using the stems. There was no farmer using the tuber roots as the initiated source for the multiplication of planting materials. The use of different stem segments for planting materials: 100% of farmers often use the first and second stem segments for planting. Farmers did not use the third and fourth segments for planting. The method for planting sweet potato: 100% of farmers reported that they used the conventional techniques available in the locals for cultivating sweet potato. The new cultivation techniques for sweet potato had not been applied and seriously considered. Table 4: Information of technology for planting of sweet potato in three provinces for survey (% average of commune’s survey) Qungtri Thanhhoa Bacgiang Province/ districts Parameters GL VL HL TG QX DS TY VY HH Number of planting material generations used for planting (%) One time 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Two times 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Three times 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 More than 3 times 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 Method for multiplication of planting materials (%) By stems 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 By tubers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Types of stem segments used as planting materials (%) 1 st and 2 nd stem segments 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 3 rd stem segment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Techniques for planting (%) Traditional 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 New technology 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Note: GL = Giolinh district; VL= Vinhlinh district; HL = Hailang district TG = Tinhgia district; QX = Quangxuong district; DS= Dongson district TY = Tanyen district; VY = Vietyen district; HH = Hiephoa district 4.1.5. Growth season, cultivation area and yield of sweet potato in 3 investigated provinces The results of investigation in growth season, cultivation area and yield of sweet potato in 3 provinces are shown in Table 5. Table 5: Crop production, cultivation area and yield of sweet potato in 3 investigated provinces Quangtri Thanhhoa Bacgiang Province/ districts Parameters GL1) VL HL TG QX DS TY VY HH Winter season( ha)2) - - - 122,7 16,53 13,73 61,3 36,7 29,7 Planting time - - - Sep/Oct Sep/Oct Sep/Oct Sep/Oct Sep/Oct Sep/ Oct Time for harvesting - - - Dec or Jan Dec or Jan Dec or Jan Dec or Jan Dec or Jan Dec or Jan Yield (ton/ha) - - - 8,7 6,7 5,3 13,06 11,2 12,6 Winter-Spring season (ha) 47,6 25,8 37,3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Planting time Dec/.Jan Dec/ Jan Dec/ Jan - - - - - - Time for harvesting Jun/ Jul Jun/ Jul Jun/ Jul - - - - - - Yield (ton/ha) 8,0 8,0 10,7 - - - - - - Spring season (ha) 0 0 0 87,33 14,33 0.0 0 0 0 Planting time - - - Jan/ Feb Jan/ Feb Jan/ Feb - - - Time for harvesting - - - May/ Jun May/ Jun May/ Jun - - - Yield (ton/ha) - - - 14,0 11,32 7,33 - - - Summer-Autumn season (ha) 0 0 10 5 5 0 0 0 0 Purpose Multiply of seed Multiply of seed Multiply of seed - - - - Planting time - - Sep and Oct Apr and May Apr and May - - - - Time for harvesting - - Dec/ Jan Ju/ Aug Jul/ Aug - - - - Yield (ton/ha) - - 6,0 - - - - - - Note: 1) GL = Giolinh district; VL= Vinhlinh district; HL = Hailang district TG = Tinhgia district; QX = Quangxuong district; DS= Dongson district TY = Tanyen district; VY = Vietyen district; HH = Hiephoa district 2) Data represented the average cultivation area per commune in a district. [...]... percentage of farmers using machines for preparing their land was rather high in Dongson district of Thanhhoa province (100%) and Tanyen district of Bacgiang province (33%) The percentage of farmers preparing land by hand was high in all districts of Quangtri province (66%) Method for putting planting materials on soil: 100% of farmers in Quangtri and Bacgiang provinces planted sweet potato by putting the. .. that they faced difficulty in storage and processing of sweet potato after harvest The result of survey on the need of farmers growing sweet potato indicates that in Quangtri province, up to 67-100% farmers wanted to get help in cultivation technique training, food processing, storage, the maintenance of planting material training In Bacgiang province, 67100% of farmers needed to get help in these trainings... Quangtri province, 33% of farmers in Hiephoa district and 100% of farmers in Vietyen district of Bacgiang province reported that the low price of sweet potato product was their main concern On the other hand, the large number of farmers (67-100%) 16 indicated that the difficulty in sweet potato production was the high input, but the low consumption demand in markets Furthermore, 100% of farmers had opinion... spring crops In Quangtri province, sweet potato was mainly cultivated as the winter-spring crop On the other hand, in Thanhhoa and Bacgiang provinces, sweet potato was largely cultivated as the winter and spring crops, respectively • Farmers in all investigated localities really needed the new varieties with high yield and good quality accompanying with the advanced cultivation technical package • The. .. important • In the future, farmers need help from scientists and research organizations in many areas These include: replacing the old varieties by the new ones with high yield and good quality; training in techniques of cultivation, processing, storage and maintenance of planting materials as well • Sweet potato cultivation has brought the considerable economic return for farmers in all three investigated... province The yield was about 5.3-13.0 tons/ha Winter-spring growth season: In the winter-spring season, sweet potato was only planted in Quangtri province The planting time is from December to January and the harvest time is around June and July The Spring season: Sweet potato is mainly planting in Thanhhoa province The planting time is from January to February and the harvest time is around May and June... products in the city 13 With the exception of farmers in Quangxuong district of Thanhhoa, farmers often had difficulties in selling their products, especially farmers in Bacgiang and Quangtri provinces The high percentage (67-100%) of farmers in Quangtri faced problem of low price, while most of farmers in Thanhhoa (33-100%) and Bacgiang (100%) province had difficulty because of unstable price of their... district In Quangtri province, about 20% of tubers was used to produce the processing product called ”Khoaigieo” and sale in markets as the local special product There was no food processing products of sweet potato such as noodle, sweet potato paper as well as wines However, the farmers had applied the process of producing animal feed 14 through fermentation of sweet potato stems and leaves In Quangtri and. .. home and local markets However, the price was still low and not stable while the production cost was still high • Sweet potato processed products were still very simple and poor The stems and leaves were mainly used for animal feed Tubers were partly used for animal feed, for food and for other purposes Nevertheless, the processing products such as starch, chips and wines had not been produced and considered... help in these trainings In Thanhhoa province, however, only 3367% number of farmers needed these training It may be that the farmers in Thanhhoa province had better condition for reaching the new cultivation and food processing techniques The need for having better sweet potato varieties was high in all three provinces (67-100%) This need of farmers should be considerately considered, and more new varieties . Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development Commercial and High Quality Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops for Processing Purpose in the Northern and Central Vietnam (Project. The project "Development and Selection of Commercial and High Quality Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops for Processing Purpose in the Northern and Central Vietnam& quot; has as its objectives:. planting materials: 100% of farmers maintained and multiplied planting materials in their own garden by using the stems. There was no farmer using the tuber roots as the initiated source for the