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Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development CARD Project Report 027/06/VIE MS9+MS10: VALIDATION AND COMPLETION REPORT by Peter Vinden, Philip Blackwell and Phan Duc Chien August 2010 VALIDATION AND COMPLETION REPORT 5 OBJECTIVES 5 Objective Identify and define industry problems, needs and opportunities through a comprehensive survey and review the rural sawmilling industry 5 Objective Establish a facility for training and technology development 5 Objective Develop and conduct training programs to improve operator sawmilling and business skills for trainers and for mill operators 6 Objective Investigate demonstrate and recommend more appropriate or alternative technologies to improve industry performance 6 Objective Develop long-term strategies for industry development .7 Sustainability of project outcomes at institutional and operational levels 7 OUTPUTS 8 Extent to which project outputs and performance measures have been achieved 8 Impact of project outcomes on target beneficiaries 11 Sustainability and coverage of benefits 12 ACTIVITIES : Detailed completion of activities 13 Justification for non completed activities 14 Quality of activity achievements 15 OBJECTIVE 1 15 OBJECTIVE 2 15 OBJECTIVE 3 16 OBJECTIVE 4 17 OBJECTIVE 5 17 INPUTS 17 1. Policy Considerations: .19 THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL FOREST INDUSTRIES IN VIETNAM 19 Abstract 19 Background .19 The role of the National Forest Service 21 The conservation of tropical rain forests and native habitats 22 The establishment of “New Forests” to meet the needs and bridge the divide between city dwellers and rural settlers 22 Consolidating supply of raw materials .23 Consolidating domestic demand for wood products 24 Research 24 Education and training in forestry, wood science, timber engineering and furniture 26 Research training and education focus 26 Strategies to Assist Rural Sawmill Development in Vietnam 27 2. Appendix: 32 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF “NEW FORESTS” IN VIETNAM 32 Summary .32 Background 32 New Forests 33 3. Appendix: 37 FOREST INDUSTRIES 37 2.1 Energy required for processing 38 2.2 The link between trees, wood and architecture 40 2.3 The popularity of forestry and foresters 40 2.4 Conclusions 41 4. Appendix: 42 FOREST INDUSTRIES RESEARCH 42 Background .42 Research program 42 Program 1. INNOVATION 44 Carbon positive design (CPD); 44 Design for recycling, reuse and reassembly 44 Design durability 44 Program 2 FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE 45 Biochemical pathways for lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose biosynthesis 45 Lignocellulose fibre composition 45 Lignocellulose interactions 45 Chemical and physical modification of wood fibre 45 Program 3: NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES 46 Low temperature fast pyrolysis 46 Modification of bark and in situ tannin fixation to provide a physical and chemical sieve for waste capture of proteins, heavy metals and oil for recycling .46 Microwave modification of biomass .46 Plant-fibre polymer composites .46 Sawmilling, drying and preservation and furniture manufacture 47 Program Education and knowledge transfer 47 PhD student research projects 48 Masters course work programs .48 Software aids in Design 48 Policy development programs incorporating Carbon Positive Design .48 Patent protection of innovative technologies 49 Potential research partners .49 Potential End user organizations 49 5. Appendix: 50 CONSOLIDATING TRAINING AND EDUCATION 50 4.1 Training requirements 50 Survey of industry attitudes to training 50 4.2 6. Training Program Structure 52 Appendix: 53 RURAL SAWMILL DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM 53 Conclusions 58 VALIDATION AND COMPLETION REPORT This report provides a summary of project achievements presented according to CARD protocols and final recommendations to ensure ongoing development of rural forest industries in Vietnam. OBJECTIVES • Extent to which project objectives and performance measures have been achieved. Objective Identify and define industry problems, needs and opportunities through a comprehensive survey and review the rural sawmilling industry This has been achieved by establishing an inception meeting with stakeholders from industry, education and research institutes, government, bilateral and multilateral aid agencies. Detailed questionnaires were developed with input from the inception committee. Vietnamese project participants attended a training program in Australia to develop and refine survey methodology and review appropriate wood processing technologies. The industry survey and review was undertaken by a joint Vietnamese / Australian team in representative provinces, in cooperation with provincial Departments of Agriculture and Rural Development. The survey was conducted in the form of a participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Individual mills were visited and the following types of information sought from owners: log volume input, sawn wood output and grades, price and cost data, end‐use markets, equipment used, employee statistics, problems identified by owners, and owner’s views on development needs of industry. A complementary survey was also undertaken to include plantation growers to assess their views on markets and prices and sawn timber buyers to assess their views on sawn wood products purchased. The results were collated and a detailed report published. The findings were supplemented by a separate report outlining the current state of development of forestry and the forest industries in Vietnam, their contribution to the economy and rural development and potential to grow in the future. These reports were used as background to developing more detailed reports on individual sectors of the industry including sawmilling, wood drying, preservation, forest industries education and training, research and extension. Each of these reports has been completed. Objective Establish a facility for training and technology development Although this project did not directly establish a training facility, it has been instrumental in the training of Vietnamese researchers and trainers in Wood Science and Sawmilling. These people have used this training in the education of sawmillers and students as part of the extension work or training activities. The Lucas portable sawmill will further be used in the development of training programs to teach on the quality advantages of quarter‐sawn timber over the conventional flat sawn method. The Vocational School for Agriculture and Rural Development in Central Vietnam has undertaken the training and is now using the material with their students. The training facility in Dai Lai has been involved in the training and extension work with the rural sawmillers in their region. This extension program will continue as the researchers who have been trained are used in workshops and as a resource for forest growers and farmers. The establishment of a facility was extensively discussed within the project team and the recommendation was that a stand alone facility would be expensive to establish and run plus have limited number of people who would use the facility therefore the training of trainers was considered to be more beneficial and fit the project budget. Objective Develop and conduct training programs to improve operator sawmilling and business skills for trainers and for mill operators Structured programs of sawmill training for rural communities were developed based on the needs analysis identified in the survey of rural sawmills. The focus for this training was technical rather than training in business skills, since it was anticipated that this was the area of greatest need. However, participants have identified a need for training in business skills and this has been addressed in detailed curriculum developed for future courses. Course materials in the form of Technical Notes and overheads were developed for these courses. A “train the trainer” course was held in Australia for Vietnamese participants and again in Vietnam. Four sessions of rural training have been completed successfully by the CARD project and feed‐back obtained from course participants. Objective Investigate demonstrate and recommend more appropriate or alternative technologies to improve industry performance Detailed reports on each sector of the forest industries have been completed and recommendations made in relation to the suitability of alternative technologies to improve industry performance. Separate reports are provided on sawmilling, drying and preservation. The central question is whether the small horizontal band saw and vertical band‐saw can be replaced with more automated facilities to provide centralised processing. There is a chasm between the costs and operational needs of these small sawmills versus the next level of sophistication; an investment of $4,000 for the current rural sawmill versus 1‐2 million for the cheapest level of automated sawmill (for example the HEW sawmill). Automation brings with it the need for continuously available wood raw material of high quality, and a substantial improvement in worker productivity albeit at the expense of jobs. Value adding and expanding the utility of wood through preservation and correct drying using appropriate technologies are recommended instead of focusing on the replacement of small rural sawmills. The small rural sawmill provides infinite flexibility in providing primary conversion of the log. None‐the‐less substantial improvements in the operation of small rural mills can be achieved through a program of sawmill improvement. This report summarises recommendations from individual industry sectors in recommending specific technologies that can improve the long term viability of the industry. Objective Develop long-term strategies for industry development There has been an acceleration in the establishment of fast growing plantations of mostly Australian species (acacia’s and eucalypts). This has had very desirable impacts in reducing the exploitation of native forests. A very substantial rural sawmilling industry has developed based on this raw material that has had a significant impact on rural prosperity and the alleviation of poverty. At the same time the industry has met a growing need for construction and furniture timbers in the domestic market. However, the almost exponential proliferation of small inefficient mills using low quality roundwood with scant regard for quality or the technological needs of end‐using industries such as furniture has resulted in substantial over capacity, market uncertainties and haphazard raw material supply. There are currently very limited means for researching and establishing new technology or upgrading the skills of the work force. Detailed analysis of the sector provides a clear picture of an industry at a cross‐road that will either see a substantial decline in its fortunes or (depending on Government policy) and the future role of the Vietnam Forest Service, a substantial expansion in activity, particularly in value adding in domestic furniture and construction, with employment and prosperity for the rural sector. Long‐term strategies are developed in this report to improve productivity of rural sawmilling through new technologies that are relevant to expanding value adding. Analysis of the sector identifies its importance and the need for long term policies directed towards improving the availability and quality of plantation grown logs specifically for the rural sector. Training, education, research and extension cannot be looked at in isolation. Similarly long term forest operations relating to maintaining biodiversity, conservation of rare and endangered species, reclamation of degraded land improving water quality and the provision of recreational areas and conservation of areas of historical significance etc, should not substitute or diminish responsibility for integrating areas of production forests that can in the future maintain the viability of rural areas and provide rural industries of the future. Thus the long term strategy adopted in this report unashamedly recommends the involvement of Government and the Vietnam Forest Service as an active player in the production of commercial plantations specifically to meet the needs of rural industries. There will be counter arguments that production forests are not a public utility and as such should not be a government activity, that it should be left to the private sector. For Vietnam’s rural poor such an argument is hardly relevant. The strategy developed in this report is for the development of “New Forests”, forests that are grown as close as possible to large cities to meet a multiple of objectives; to provide an interface between the urban dweller and rural poor. Research investment into forest industries is expanded to focus on best international practice and global issues such as greenhouse and the role that forest industries can play in reducing the carbon foot print through substituting the use of non‐renewable resources such as steel and oil, whilst at the same time providing the infrastructure needed to assist the adoption of new technologies by the rural sector. Sustainability of project outcomes at institutional and operational levels The Vietnam Forest Service is the logical institution that should be given long‐term carriage of the aims of improving operator skills and technology in small rural sawmills in Vietnam. Recommendations are provided in this report for the expansion and reorganisation of Forest Service activities to service these needs, through the provision of training programs, research and extension. The recommendations are fairly radical in nature primarily because current servicing of the rural sector is almost completely absent. The infrastructure (trained personnel and equipment) needed for servicing the sector is also almost non‐existent. The CARD project has been successful in identifying how important the rural industry is and will become in meeting domestic needs for furniture and construction and the future prosperity of the rural sector. The CARD project has provided a framework for research, education, training and extension as well as much of the resources (technical notes and overheads) needed to provide ongoing training. The sustainability of future outcomes in this sector will depend on how successfully the Forest Service can realign its objectives in relation to the rural sector and how effective it is marshalling new resources to expand and train the workforce needed OUTPUTS Extent to which project outputs and performance measures have been achieved All outputs, milestones and deliverables as defined in the original proposal have been achieved and are highlighted in table 1.Delays were experienced in meeting most of the completion dates. This arose primarily as a result of delays from the University of Melbourne in signing the original agreement. This resulted in unplanned re‐sequencing of activities. The unfortunate and untimely death of John Fryer who championed the project also left an enormous operational gap for the project. John was responsible for managing project logistics and activities in Vietnam. Philip Blackwell was appointed as a volunteer replacement for John Fryer and has been located within the Vietnam Forest Service (Hanoi). This filled the gap experienced in managing project activities. Further delays arose from unanticipated internal changes and reorganisation within the University of Melbourne affecting the availability of staff The objective of installing a horizontal bandsaw was changed instead to a vertical bandsaw following a review of the efficiency of the relative technologies in sawing small logs. An internet repository of all technical reports relating to the CARD project was established to assist transfer and review of documents between Australia and Vietnam. It was decided that making the internet connection available publically should wait until: • • • All documents had been translated into Vietnamese CARD had approved and accepted each of the documents Future responsibility for on going extension following completion of the CARD project had been finalised. This activity is discussed below. Table Milestones and Deliverables Output Milestones 1. 2 Milestone description Deliverables: comments Contract signing Contract completed 6‐monthly progress reports Four reports, accepted by and project completion report AusAID completed 3, 6 monthly reports and 1 completion report completed Objective 1: to identify & define industry problems and opportunities through a comprehensive survey and review the rural saw‐milling industry Outcome milestone Deliverables Milestone description comments Meeting of interested parties Output1. Inception meeting organised completed and network of organizations and companies involved in the project established. Formation of the project Steering Steering Committee completed Committee established; questionnaire designed and survey operations designed. Baseline Survey undertaken in Draft report completed completed South, Central and North Vietnam Meeting of stakeholders to Survey report completed and completed finalise recommendations and recommendations finalised review objectives. Objective 2: establish a facility for training and technology development Portable mill operational Electronic web page designed for cluster groups Output 2. Evaluate and purchase portable mill for training Web page operational Block training courses and dates defined and advertised to target audience. Meeting of stakeholders to review progress and objectives. Brochures completed and disseminated Report including recommendations for further conduct of project Changed design of mill to focus on Lucas sawmill rather than horizontal band saw Confidential web‐ page to hold all technical reports completed. completed completed Objective 3: Develop training programs to improve saw‐milling and business skills for trainers and for mill operators Output 3 Block training courses for trainers defined and held in Australia. Output 4. Block training courses for trainers held in Vietnam Output 5. Course design for block delivery in Central Vietnam and lecture notes completed. First training course for saw millers in Vietnam Output 6. Block training courses for trainers in Australia completed and evaluated. Training handbook for trainers drafted. Block training courses for trainers completed in Vietnam and evaluated. Training handbook for trainers drafted. Course notes translated into Vietnamese. Completed. Handbook providing Technical notes and overheads completed completed Course conducted and evaluated, evaluation report completed Technical notes completed and are now being translated into Vietnamese. Meeting with stakeholders delayed until translation is completed Detailed recommendations completed in final Validation and completion report. Meeting to be held with stakeholders once translation is completed Output 7 Meeting of stakeholders to review course note material and training the trainer’s manual Review report circulated to stakeholders Output 8 long term impact and benefits assessment of training on selected saw millers Assessment report considered by advisory committee, recommendations for further training directions Objective 4: investigate, demonstrate and recommend on more appropriate or alternative technologies to improve industry performance. Output 9. Evaluate techniques for improving the performance of Vietnamese manufactured horizontal band saws. Output 10. Determine optimum drying parameters for key plantation species. Establish housekeeping protocols for reducing fungal degrade logs and sawn timber. Review technologies and need for preservative treatment Compare technology needs for central versus decentralised sawmilling. Output 11. Output 12. Output 13. 10 Portable saw mill modified & tested. Technical report completed Technical report completed Vertical bandsaw substituted for horizontal bandsaw Technical report completed completed Technical report completed Technical report completed completed completed completed flooring, louvered doors, roof tiles and decorative trim, house sidings, railway sleepers etc. The most commonly used plastic used as a binder is high density polyethylene (both virgin and recycled). Others include polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, ABS Polymer, and PET. Wood fillers (plant fibres or particles) can make up approximately 60% of the finished product. Some limitations of plant‐fibre composites include: • • • • • Their sensitivity to water. Natural fibres absorb water. This results in swelling. Their sensitivity to decay processes. Whilst encapsulation of the fibre with plastic increases the lag associated with fungal colonisation, the material is still non‐durable and susceptible to decay in external applications. The poor wetability and bonding between polymer and wood. The poor flow characteristics of wood plastics following heating. The addition of up to 60% wood fibres or particles to the plastic increases the viscosity and friction associated with subsequent blow moulding or extrusion. The current unsuitability of using plant fibre plastics for structural applications because of creep under load considerations. The research program should focus on 3 aspects: (i) Chemical modification of wood fibre to impart dimensional stability and decay resistance. Standard techniques, for example acetylation and furfuralisation, as well as novel technologies will be used to impart improved properties. (ii) Surface activation technologies will be evaluated for imparting good bonding between the polymer and wood. In addition, where fibres are used rather than wood particles, alignment of fibres will be encouraged during the extrusion process in an attempt to improve the structural performance and creep resistance of the plastic composite. (iii) Microwave heating technologies will be employed to achieve better flow characteristics of the wood plastic during moulding and extrusion processes to accelerate industrial processing. Recent work undertaken at the University of Melbourne using microwave technology for PET plastic bottle extrusion indicated a 5‐fold acceleration in blow moulding. Sawmilling, drying and preservation and furniture manufacture Sawmilling drying and preservation are essential elements of traditional forest industries Detailed documents have been prepared identifying research training and education needs based on an extensive survey of the current Vietnam rural forest industries. The focus is on the development of a domestic furniture manufacturing sector. Program Education and knowledge transfer The value of government engaging in forestry and the forest industries is several fold. It has already been stated that forestry and the forest industry sectors lag behind many others; that its performance in most parts of the world is indicative of an industry in decline and suffering market failure. A decision has to be made in Vietnam as to whether forestry and the forest industries are important and whether they are essential in an era where global warming and reducing oil resources start influencing Vietnam’s prosperity. If it is decided that forestry and the 47 forest industries are important then the future development of these sectors can’t be left to market forces. The Government will have to intervene and provide leadership in developing a vision of these sectors in Vietnam. Implementing such a strategy needs a well resourced forest service and to this end, if resources are invested in developing an effective forest service, then part of the strategy should be the development of a comprehensive forestry and forest industries training program. If no such vision is developed then the initiative should be left with existing education and training providers where market forces will continue to ensure that there is no serious commitment or investment in these sectors. If the forest service is given carriage for kick starting training programs in forestry and forest industries, then the forest service should be given responsibility for ensuring that education and training stakeholders are engaged in the program. A detailed curriculum for a training program in forest industries is developed in Section 5. PhD student research projects PhD student research projects should focus on specific academic objectives defined within each program. Students and the student research program should be managed from the key forestry universities located in Hanoi and Ho‐chi minh City. Co‐supervision should be made available from suitable industry and research partners. The National Forest Service and Forest Products Research Laboratory has a major role in this regard and students should be selected and encouraged to fill the gaps identified in each of the programs defined under Forest Industry Research Program. Opportunities should also be available for conducting part of the PhD research program in an overseas institution. Training courses will be provided in experimental design, carbon positive design, IP protection strategies, interpersonal skills and research management. Masters course work programs Masters course work programs in value added manufacturing (incorporating Carbon Positive Design) should be established with collaboration involving international university partners. Software aids in Design Software aids in Design represents a major strategy of the Centre. Policy development programs incorporating Carbon Positive Design Policy development programs incorporating Carbon Positive Design should be established with suitable partners established through bilateral aid projects for example through AusAid or ACIAR. 48 Patent protection of innovative technologies Patent protection of innovative technologies should be established as appropriate to assist commercialisation strategies. Potential research partners One of the primary goals is to achieve a more direct working relationship between the forest service and universities in Vietnam. There is potential for enormous synergy between the two groups. Other research groups need to be selected based on their focus on wood in architecture, design skills and linkages to life cycle analysis and chemical engineering skills. Six research organizations is considered optimum. Potential End user organizations • • • • • • • • • • Furniture manufacturers Pulp and paper companies Land owners o Sugar Cane producers o Agriculture o Horticulture o Forestry Composite product industries Sawmilling drying and preservation companies Architects Engineering companies National Architectural organisations Provinces / Federal and regional Government Departments Water Boards 49 Appendix: CONSOLIDATING TRAINING AND EDUCATION The survey analysis of past training experience in forest industries in Vietnam (Blackwell et al 2010) poses a serious problem, firstly because of the low incidence of staff and labour working in sawmills receiving any training, secondly because literacy levels in this industry are very low, thirdly because of the number of sawmills indicating that the quality of training was a problem and fourthly because of the number of enterprises that felt that the training available wasn’t relevant to their needs. On the positive side, 73% of enterprises indicated interest in receiving training. 4.1 Training requirements Survey of industry attitudes to training A summary of industry attitudes towards current training in wood processing is summarised below. Data has been amalgamated for all regions (i.e., North, Central and South). Table Survey analysis of past training experience by sawmills % Staff receiving training in the past 13 Enterprises interested in receiving training 73 Enterprises indicating that the quality of existing training courses was a problem 53 Enterprises indicating that the training in the past wasn’t relevant to their needs 63 Table 1 illustrates very clearly that employees of rural sawmills have received very little training in the past. What training was potentially available was mostly irrelevant to their perceived needs and the quality of training that was available in the past was potentially poor. However, it should be noted that given the low number of staff receiving training, the perception of “poor quality” was probably based on here‐say rather than experience. The low quality of training and the relevance of the training that is provided rank very high in terms the problems identified by the industry and probably accounts for the low uptake of training that is provided. The loss of labour arising from staff attending training courses is also a significant factor indicating that training provision should be mobile and centre around clusters of mills. Table Survey analysis of training problems Training Problems Low quality of training. Fees are too high Loss of labour The training is not relevant Training is not suited to the equipment The distance is too far for training 50 Ranking 73 40 63 20 13 The equipment at the institute is too old The same questionnaire attempted to prioritise the topics that enterprises felt were important. The topics have been ranked in order out of 10 based on the priority accorded by those enterprises interested in receiving training (table 3.). Table Ranking of training topics Topic Ranking Further manufacturing 13.4 Saw Sharpening 12.2 Sawmill Practices 11.8 Marketing 11.5 Business management 9.1 Air Drying 9.1 Preservation 8.7 Equipment 8.7 Kiln drying 7.5 Wood properties 4.7 Sawmill safety 4.0 Saw maps 3.2 Sawmill owners clearly identify further manufacturing as the highest priority, followed closely by saw sharpening, sawmill practices and marketing. We believe that this highlights concerns on the part of sawmill owners who are focussing on how they can add value to their current sawmill businesses, through better hands‐on skills; how marketing can improve their sales performance and how their day to‐day performance can be lifted through improved saw sharpening and better sawmill practices. A second tier of skills focuses on business management, drying (air drying followed by kiln drying), preservation and equipment handling. Fundamental knowledge of wood as a raw material and OH&S were ranked as a low priority. Similar surveys conducted in Australia, the US and Europe would potentially have ranked training these in these topics as most import. There is possibly a lack of appreciation of the value or need of such information in understanding practical forest industry operations, the value of solving problems from first principles. Such information provided by the survey is valuable in highlighting where demand for courses will arise. Clearly a strategy that identifies these topics as study areas in their own right would be unsuccessful and highlights a need for weaving the principles of wood‐science, OH&S and saw maps to the more practical skills identified by the survey. Technical notes and overhead presentations developed for the industry. • • • • Further Manufacturing Sawmilling Drying Wood preservation 51 The priorities for enterprise management comprise marketing and business management. Neither of these requirements has been provided by this project primarily because at the start of the project it was anticipated that both need and market demand was orientated towards providing a better understanding of the technological requirements for processing wood. However, given the demand for further knowledge of these important disciplines a curriculum has been developed in a separate report on training to provide the rudiments of enterprise management. These elements include: • • • • • • • • Information Technology and Communication. Project Management. Leadership and Working in Teams. Service Quality. Occupational Health & Safety. Managing Staff Financial Management for Resource Ind. Forest Products Marketing 4.2 Training Program Structure There are natural groupings for subjects to provide intermediate qualifications. Ideally a National Certificate, National Diploma and National Advanced Diploma leading to articulation in undergraduate qualifications. 52 Appendix: RURAL SAWMILL DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM An overview of Vietnam’s forest industries and domestic market requirements is provided as a detailed separate report (Chien et al 2010). Salient points are as follows: • • • • • • • • • Sawn timber production in Vietnam exceeds 2 million m3 /annum. Wood exports rank fifth in importance behind crude oil, textiles, footwear and seafood Exports increased on average by 43% annually between 2000 and 2008. Vietnam has become the 4th largest global manufacturer and exporter of furniture that together with handicrafts are exported to over 100 countries. Domestic production of timber is supplemented by significant imports of unprocessed logs. Fifty‐three percent of logs processed in Vietnam are imported. The value of timber imports exceeds US$1 billion. Vietnam uses 11 million m3 of wood / year of which 57% is used for sawn timber for producing outdoor and indoor furniture and construction timber. The percentage end‐ use of acacia produced by rural sawmills (derived from questionnaires directed at small rural sawmills, Blackwell et al (2009 highlights also the importance of the domestic markets for furniture production. Domestic production of raw logs from plantations is expected to grow substantially following the Vietnamese Governments objectives (1998) of establishing a 5 million hectare reforestation program. Various estimates (e.g. MARD, 2010) estimate that by 2020, Vietnam could be capable of supplying 20 million m3 annually. Currently domestic wood production from plantations is expanding at about 10% / annum. This has offset a reduction in the availability of wood from natural forests. Seventy‐five percent of the current harvest from plantations comprises acacia spp. This percentage is expected to increase. The plantation rotation age for acacia is approximately 7‐8 years. Logs have a small average diameter of approximately 250 mm. This analysis highlights a number of important attributes impacting on future directions for the industry. Firstly the forest products industry is an important export earning sector that should continue to expand in the future. Protocols need to be in place to ensure that pests and diseases are contained and are not imported with unprocessed logs. Control methods need to be in place pending outbreaks of timber and forest diseases. • • Export of furniture and crafts requires similar safeguards i.e. inspection to ensure that exports are free of any pests that may lead to barriers being imposed because of potential infection risks in the importing country. There is increasing international awareness of the importance of containing and minimizing risks of disease transfer between and within national boundaries. Domestic production of timber destined for high value uses such as furniture manufacture or export needs to be free from sap‐stain that may arise during log handling and transport. 53 • There is an unrealized market potential for domestic timber production to be used in construction. Realisation of this potential demand needs to be preceded with the implementation of some preservative protection against termites and decay that will be required for sapwood protection. Results of an intensive survey undertaken of the rural saw-milling industry engaged in the processing of acacia and eucalyptus species Vietnam identified that approximately 90 % of the rural sawmills operating in Vietnam are family businesses Ten percent are private companies The growth in rural sawmills has been relatively recent Of all the sawmills interviewed none had been in operation longer than 18 years The average time that sawmills had been in operation was 5.3 years thus indicating that the expansion of the rural saw-milling industry has been very recent This probably reflects the maturing of acacia plantations that forms the raw material base for this industry and the freeing up of the economy to promote entrepreneurial activity Sources of business finance were primarily from existing family businesses with funds supplied ranging from VDN 25-700 million (average VDN 165 million), Private finance loans ranged from VDN 2-2500 (average VDN 144.7) and relatives VDN 10-100 (average VDN 43.6) None of the sawmills interviewed had received government grants for establishing enterprises Sources of funds between regions ranged enormously Banks loans were more prevalent in the Central Vietnam (on average VDN 259 million), whereas the average loan in the North was VDN 50 million and VDN 48 million in South Vietnam The total estimated investment in rural sawmill equipment was VND 335,300 million The average investment in each saw milling enterprise was VND 161million in the North, VDN 150 million in Central Vietnam and VDN 249 million in the South of Vietnam The survey identified that a large number of the rural mills only operated part time Table Region North Central South Percentage number of sawmills operating full time Full time operation 25 52 47 However, of those mills that indicated that they were operating full time a large number identified reasons as to why there were substantial periods of down time Key issues comprised: • • Lack of a continuity in the supply of logs and Inconsistent markets. Other reasons identified included: • • • • That they only supplied local needs that were seasonal or That they supplied specialised end uses such as coffins, joinery etc. Bad weather and Inconsistent power supply. Despite a potential over capacity for sawing the available raw material and inadequate markets, 44% of sawmills indicated either plans to expand or a wish to expand their activities Target expansion areas were primarily furniture manufacturing (78% of respondents) of whom 21% 54 indicated that they would like to focus on high value export markets Other markets included handicrafts, and kiln drying of timber Reasons forwarded for identifying these potential opportunities related to a perception that there were substantial market opportunities in these particular sectors The main obstacles hindering expansion related primarily to a lack of funding followed by the lack of available skills Other issues included the availability of quality raw material, lack of good managerial skills, a lack of knowledge and unstable market conditions In most instances, there was a perception that there was an expanding market for furniture and that expansion into such areas would stabilise demand for sawn timber Saw-milling equipment (horizontal and vertical bandsaws) have been manufactured almost exclusively in Vietnam A few mills were imported from China Most of the mills surveyed owned only mill Mill expansion usually involved purchasing addition mills Most sawmills also owned circular saws These have been introduced more recently for recutting flitches into sawn timber for furniture and other end uses Virtually all mills had rudimentary saw doctoring capability The equipment was purchased new However, skills in saw doctoring varied enormously between mills None of the mills surveyed indicated any modifications to purchased equipment indicating that in general the saw-milling equipment was suitable for the sawing of acacias Only 12% of mills surveyed have plans to upgrade equipment Emphasis on replacement focused on: • • • Purchasing vertical bandsaws because these were more suitable for sawing small logs, Establishing furniture manufacturing equipment, Replacing old circular saws. Further processing undertaken by sawmills to add value include: • • • • Air‐drying. Only a third of all sawmills engage in drying. Kiln drying is undertaken by relatively few mills, although a number of mills send their timber to enterprises that specialise in kiln drying, Preservative treatment was being conducted by 13 enterprises Integration of sawmills into manufacturing was reported and focused mainly on furniture (16 companies) pallet making (9 companies) and construction (9 companies). Those companies involved in kiln drying were experiencing very serious problems particularly in relation to drying to a consistent moisture content and identifying suitable drying schedules for eucalypts and some native species. The Australian team observed some larger enterprises who were not covered by the terms of this survey have invested heavily in kiln drying equipment. These kiln were not operated correctly and results for the more difficult to dry species were unsatisfactory, the main cause was lack of training of the operators and limited understanding of the principles of timber drying. Discussions with the kiln operators revealed a genuine interest in learning and getting an understanding of how they could improve the quality of the finished products. Log storage times at the sawmill were on average 1 month in the South 1.1months in Central Vietnam and 0.6 months in the North. The total elapsed time from tree felling and transport to the log storage yards was not identified. However, storage in extreme cases at the log yard was reported to be as long as 6 months. Strategies need to be implemented to streamline the logistics of supply to reduce log storage time particularly given the incidence of decay that was reported by 29% of respondents. Log supply was identified as a problem for 57% of respondents, mainly because of “availability”. The wet season also compounded the problem 55 often resulting in a discontinuity in supply. Research needs to address the whole question of log supply. Techniques need to be developed to reduce sap‐stain including proper housekeeping techniques at the sawmill to lift logs off the ground and provide timely rotation of the stockpile. This is needed to avoid the development of a decay environment in the yard. The biggest problem (25% of respondents) in relation to log quality was the presence of sweep (i.e. bent logs). Inevitably sweep resulted in the crosscutting of logs into short lengths. The most common log length was 2.4 metres. Just over 60% of the sawmills interviewed in the survey processed acacia species (Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis). The minimum log diameters specified comprised 10cm (24%), 12cm (59%) and 15cm (17%). These sawmills reported volumes of between 2 and 300m3 of logs milled per month with prices paid between 0.6 and 2.5 million VDN per m3. Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus urophylla were sawn in 38 % of sawmills, about 25% of the volume of acacia species. Ten sawmills indicated the use of other plantation species. Six were sawing Pine; one was sawing Khaya tonkinensis; three were sawing rubberwood with one of these mills also milling Sau, Rieng and Dieu. Only two sawmills in the north indicated the use of imported logs with a combined consumption between 3‐6m3 per month. The conversion efficiency of sawlogs into sawn timber was very consistent between regions, 53%, 50% and 53% respectively for the North, Central and Southern regions. These recovery rates are high given the small diameter of logs and indicate that the sawmill technology is relatively efficient in maximising value from the logs. The recovery results calculated would be considered to be very high, this may be due to the method of using the volume of sawn timber as a percentage of the volume of logs. All sawmills used a flat sawing method which gives the greatest recovery and width were usually the maximum possible and may contain wane (The presence of bark or lack of wood from any cause on the edge or corner of a piece of wood. ) on one or both edges. An end use analysis of timber derived from the survey highlights the dominance of furniture manufacturing and construction. Table End uses of acacia sawn timber in Vietnam by region End use Total Vietnam North Central South Furniture 42% 57% 48% 27% Construction 26% 34% 28% 21% Flooring 2% 2% 5% 0 Pallets / Crates 24% 2% 19% 42% Unknown 1% 1% 1% 0 Other 5% 5% 0 10% TOTAL 100% 100% 100% 100% These statistics highlight a very high proportion of timber being used in furniture manufacture, particularly in North and Central Vietnam. In the South, pallets and crates dominated the market. The percentage end‐use contrasts with other markets, for example Australia, Europe 56 and North America, where timber in construction would tend to dominate the market (probably greater than 70% whereas furniture and packaging might comprise and 15 and 5% each). The current analysis indicates that there is potential for substantial market expansion in the construction and building industries In construction, timber is used mostly for formwork (shuttering for concrete). This is a relatively low value (but important) end use and the life cycle for the product is relatively short. Pallets and crates representing 51% of the market in South Vietnam comprise low value markets. Timber is usually rough sawn with no value adding in terms of drying or machining. Quality requirements for this market are also relatively low. Once again the life cycle is relatively short. Furniture and flooring represent high value markets. Expansion in these markets is hampered by an apparent shortage of suitable logs. Limitations in the availability of longer logs, which is also frustrated by the logistics of transport and man handling will also limit market development in construction. There is an expectation that the domestic furniture market will continue to develop as marketing and distribution become more sophisticated and better quality logs become available. Approaches to providing longer lengths of timber have been addressed to some extent by State enterprises in Hanoi by introducing finger jointing. The technology (imported from China) is relatively cheap and appears to be successful. Short random lengths of sawn timber are purchased from a myriad of sawmills located in the Hanoi area for drying and reprocessing into longer lengths. Customers specify quality requirement. Forty‐eight percent of saw millers who answered this question indicated that there are quality requirements that they have to meet. Forty‐two percent of respondents indicated that they work by agreement. Only a relatively small number of mills (11%) indicated that they have sawing tolerances. Nine percent work to agreements. The presence of stain in timber, whilst a very prevalent defect, was either not considered as being important, or was tolerated as being inevitable. Only 8% of respondents indicate that there are limits placed on the amount of stain and only 3% have stain limits specified in agreements or contracts All respondents to the survey completed a swot analysis (strengths weaknesses, opportunities and threats). To a greater extent many of the strengths were also identified as weaknesses Strengths included: • • • • Cheap labour Experience Easy to run business Cheap equipment Weaknesses • • • • • Technology and equipment is old Lack of knowledge in marketing, business and management skills Lack of finance Unstable market demand Space for expansion is limited 57 Opportunities • • • • • Expanding into furniture manufacture Government policy that allows a sawmill to run its own business Increasing plantations Increasing demand for products Open markets. The opportunities identified were similar between each of the regions. There was a sentiment that the industry was becoming better known to the general public; that the work associated with wood processing was in general relatively easy to learn; that a culture of shared learning could be achieved and that the business was relatively cheap to invest in. Threats • • • • • • • • • • Competition Unstable markets Policy change Unstable log supplies Safety, Unstable log supply, Simplicity of products Lack of skilled workers, Small size of business Limited investment funds Conclusions The survey provides a snap‐shop of a rural industry that has expanded very rapidly in the last decade following the maturing of acacia and eucalypt plantations. There are similarities in the responses to the survey conducted in North, Central and South Vietnam. The expansion has arisen as a result of government policy that has encouraged entrepreneurship and market freedom, a cheap labour force, cheap raw materials (logs), cheap robust saw‐milling equipment that has coped with the relatively small diameter logs and a Vietnamese work ethic that has succeeded in building an important rural industry that has flow on benefits to the local community. The first question that arises is whether the “old fashioned” saw‐milling equipment has served its purpose and whether more sophisticated saw‐milling equipment should be encouraged. In the short and medium term the answer to this is probably no. Sawmill efficiency (conversion of logs into sawn timber) is amazingly high given the quality of logs that are available to most of the rural sawmills. It is unlikely that an improvement in yield could be achieved by introducing more sophisticated equipment. Secondly a very high proportion of sawmills are not operating to full capacity. Equipment breakdown was not identified as a core reason for equipment working below capacity; rather raw materials supplies and inconsistent markets were identified as primary reasons. Higher cost more sophisticated sawmills would exacerbate this problem. The capital cost for establishing a horizontal Vietnamese sawmill is very low, US$3‐4,000. The fact that the sawmill is not operating to capacity is unimportant in terms of paying off capital, 58 whereas the introduction of more sophisticated in‐feed and out‐feed systems and automation would see more than a hundred fold increase in the capital investment needed. This changes the nature of the business from being low cost, rural, part time, seasonal and flexible to being full time, ideally 3‐shift, inflexible, labour reducing industrial production. Transportation costs for logs to larger fewer mills would increase. Many of the locations currently used by small horizontal sawmills would be totally unsuitable for expansion into larger mills since many are on sites that can’t expand or are located adjacent to dwellings. Visits to a number of integrated forest industry complexes in Central and South Vietnam, that were established in the last 2‐3 years to produce very high quality furniture, solely for export identified some very interesting features. Firstly, there was a very high level of occupational health and safety applied to workers. Secondly, very high quality logs of beech and oak from Germany; oak from Russia; cherry and pine from the US, teak from the Philippines and tropical hardwoods from South America etc. were being imported as raw materials for furniture manufacture. Thirdly, some of the most sophisticated computer controlled furniture manufacturing equipment (in one enterprise valued at $US80million) had been imported for manufacturing knockdown furniture components for export. Saw milling however, employed a bank of Vietnamese horizontal sawmills (in one case, 20 horizontal bandsaws in a row) to provide primary conversion of very high value logs into high value sawn timber for subsequent processing into high‐value quality furniture. Very clearly it would be relatively easy to write a case for employing a US$2‐5 million sawmill complex to undertake this function. Such a decision had not been made primarily because the cost of 21 horizontal bandsaws is still a fraction of the cost of a fully integrated sawmill and the conversion rate achieved using the horizontal mill coupled with low labour costs couldn’t justify such an investment. On balance at this point in time there is no justification for trying to encourage a departure from the rudimentary home‐ grown saw milling equipment currently being used. Improvements can be made to the Vietnamese bandsaw type mills and these are highlighted in a separate report. Fourthly, value added kiln drying and wood treatment facilities had been established, as well as very well maintained air‐drying practices. This is elaborated below. Potentially there is no value to be achieved from the government providing financial incentives for establishing more low cost sawmills. The investment needed to establish new mills is low and is best left to market forces. However, at the same time as the survey was conducted audits were undertaken of kiln drying operations. Many of the kilns inspected were imported and of high quality. In addition Vietnamese manufactured kilns ranged from being well‐designed units that met the requirements for drying acacia and eucalypt species, through to poor quality in‐ house built units, which produced questionable quality material. However, operation of these all kilns was sub‐optimal due to the failure to use fairly basic drying principles and utilisation of standard monitoring equipment (i.e. wet bulb sensors) to ensure correct operation. In other words drying was achieved using an oven or ‘hot box’ rather than a properly controlled dry kiln. The inevitable consequences of this resulted in drying degrade, non uniform moisture content and / or over drying. This is a training issue since most of the kilns audited had the equipment available for monitoring relative humidity via wet bulb sensors which inexplicably at times had 59 been disconnected. Most drying operation failed to use baffles. This inevitably led to inefficient energy use and variable wood moisture content both within and between boards, on completion of drying. In addition their appeared to be a lack of adherence to species‐specific drying schedules. Whether the best kilns are being used for Vietnamese conditions is also an issue (a research and technology transfer issue). Whilst many sawmills interviewed in the survey identified kiln drying as a business opportunity, clearly there is not enough sawing capacity for each individual mill to justify establishing its own drying facilities. Air‐drying requires a great deal of skill and a surprisingly low percentage of sawmills engage in air‐drying. Space is an issue for many mills as is training in air‐drying practices. There is also a question of the minimum moisture content that could be achieved using air‐drying. It is anticipated that this would be approximately around or just below fibre saturation point (fsp). The utilisation of solar drying technology is considered to be a viable and economic alternative option. Initial research results indicate that significant savings can be obtained. All of these issues have been reported separately and recommendations made to facilitate an industry improvement in drying. High quality seasoning and drying are prerequisites for successful furniture manufacturing. Many small rural sawmills have their sight set on furniture manufacturing as a logical extension of their sawmill activities. Sap stain, decay and insect attack are important issues in Vietnam primarily because of climate. As soon as a tree is felled it becomes susceptible to this rapid process of colonisation. The lesson is that trees should be left standing until the supply processing chain has been organised and timetabled. Both the survey and quality auditing of the stored logs and finished products indicate an industry–wide problem. Sap‐stain is common in logs. Pines and rubber‐wood are particularly vulnerable to sap‐stain, much more so than acacias and eucalypts. But it is still a problem with these species. Apart from the delays in log transport, other issues identified include proper housekeeping of logs at the mill site; the need in some severe cases for prophylactic treatments at the sawmill to alleviate stain and decay. A high volume of acacias is used in furniture and the survey indicates that this market will continue to grow and substitute the use of acacias in low value uses such as packaging, crates, boxes etc. Much of the domestic furniture uses a dark lacquer finishes. This is an effective strategy in masking stain in wood. However, as the market expands, fashion may change to bring about a demand for furniture that displays the intrinsic species characteristics. This is the case for short clear lengths of rubber wood for export. The market requires a light colour. Export rubber‐wood is inevitably preservative treated to prevent sap stain. Ten years ago this would have involved treatment with relatively high concentrations of PCP (Pentachlorophenol – (5%) mixed with borax‐ (1.5%). Fortunately given the dioxin impurities in PCP this practice appears to be history and treatment now focuses on the use of boric acid plus borax that is benign from an environmental and human toxicity perspective, although the preservative is still quite toxic to fish. Given the trend towards using acacia for furniture, preservative treatment is potentially not an issue for most sawmills. A visit to a treatment plant manufacturer in South Vietnam identified that highly sophisticated treatment plant was being manufactured. The owner of the foundry was concerned about potential future markets for the plant and this concern is probably justified. A separate report produced by the research team highlights needs in terms of training and research; the opportunities for niche markets in treated timber and round wood for construction, but also the 60 design of a simple treatment plant that can be used by rural sawmills without exposing workers or the environment to toxic chemicals. Occupational Health and Safety is a key issue for rural sawmills. Fortunately the survey identified less of a problem in terms of accidents than was anticipated given some of the work practices and the total absence of any work‐place control for the prevention of accidents. These issues have been evaluated, reported and recommendations made to improve the working environment. Survey results as to sawmill owner preferences in relation to training, placed a low priority on OH&S. Whilst this could possibly be justified based on survey results, issues such as noise and dust were not considered by the survey of owners but were audited at the time of the survey. Long‐term health issues (nose, lung capacity hearing and eye‐sight) are of concern. Implementation of current Vietnamese legislation in relation to OH&S needs to be taken on board by mill owners. OH&S training is obviously one of the key strategies in implementing change in the work place. Future education training and research needs is reported separately but takes into account the findings from the survey. Clearly apart from the basic elements of training in wood processing, this survey identifies a clear demand for training in business, bookkeeping, marketing and management. The survey provides some quantification of the basic needs of rural saw milling in Vietnam. The exercise provides invaluable information from which strategies can be developed for improving the performance of the industry. Key issues identified by the survey that require further investigation include the lack of information in relation to log supply. This is an issue that needs to be addressed by the Vietnamese Forest Service. Secondly the inconsistent market demand reported by many sawmills needs to be addressed. This needs an industry wide or cluster approach to providing collective information and quality standards and finally, mechanisms to promote the development of value adding industries such as kiln drying and furniture manufacturing. 61 ... further responsibility for future initiatives to stakeholders and inception committee. 14 Quality of activity achievements It is potentially inappropriate for the project team to comment on the quality of activity achievements. The quality of work ... almost exponential proliferation of small inefficient mills using low quality roundwood with scant regard for quality or the technological needs of end‐using industries such as furniture has resulted in substantial over capacity, market ... repository of all technical reports relating to the CARD project was established to assist transfer and review of documents between Australia and Vietnam. It was decided that making the internet connection available publically should wait until: • • • All documents had been translated into Vietnamese