Báo cáo khoa học nông nghiệp " Improving traditional integrated farming systems (VAC) – a new livelihood option for poor farmers in the coastal communities - Milestone 5 " ppt

Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development Collaboration for Agriculture & Rural Development Milestone Appraisal Report 027/07VIE Improving traditional integrated farming systems (VAC) – a new livelihood option for poor farmers in the coastal communities Milestone 5: Status report on the establishment of three improved VAC systems September 2009 1 System design In the first year of the project, three (3) households were chosen for demonstration purposes These three households were chosen based on various selection criteria which were unique and representative of the local area The main features of these three demonstration households were limited land, high nutrients discharged from animal production system (pigs mainly) into the existing water bodies, and willingness of the households to adapt new technologies and extend them to other households One demonstration household was located in Nghe An (Quynh Luu) and other two in Quang Tri (Trieu Hoa and Trieu Lang) The new technology incorporated introduction of a new high-value specie and establishment of a new water recirculating culture system which is expected to have no discharge into the existing water body (pond) The discharge (waste) from the new recirculating system is planned to be used in the production of earth worms, which in turn can be fed to fish and used for horticulture purposes The water recirculating VAC fish production system at each household consisted of one culture tank with biofiltration and waste collection tanks and an associated earth worm house The proposed design for each component of the system is shown in Figures - Figure 1: Proposed design for aquaculture system and system housing Figure 2: Proposed design of earth worm culture system and housing Figure 3: Proposed design of sediment tank for aquaculture system Figure 4: Proposed design of biofilter for aquaculture system Establishment and operating costs and aquaculture production status 2.1 Establishment costs (investment) Initial establishment for the system including tanks for fish, water storage and filtration, is presented in Table Table 1: Establishment costs of demonstration system at each household (I - III) No I Date 9/9/2008 20/09/08 12/10/2008 12/10/2008 26/08/08 II 28/8/08 29/8/08 14/10/08 14/10/08 12/9/2008 28/8/08 29/8/08 14/10/08 14/10/08 III Content Quynh Luu – Nghe an Cement, steel Palm leaves, bamboo Brick, stones, concrete columns Labor and electricity Well and install device for pump Total Cost (VND) 5,310,000 5,193,000 8,940,000 10,200,000 3,100,000 32,743,000 Trieu Hoa - Quang tri Brick, sand, stone, wood and bamboo Cement, steel Labor and electricity Cement Piro, nail, top brick Cost for well Total 9,158,000 5,625,000 9,850,000 5,433,500 1,500,000 31,566,500 Trieu Lang - Quang tri Brick, sand and stone Cements and steel lines Labors Cement pipro cement nail, top brick Total Total for three systems 7,200,000 5,350,000 7,750,000 5,433,500 25,733,500 90,043,000 2.2 Operational cost Operational costs for the systems include; the electricity required for pumping water, fingerlings, feed, probiotics and labor The largest proportion of the cost is feed (trash fish or earth worms) Trash fish is relatively expensive and is an unreliable source of food The operational costs of the system established at each demonstration household are outlined in Table Table 2: Operation cost of the three demonstration systems Cost (VND) Items Quynh Luu – Nghe an Trieu Hoa – Quang tri Pump (electricity) Fingerling Feed Probiotics Labor Total 56.000 13.140.000 18.200 3.200.000 2.080.000 Trieu LangQuang tri 2.3 Production status Initially two systems (Trieu Long and Trieu Hoa) were stocked with eels (Anguilla mamorata) and one (Quynh Luu) with snake head (Channa channa) However, as a result of poor fingerling quality, all eels in the Trieu Hoa system died one month after stocking the tank The system was subsequently restocked with snake head The production status of the Quynh Luu and Trieu Hoa systems in 2008 is outlined in Tables and Table 3: Production status of the Quynh Luu (Mr Tung) system QUYNH LUU Days of culture Total of fish Average weight (g) Total weight (g) Daily Feeding (kg) Total feed used (kg) Amount for feed (VND) Pumping cost (VND) Pumping time/day (hr) Electricity cost /unit (VND) Gross profit (VND) Amount 80 124 232 28768 2.5 200 800000 56000 700 12945600 Table 4: Production status of the Trieu Hoa (Mr Thieu) system TRIEU HOA Days of culture Total of fish Average weight (g) Total weight (g) Daily Feeding (kg) Total feed used (kg) Amount for feed (VND) Pumping cost (VND) Pumping time/day (hr) Electricity cost /unit (VND) Gross profit (VND) Amount 52 6000 18.6 111600 5.5 286 1430000 18200 0.5 700 6696000 Assessment of recirculating (closed) production system and levels of nitrogenous waste The water quality parameters of the Trieu Hoa and Quynh Luu systems are shown in Tables and Tank system included a biofilter and therefore, a lower level of nitrogenous waste was expected in these systems when compared to the ponds which did not include any filtration systems Table 5: Water quality parameters for the system in Trieu Hoa (tank water is treated (biofilter); pond water is untreated) Parameter Water temp (oC) pH DO (mg/L) AlK Hd H Total Ammonia (mg/L) NO2 (mg/L) NO3 (mg/L) PO4 (mg/L) PO4 total (mg/L) 20/11/08 Pond Tank 24.4 8.02 6.45 80 6.7 1.01 0.4 1.25 0.05 0.16 23.6 7.82 4.34 80 6.5 0.15 0.25 0.7 0.05 0.15 29/11/08 Pond Tank 24.2 8.05 7.43 78 1.05 0.35 1.1 0.1 0.2 23.4 7.78 4.75 80 6.6 0.2 0.2 0.55 0.04 0.2 7/12/2008 Pond Tank 23.2 7.89 6.78 80.2 0.95 0.35 0.85 0.06 0.15 22.1 7.87 4.54 80 6.5 0.25 0.2 0.5 0.05 0.2 25/12/08 Pond Tank 23 8.1 5.67 79 7.3 1.03 0.45 0.95 0.15 0.25 20.1 7.85 3.55 81 6.7 0.3 0.15 0.45 0.45 0.1 Table 6: Water quality of tank in Quynh Luu system Parameter Water temp.(oC) pH DO (mg/l) AlK Hd H Ammonia total (mg/l) NO2 (mg/l) NO3 (mg/l) PO4 (mg/l) PO4 total (mg/l) 30/10 25.7 7.76 4.35 70 6.5 0.05 0.05 0.25 0.05 0.08 14/11 24.6 7.78 3.56 73 0.05 0.05 0.32 0.07 0.15 29/11 24.3 7.83 4.32 80 5.7 0.1 0.1 0.35 0.06 0.1 7/12 22.3 7.76 4.37 78 6.5 0.15 0.15 0.42 0.05 0.15 25/12 20.5 7.82 4.3 74 6.6 0.25 0.3 0.57 0.08 0.25 Water parameters were within acceptable ranges for fish health and growth Examination of dead fish suggested that the mass mortality of eels one week after stocking was a result of transportation and poor fingerling quality Lessons learned for adjustment in design and operation of VAC models in Year • If farmers are not financially supported by the project, it is unlikely that they will be convinced to invest • It must be demonstrated to the farmers that although initial investment is high, proper design and installation of the system will ensure future profits with minimal maintenance • A simple system design is recommended • Water supply for the system is generally not an issue • Intermittent electricity supply must be taken into consideration for system design and operation Alternatively, a generator could be included in the system design however, this would increase the initial investment and running costs • Biofiltration is only required at critical times or when water supply is limited The supply water for the system established in Trieu Lang-Quang Tri (Mr Sinh) is of relatively poor quality and provides a good example of a situation where biofiltration should be used • With the increase of cost for inclusion of biofiltration to the system stocking of a high valued fish species is recommended • Inclusion of a biofilter is most suitable for systems nursing fry and fingerlings A biofilter improves water quality and therefore reduces the risk of pollution and disease outbreaks which, at present is the bottle neck for the aquaculture nursery industry • For some species, such as snake head, a filtration is enough to maintain high growth rate of the fish (Binh, is this supposed to say ‘no’ filtration…?) • Eels may not a suitable species as; i fingerlings are collected from the wild which is no longer sustainable, and ii method of collection (electric shock or bait-hook fishing) generally leads to damaged stock and/or high mortality 10 New VAC Guidelines Manual Conditions applicable to the improved VAC system; • Suitable for farms where ponds are non-existent or, exist but are of an area less than 200m2 particularly in areas of limited access to water, • Availability of raw materials (eg manures from cattle and/or poultry in the area), • Suitable for culture of fresh and brackish water species • Recommended for high value species Table outlines the system requirements for each species Table 7: Species and culture conditions Species Snake head • • System requirements Cement tank (area = – 40 m²; height = 60 – 70 cm, surrounded with net) Suitable for farms without ponds and unskilled farmers Feed with earth worms or trash fish Goby fish • • • Cement tank/ponds (area= – 40 m²; height = 60 – 70 cm) Salinity – 12%0 Feed with earth worms or trash fish Grouper • • • • Cement tank/ponds (area= – 40 m²; height = 1.2 – 1.6 m) High quality of water (especially DO and BOD) Bio-filter Feed earth worms or trash fish Fry/Fingerling nursing • • Cement tank/ponds Bio-filter is recommended as the production cycle is short (ie – weeks depending on species) Feeding with earth worms is recommended • • Design and operation The actual design and operation of the three improved VAC systems installed at each of the three locations are outlined below Technical notes for the successful culture of earthworms are also included 6.1 Aquaculture system 11 12 13 6.2 Earth worm culture The initial step to establish an earthworm culture is to add a few egg-capsules or worm “seeds” to a culture medium of earthworm food in some kind of container or bed (eg a tin can, a small wooden box, a compost heap, or a specially designed culture bed) The culture must be kept moist and shaded 6.2.1 House • Rearing container area should be 20 – 30 m², depending upon the local situation • The rearing container should be located at a distance of 50cm from the house wall • House wall should be made of bamboo, or jute materials • The vertical frame of the house should consist of concrete columns while the horizontal frame should be made of bamboo • The suggested material for the roof of the house is palm leaves Piro or plastic are other suitable options 6.2.2 Culture technical notes • Available sources of culture medium include cattle and poultry manures and by-products, such as straw plant wastes from agriculture • Rearing container 14 Containers should be in a suitable and convenient location that is, close to manure, away from strong and direct sunlight and in an area not prone to flooding The container floor plays an important role in maintaining the quality of the culture medium It is suggested that the floor should be made of cement-sand or plastic to maintain moisture, protect from ants and protect from external water sources that may lead to water logging • Temperature The range of temperature should be between 20oC - 30oC When temperature decreases in winter, grass or banana leaves can be applied to cover the surface to maintain temperature and prevent mass mortality Light can be applied to increase temperature • Moisture High moisture content of the culture medium is required for optimum growth so regular spraying of containers with water is recommended When ambient temperature is high, spraying of the culture medium should occur at least two times per day • Light Cultures should be protected from sun light In areas where total avoidance of sunlight is unfeasible sedge mat, straw, or leaves can be used to cover the container surface However, well ventilated conditions surrounding the culture should be maintained • Gas CO2, H2S, SO3, NH3 are particularly toxic Earthworms are highly sensitive to NH3 from urea waste and thus manures should be treated before use • Food kg of worms requires – kg manure (wet weight) daily Manure can be sourced from cow, buffalo, goat, pig, duck, chicken, straw or other organic materials Fresh manure from cow or/and buffalo is highly recommended Before using any type of manure as a food source, ammonia should be at least partly removed A recommended diet/culture medium for earthworms includes 50% straw, sugar waste, sawdust; 20% plant by-product; 30% manure from either cow or pig 15 ... to flooding The container floor plays an important role in maintaining the quality of the culture medium It is suggested that the floor should be made of cement-sand or plastic to maintain moisture,... Rearing container area should be 20 – 30 m², depending upon the local situation • The rearing container should be located at a distance of 50 cm from the house wall • House wall should be made... 0. 25 0.3 0 .57 0.08 0. 25 Water parameters were within acceptable ranges for fish health and growth Examination of dead fish suggested that the mass mortality of eels one week after stocking was a