Materials science and engineering  physical process, methods, and models

Rafi ei, Maghsoodlou, B Noroozi, and A K Haghi 2 Affi nity Separation of Enzymes Using Immobilized Metal Ions

University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

The Polymer Materials Research Department, part of the Membranes’ Applications Research Group at the Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), is located in the Scientific Research and Technological Applications City (SRTA-City) in New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt, 21934.

N M Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Kosygina 4, 119334 Moscow, Russian Federation Tel.: (7-495) 939 71 40; Fax: (7-495) 137 41 01

S Mohy Eldin, A Abu-Saied, E.A Soliman, and E.A Hassan 3 Satellite Imaging for Assessing the Annual Variation of Fish Catch in

The Polymer Materials Research Department, part of the Membranes’ Applications Research Group at the Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), is located in the Scientific Research and Technological Applications City (SRTA-City) in New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt, focusing on innovative research in polymer materials and their applications.

N.M Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Kosygina 4, 119334 Moscow, Russian Federation Tel.: (7-495) 939 71 40; Fax: (7-495) 137 41 01

O Mohan, B Meenakumari, A K Mishra, D Mitra, and T K Srinivasa Gopal 4 Mechanisms of Catalysis with Binary and Triple Catalytic Systems

Veraval Research Centre of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Bhidia, Veraval, Gujarat, E- mail: comohan@gmail.com

I Matienko, V I Binyukov, A Mosolova, E M Mil, and G E Zaikov 5 Synthesis of Synthetic Mineral-Based Alloys Liquation Phenomena

N.M Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Kosygina 4, 119334 Moscow, Russian Federation Tel.: (7-495) 939 71 40; Fax: (7-495) 137 41 01; E-mail: matienko@sky.chph.ras.ru

Director General (Fisheries), ICAR, New Delhi

Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Department Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun

AFM method Atomic-Force Microscopy method

ATNMRI Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute BEM Boundary Element Method

CTAB Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (Me 3 (n-C 16 H 33 )NBr) CZCS Coastal Zone Color Scanner

DSMC Direct Monte Carlo Simulation

IMAC Immobilized Metal-Ion Affinity Chromatography

MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

MSt Stearates of alkaline metals (M= Li, Na, K)

Ni(Fe)ARD Ni(Fe)AcireductoneDioxygenase

NNG Nuclear grade Natural Graphite

NSG Nuclear grade Synthetic Graphite

PEDA Phosphorus-Boron-Nitrogen-Containing Oligomer PEH Phenyl ethyl hydro peroxide

UV-spectrum Ultra Violet-spectrum

ZnO Nano Zinc Oxide e t n axial viscous normal stress, N/m 2 e t t pressure, N/m 2 l mean segment length, m χ aspect ratio σ electric field ϕ fiber orientation angle ν jet velocity, m 3 /s y(j,l) length distribution τ rr dielectric constant of the jet, N/m 2

A accumulation built up within the system A(s), S current density, m 2

C consumption used in system volume

G generation produced in system volume h distance from pendent drop to ground collector

I input entering through the system surface

O output leaving through system boundary P’ polarization

U e normal electric force, V v kinematic viscosity

The tangential electric force influences the behavior of M β Galactosidase and Bovine Serum Albumin, impacting the surface tension of fluids The Lagrangian axial strain and the slope of the jet surface are critical factors in understanding fluid dynamics Additionally, surface tension, fluid density, viscoelastic stress, and the relaxation time of polymers play essential roles in the overall properties of the fluid system.

This volume showcases the latest advancements in materials science and engineering, focusing on advanced materials and innovative tools for characterizing and predicting material properties It plays a crucial role in the progression of materials science at both macro and nanoscale levels The book aims to present original theoretical insights and significant experimental findings that employ unconventional methodologies, often unfamiliar to typical readers Additionally, it features chapters on novel applications of established experimental techniques and analyses of complex issues that highlight the necessity for new experimental strategies.

The book is for professors and instructors of specifi c teaching courses, students and postgraduate students focusing on adhesive interaction im- provement, and industry professionals working in materials science

Chapter 1 introduces a novel computational-based approach to nanostructured materials, utilizing multiscale material and process modeling across extensive time and length scales This innovative method aims to mitigate the high costs and investment risks associated with designing and producing multifunctional nanomaterials By integrating physical and microstructural data into the design process, computational nanomaterials research holds the promise of significantly lowering development costs for advanced applications.

Chapter 2 is focused on metals immobilization, and selected membranes with highest sulphonation degree were immobilized.

The study presented in chapter 3 was undertaken with the objective of evaluating the correlation of the chlorophyll a and sea surface temperature derived from the satellite MODIS.

Mechanisms of catalysis with binary and triple catalytic systems is in- vestigated in chapter 4.

Synthesis of synthetic mineral-based alloys liquation phenomena of differentiation is reviewed in chapter 5.

The aim of chapter 6 was to study structural changes in siminals, specifi cally raw hornblendite materials, under shock impact.

Chapter 7 focuses on developing fire-retardant coatings using perchlorovinyl resin that exhibit enhanced adhesive properties for the protection of fiberglass plastics The chapter details research findings on how a modifier, specifically a phosphorus-boron-nitrogen-containing oligomer (PEDA), and a filler, namely thermally expanded graphite, affect the physical, mechanical, and fire-retardant characteristics of these coatings.

Chapter 8 focuses on assessing the impact of nano ZnO on the engineering properties of bitumen and asphalt concrete mixtures The authors conducted various tests, including penetration grade, softening point, ductility, and rotational viscometer tests on modified bitumen with four different concentrations of nano ZnO Additionally, they performed repeated load axial tests on asphalt concrete mixtures with three varying amounts of nano ZnO Utilizing the experimental data alongside numerical analysis via Matlab Software, the authors developed two experimental models to predict the creep behavior of both conventional and modified asphalt mixtures with optimal nano ZnO under different temperature and stress conditions.

Microstructural complexity of natural and synthetic graphite particles is reviewed in chapter 9.

S RAFIEI, S MAGHSOODLOU, B NOROOZI, and A K HAGHI

1.4 Introduction to Theoretical Study of Electrospinning Process 25

1.5 Study of Electrospinning Jet Path 27

1.7 Modelling of The Electrospinning Process 33

1.10 Applied Numerical Methods gor Electrospinning 80

Nanostructure materials production is a complex and innovative process that incorporates new methods such as self-assembly and self-replication The rapid advancement of nanotechnology, combined with modern computational and experimental techniques, enables the design of multifunctional materials and products for everyday use Examples include smart clothing, portable fuel cells, and medical devices Research in nanotechnology originated from applications beyond daily life, grounded in discoveries in physics and chemistry, which are essential for understanding the physical and chemical properties of molecules and nanostructures to effectively control them.

A novel approach in the development of nanostructured materials involves computational-based methods that utilize multiscale material and process modeling across various time and length scales This innovative strategy addresses the high costs and significant investment risks associated with designing and producing multifunctional nanomaterials By incorporating physical and microstructural insights into the design process, computational nanomaterials research can substantially lower the development costs of new nanostructured materials, making them more accessible for demanding applications.

Nanofibers, a significant type of one-dimensional nanomaterials, are widely produced through the electrospinning process However, the unstable behavior of the liquid jet during this method often leads to random fiber collection, highlighting the need for better control To streamline the study of electrospinning jet dynamics, modeling and simulation are proposed as more efficient alternatives to experimental approaches This chapter emphasizes the modeling and simulation of the electrospinning process from various perspectives By integrating an existing mathematical model that treats the jet as a mechanical system with viscoelastic elements, a numerical method was developed to assess the applicability of the electrospinning modeling equations The simulations successfully predict critical parameters of the electrospinning process, yielding results that align well with other numerical studies focused on the axial direction of the process.

Understanding the nanoworld is a crucial frontier in modern science, with nanotechnology poised to significantly impact the economy This field encompasses technologies at the nanoscale, involving the production and application of systems from individual atoms to submicron dimensions, and their integration into larger systems The potential of nanotechnology is expected to be transformative, akin to the impacts of semiconductor technology and information technology, influencing various sectors such as materials, manufacturing, nanoelectronics, and healthcare in the early twenty-first century.

[6], energy [7], biotechnology [8], information technology [9], and na- tional security [10] It is widely felt that nanotechnology will be the next Industrial Revolution [9].

As far as “nanostructures” are concerned, one can view this as objects or structures whereby at least one of its dimensions is within nano-scale

Nanoparticles are zero-dimensional nano-elements, representing the most basic form of nanostructures In contrast, nanotubes and nanorods are one-dimensional nano-elements that serve as building blocks for more complex nanostructures.

Nanoplatelets and nanodisks are two-dimensional elements that play a crucial role in the construction of nanodevices, akin to the relationship between a building and a machine While nanostructures primarily form structures, they can also serve as significant components of devices For instance, a carbon nanotube can function as the tip of an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), classifying it as a nanostructure, but it can also be utilized as a single-molecule circuit or as part of a miniaturized electronic component, thus qualifying as a nanodevice Consequently, the classification of these nano-elements hinges on their function and structure, which will be explored in greater detail in subsequent sections.

Nanostructures distinctly define the dimensions of solids, but the term "nanomaterials" can be ambiguous Sometimes, it refers to materials that are nano-sized, while other times it describes bulk materials containing nano-scaled structures Additionally, nanocrystals represent a category of nanostructured materials, where the entire crystal is nano-sized, although the repetitive unit may not be.

Nanomagnetics, a type of nanostructured material, are recognized for their highly miniaturized magnetic data storage capabilities and exceptional memory performance This advancement leverages electron spin for memory storage, a concept commonly referred to as "spintronics." In the field of nanobioengineering, the unique properties of nanoscale materials are harnessed for various bioengineering applications, driven by the naturally occurring nanofibrous and nanoporous structures found in the human body Additionally, molecular functionalization plays a crucial role by modifying the surfaces of objects through the attachment of specific molecules, enabling functions such as chemical sensing and filtration based on molecular affinity.

M Ignatova and M N Ignatov 7 Investigation of Effi ciency of the Intumescent Fire and Heat

F Kablov, N A Keibal, S N Bondarenko, M S Lobanova, and A N Garashchenko 8 Mechanical Performance Evaluation of Nanocomposite Modifi ed

Volzhsky Polytechnical Institute (branch), Volgograd State Technical University, 42a Engelsa Street, Volzhsky, Volgograd Region, 404121, Russian Federation, E-mail: vtp@volpi.ru; www.volpi.ru

N.M Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Kosygina 4, 119334 Moscow, Russian Federation Tel.: (7-495) 939 71 40; Fax: (7-495) 137 41 01; E-mail: matienko@sky.chph.ras.ru

Director General (Fisheries), ICAR, New Delhi

Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Department Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun

The Polymer Materials Research Department at the Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI) focuses on the research and development of membrane applications Located in the Scientific Research and Technological Applications City (SRTA-City) in New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt, this group aims to innovate in the field of polymer materials.

AFM method Atomic-Force Microscopy method

ATNMRI Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute BEM Boundary Element Method

CTAB Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (Me 3 (n-C 16 H 33 )NBr) CZCS Coastal Zone Color Scanner

DSMC Direct Monte Carlo Simulation

IMAC Immobilized Metal-Ion Affinity Chromatography

MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

MSt Stearates of alkaline metals (M= Li, Na, K)

Ni(Fe)ARD Ni(Fe)AcireductoneDioxygenase

NNG Nuclear grade Natural Graphite

NSG Nuclear grade Synthetic Graphite

PEDA Phosphorus-Boron-Nitrogen-Containing Oligomer PEH Phenyl ethyl hydro peroxide

UV-spectrum Ultra Violet-spectrum

ZnO Nano Zinc Oxide e t n axial viscous normal stress, N/m 2 e t t pressure, N/m 2 l mean segment length, m χ aspect ratio σ electric field ϕ fiber orientation angle ν jet velocity, m 3 /s y(j,l) length distribution τ rr dielectric constant of the jet, N/m 2

A accumulation built up within the system A(s), S current density, m 2

C consumption used in system volume

G generation produced in system volume h distance from pendent drop to ground collector

I input entering through the system surface

O output leaving through system boundary P’ polarization

U e normal electric force, V v kinematic viscosity

The tangential electric force, M β Galactosidase, and Bovine Serum Albumin significantly influence the surface tension of fluids Key parameters include the Lagrangian axial strain, slope of the jet surface, and surface tension, which are essential for understanding fluid dynamics Additionally, the density of the fluid and viscoelastic stress play crucial roles, along with the relaxation time of the polymer, in determining the behavior of these fluids.

This volume showcases the latest advancements in materials science and engineering, focusing on the development of advanced materials and innovative tools for characterizing and predicting material properties and behaviors It plays a crucial role in the evolution of materials science at both macro and nanoscale levels The book aims to present original theoretical and significant experimental findings that utilize unconventional methodologies, often unfamiliar to typical readers Additionally, it features chapters on novel applications of established experimental techniques and analyses of composite issues, highlighting the necessity for new experimental approaches.

The book is for professors and instructors of specifi c teaching courses, students and postgraduate students focusing on adhesive interaction im- provement, and industry professionals working in materials science

Chapter 1 introduces a novel computational-based approach to nanostructured materials, utilizing multiscale material and process modeling across extensive time and length scales This innovative method addresses the high costs and significant investment risks associated with designing and producing multifunctional nanomaterials By integrating physical and microstructural data into the design process, computational nanomaterials research can substantially lower development costs for advanced applications.

Chapter 2 is focused on metals immobilization, and selected membranes with highest sulphonation degree were immobilized.

The study presented in chapter 3 was undertaken with the objective of evaluating the correlation of the chlorophyll a and sea surface temperature derived from the satellite MODIS.

Mechanisms of catalysis with binary and triple catalytic systems is in- vestigated in chapter 4.

Synthesis of synthetic mineral-based alloys liquation phenomena of differentiation is reviewed in chapter 5.

The aim of chapter 6 was to study structural changes in siminals, specifi cally raw hornblendite materials, under shock impact.

Chapter 7 focuses on developing fire-retardant coatings using perchlorovinyl resin, emphasizing enhanced adhesive properties for fiberglass plastics It details research findings on how a modifier made from phosphorus-boron-nitrogen-containing oligomer (PEDA) and thermal-expanded graphite filler affects the physical, mechanical, and fire-retardant characteristics of these coatings.

Chapter 8 aims to assess the impact of nano ZnO on the engineering properties of bitumen and asphalt concrete mixtures The authors conducted various tests, including penetration grade, softening point, ductility, and rotational viscometer (RV) tests on modified bitumen with four different concentrations of nano ZnO, as well as repeated load axial (RLA) tests on asphalt concrete mixtures with three different concentrations Utilizing experimental results and numerical analysis through Matlab Software, the study proposes two experimental models to predict the creep behavior of both conventional and modified asphalt mixtures with optimal nano ZnO under varying temperature and stress conditions.

Microstructural complexity of natural and synthetic graphite particles is reviewed in chapter 9.

S RAFIEI, S MAGHSOODLOU, B NOROOZI, and A K HAGHI

1.4 Introduction to Theoretical Study of Electrospinning Process 25

1.5 Study of Electrospinning Jet Path 27

1.7 Modelling of The Electrospinning Process 33

1.10 Applied Numerical Methods gor Electrospinning 80

Nanostructure materials production is a complex and innovative process that incorporates new manufacturing approaches such as self-assembly and self-replication The rapid advancement of nanotechnology, combined with modern computational and experimental methods, enables the design of multifunctional materials and products for everyday use Applications include smart clothing, portable fuel cells, and medical devices Research in nanotechnology originated from discoveries in physics and chemistry, highlighting the importance of understanding the physical and chemical properties of molecules and nanostructures for effective control.

A novel approach to developing nanostructured materials involves computational-based methods that utilize multiscale modeling across various time and length scales This technique aims to mitigate the high costs and risks associated with designing and producing multifunctional nanomaterials By integrating physical and microstructural data into the design process, computational nanomaterials research can significantly lower development expenses for new materials tailored for demanding applications.

Nanofibers, a significant type of one-dimensional nanomaterials, are primarily produced through the electrospinning process However, a key challenge of this method is the unstable behavior of the liquid jet, leading to random fiber collection To address this issue, achieving precise control during the process is crucial Modeling and simulating the dynamics of the electrospinning jet can expedite the study compared to traditional experimental methods This chapter emphasizes the modeling and simulation of the electrospinning process from various perspectives It explores the applicability of established electrospinning modeling equations by integrating an existing mathematical model that treats the jet as a mechanical system with viscoelastic elements, facilitating the development of a numerical method The simulation demonstrates the capability to predict essential parameters of the electrospinning process, with results aligning well with other numerical studies that focused on axial modeling of this technique.

Understanding the nanoworld represents a significant frontier in modern science, primarily due to the economic potential of nanostructure-based technologies Nanotechnology encompasses a range of applications at the nanoscale, involving the creation and use of physical, chemical, and biological systems from individual atoms to submicron dimensions, and their integration into larger systems Its anticipated impact on the economy and society in the early twenty-first century is expected to be as transformative as that of semiconductor technology and information technology Research in nanotechnology is poised to yield breakthroughs in various fields, including materials and manufacturing, nanoelectronics, and healthcare.

[6], energy [7], biotechnology [8], information technology [9], and na- tional security [10] It is widely felt that nanotechnology will be the next Industrial Revolution [9].

As far as “nanostructures” are concerned, one can view this as objects or structures whereby at least one of its dimensions is within nano-scale

Nanoparticles represent the simplest form of nanostructures, classified as zero-dimensional nano-elements In contrast, nanotubes and nanorods are one-dimensional nano-elements that serve as the building blocks for more complex nanostructures.

Nanoplatelets and nanodisks are two-dimensional elements that play a crucial role in constructing nanodevices, akin to the relationship between a building and a machine In the nanoscale realm, these nano-elements are not merely structural components; they can serve significant functions within devices For instance, a carbon nanotube can function as a tip for an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), classifying it as a nanostructure Conversely, the same nanotube can also operate as a single-molecule circuit or as part of a miniaturized electronic component, thereby qualifying as a nanodevice Thus, both the function and structure of these nano-elements are vital for determining their classification within the field of nanotechnology Further details on this classification will be explored in subsequent sections.

Nanostructures distinctly define the dimensions of solids, but the definition of nanomaterials is less clear Sometimes, a nanomaterial is simply a material at the nanoscale, while other times it describes bulk materials containing nanoscale structures Additionally, nanocrystals represent a category of nanostructured materials, where the entire crystal is nano-sized, though its repetitive unit may not be.

Nanomagnetics are advanced nanostructured materials recognized for their high-capacity magnetic data storage, leveraging electron spin for memory, a concept known as spintronics In the field of nanobioengineering, the unique properties of nanoscale materials are utilized for various bioengineering applications, inspired by the naturally occurring nanofibrous and nanoporous structures found in the human body Additionally, molecular functionalization plays a crucial role by modifying the surfaces of objects with specific molecules to facilitate functions like chemical sensing and filtration based on molecular affinity.

Tiêu đề	Physical Process, Methods, and Models
Tác giả	Gennady E. Zaikov, A. K. A. Haghi, Ewa Klodzinska
Trường học	Apple Academic Press
Chuyên ngành	Materials Science and Engineering
Thể loại	hardbound

Định dạng
Số trang	300
Dung lượng	7,52 MB