Các chiến lược thuyết phục trong các bài diễn văn tranh cử tổng thống của hillary clinton và donald trump trên bình diện phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán ttta

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYEN THI THANH THANH PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH POLITICAL SPEECHES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 9220201 DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES (A SUMMARY) DANANG – 2023 This thesis has been completed at University of Foreign Language Studies, The University of Da Nang Supervisor: Dr Ngũ Thiện Hùng Dr Lê Thị Giao Chi Examiner 1: PGS.TS Trần Văn Phước Examiner 2: PGS.TS Nguyễn Ngọc Vũ Examiner 3: PGS TS Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền The thesis was orally defended at the Examining Committee Major: English Linguistics Time: 22nd December 2023 Venue: University of Foreign Language Studies - The University of Da Nang This thesis is available for the purpose of reference at: - Center for Information Technology and Learning Resources, University of Foreign Language Studies – The University of Da Nang - The University of Da Nang – Center for Learning Information Resources and Communication - National Library of Viet Nam CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale The aim of political discourse is primarily to create consensus among citizens as to which course of action can be adopted to solve social, political or economic problems Without much understanding of these messages, the politicians‟ ideologies could hardly be communicated and ultimate political goals be achieved, urging the necessity of a research to provide relevant knowledge in terms of political persuasion via ideologies and power as well as persuasive strategies employed Reservedly, persuasion is considered to play a significant role in targeting successful communication, arousing the hearers‟ interest in receiving the information while avoiding awareness gaps between the speakers and listeners as well as possible violence and coercion in message delivery Persuasion used by politicians not only reveals potential distinctive language features that need discovering to reach an in-depth insight into language functions and meanings in the field of politics but is also treated as prolific authentic discourse resources for learners in general and language learners in particular to study and draw useful lessons Seeing the importance and benefits of the study both in terms of language and discourse realizations and in practice applications particularly for L2 users of English to sharpen their linguistic comprehension and proficiency as well as optimize their rhetorical utility, the researcher thrives on pursuing the study on Persuasive Strategies in English Political Speeches from the Perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) On the ground of the established theories and methodologies, the study attempts to build up a comprehensive and adequate picture of persuasion strategies in political speeches delivered by Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump during their 2016 Presidential campaign 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1.2.1 Aims of the study The study aims to investigate the employment of persuasive strategies in presidential election speeches of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in their 2016 presidential campaign based on Fairclough‟s CDA model (1995, 2010) as the research approach The desired outcomes of the thesis are as follows First, the thesis attempts to unfold the types of persuasive strategies, together with their embedded the metafunctions in the two politicians‟ presidential election speeches Secondly, the contrastive analysis of the persuasive strategies and the distinctive metafunctions employed by the two politicians are targeted Finally, the thesis intends to reach the sociocultural practice analysis of the persuasive strategies to unveil the relationship of persuasion strategies, power and ideologies, intertextuality employed by the two politicians 1.2.2 Objectives - To describe the persuasive strategies utilized in Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump‟s presidential election speeches and the lexicogrammatical resources realizing the metafunctions of these strategies (Description Stage) - To interpret the similarities and differences of lexico-grammatical features highlighting the metafunctions in Clinton and Trump‟s persuasive strategies to reflect the two politician‟s distinctive ideology and power (The Interpretation Stage) - To explain the relationship of persuasion strategies, power and ideologies employed by Clinton and Trump by relating the textual constructions to the socio-political context (The Explanation Stage) 1.3 Research Question The study aims to answer the following research questions: (1) What lexico-grammatical features highlighting the metafunctions are manifested in persuasive strategies in Hillary Clinton‟s presidential election speeches? (2) What lexico-grammatical features highlighting the metafunctions are manifested in persuasive strategies in Donald Trump‟s presidential election speeches? (3) What are the similarities and differences in political speeches delivered by Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in terms of persuasive strategies, lexico-grammatical features, intertextuality employed to convey the two politicians‟ ideologies and power in political discourse concerning discursive practice and social practice of CDA? 1.5 Research Significance The study gives both theoretical and practical contributions Theoretically, the result of this study is expected to provide knowledge in the areas of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) (Halliday, 2004, 2014) when touching the area of metafunctions covering the textual, interpersonal and ideational meaning demonstrating persuasion hidden underneath the speakers‟ utterances Besides, in assisting the sorting out the persuasive strategies in question, theory related to Ethos, Pathos, Logos within Aristotle‟s rhetoric (1984) is also reached to the full Such a combination of theoretical areas definitely fosters an in-depth study of persuasive strategies in political discourse Specifically, such an insightful study unveiling metafunctions of the persuasive strategies in question under the light of CDA would be a prolific reference for language learners and future researchers CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Related Studies Political discourse has been a prolific topic of many pieces of research aiming at achieving an insightful analysis to understand more about the power of such discourse As the research attempts to provide a CDA of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump‟s persuasive strategies in their political speeches, utilizing Fairclough theory of CDA, related studies on political discourse adopting this research approach would be worth reviewing Some researchers have carried out relevant studies to find a significant relationship between structures and ideological structures In this regard, Sarfo & Krampa (2013) conduct a study about CDA of speeches of Bush and Obama on terrorism The main purpose of their survey is to discover which linguistic resources Obama and Bush employ to project terrorism and anti-terrorism concepts The study has implications for the linguistic point of view on the concept of terrorism It gives fresh impetus to further studies in the concepts of terrorism, especially from the new trends in linguistic features However, indicating one particular concept of terrorism limits the studies from discovering other political themes and ideologies that may be possibly communicated in political discourse Ehineni (2014), on the other hand, conducts a study to explore the role of modals in Nigerian political manifestos By using the CDA model, he tries to explore how the usages of modals by Nigerian politicians could be utilized to persuade their audiences to vote for them This study unmasks the ideological underpinnings of the modals by Nigerian politicians and emphasizes that modals are not just linguistic elements, but significantly ideological tools Much as the study declares to apply Fairclough‟s CDA model, barely does it successfully display how the research approach governed the overall research All in all, it can be concluded that the previous related studies have partly touched some areas of the research, neither has its analysis covered the revelation of types of persuasion strategies employed by politicians nor unearthed the metafunctions highlighting ideologies and political stands as displayed in the persuasive strategies in political discourse Besides, the comprehensive three-layered model of CDA is prominently employed in providing analysis for political speeches was absent from those researches The research characterizes itself in comparison with other studies in many aspects Firstly, it will provide a description of the persuasive strategies (Ethos, Logos, Pathos) in the political speeches of Clinton and Trump by adopting Aristotle‟s (1984) rhetorical theory but also unearth the description of metafunctions in the SFG by Halliday (2004, 2014) to highlight the embedded ideologies and power Besides, adopting the theory relating to Fairclough‟s (1995, 2010) three-layered model of CDA, the lexico-grammatical of the persuasive strategies will be look at three different stages for analysis 2.2 Fairclough’s three-layered CDA model What is useful about Fairclough‟s CDA approach is that it allows the researcher to target the signifiers constituting the text, the specific linguistic selections, their juxta-positioning, sequencing, layout, and more However, it expects the researcher to be cognizant of the fact that historical determination of these selections and the link between these choices and the conditions in which utterances are produced Fairclough‟s approach to CDA is considered to be an appropriate approach in providing a plethora of options for analytic entry No matter what kinds of analysis to be started in the research, the eventual outcome would arrive with the combination of these analyses which are expected to be mutually explanatory That is the interconnections that build up the interesting patterns and disjunctions that need describing, interpreting, and explaining This idea has been conceptualized by Fairclough in his three-layered model (Fairclough, 1975, p 21) (Figure 2.1) Figure 2.1: Fairclough’s framework for analyzing a communicative event 2.3 Power and ideology As far discourse and the application of CDA framework are concerned, more touches are reached to realize language itself much more than mere linguistic features Instead, there exists a bilateral relationship between language and society In other words, it can be said that “any reflection on language must also touch on other disciplines that theorize on society and association” (Nyako, 2013, p.5) Under the theory of Fairclough, Van Dijk, Wodak (Fairclough 1989; 1992; van Dijk 1996; Wodak 1996), the interdisciplinary theory of CDA not only highlights language power but also the intimate relationship between language/ discourse and ideology Particularly, power and ideology are dependent on each other as sometimes they are implicit and at other times explicit; and that contributes to the hegemony in power relations The embodied ideological assumptions are often taken as “common sense” which is defined by the sociologist Garfinkel (as in Fairclough 1989, p.64) as a world built entirely upon the background “consumptions and expectations”, controlling both “the actions of members of a society and their interpretation of the actions of others” That is to say, the general style of these discourses is determined by the overwhelming ideologies and these ideologies shape the uniqueness of them as specific discourses or the right order of discourse for the society, which is hard to be mistaken from other kinds of discourse In line with this view, Williamson (1978) (as in Fairclough, 1989) also explains that discourses are carriers of ideologies, paving way to discourse being considered as an institution-specific mode of using language and other symbolic features being used in a definable way This once again emphasizes the existence of common-sense assumptions/ ideologies beneath each social institution/ discourse The exercise of power, in modern society, is increasingly achieved through ideologies, and more particularly, through the ideological workings of language On the premise of this connection, ideologies are closely linked to power and language In this sense, the scope of such a discourse analytical framework as CDA is considered appropriate to cover the study of power and ideology (Fairclough 1989, 1992, 2005, Dijk, 1992, 1995) and may use them in its critical analysis This explains the interrelation between ideology and CDA as a research approach Once discourse is placed under the frame of reference of CDA, then its ideology would be unearthed to the fullest 2.4 Aristotelian Rhetoric and Persuasive Strategies Aristotle‟s (1984) rhetoric has had an enormous influence on the development of the art of rhetoric and provided the foundation for rhetoric analysis Ethos, Logos and Pathos were Aristotle‟s three forms of rhetorical proof for persuasion In rhetoric, Ethos can be classified into three sub-divisions highlighting the speaker‟s high credibility: intelligence, virtuous character and good intentions (Griffin, 2012) Logos refers to the reasoning or logic of an argument (Aho, 1985; Green, 2004) Aristotle emphasized two forms of logical proofs – enthymeme and example Pathos refers to the audience‟s feelings and create persuasive effect on triggering audience emotions Pairs of opposing feelings are classified as follows: Anger versus Calmness, Fear versus Confidence, Admiration versus Envy, and Love or Friendship versus Hatred 2.5 Critical Discourse Analysis and Systemic Functional Grammar Stressing the functions and approaches of CDA, it is believed that there has been a close relationship between SFL and CDA Young and Harrison (2004) whose focus is on the role of language as a social construct, notes that there are certain frequent shared commonalities between CDA and SFL This belief entails the fact that in many cases, language events generate certain effects on social action and the influence of social action, in turn, is realized on the development of language Fairclough (2003, 2004) the critical discourse analyst supporting transdisciplinary work has also given much concern on lexis, grammar and textual features, the grammar, which is also closely drawn from SFG (Fairclough, 1989, 109-139, discussed in Bloor and Bloor 2013: 237-238) Here are some of the key ideas about SFL and CDA from Halliday (2004, 2014) that have been built upon by Fairclough (1995, 2010): (1) Language is a social practice; (2) Language is intrinsically ideological; (3) The significance of context in analysis; (4) The critical potential of SFL; (5) Language operates on multiple levels Overall, Michael Halliday's theory regarding SFL has been influential in the development of CDA, particularly in the work of Norman Fairclough The ideas of language as a social practice, the significance of context, and the critical potential of SFL are central to both Halliday's and Fairclough's work, settling the basic theoretical background for analyzing language use in relation to power relations and social structures The study adopts Fairclough‟s CDA (1995, 2005) together with SFG by Halliday (2004, 2014) stressing the importance of interpreting textual features by relating them to the discourse semantics and lexico-grammatical analysis Upholding the ultimate goal of explaining language as it functions in context, SFL has led to the realization of three metafunctions (ideational, interpersonal, and textual) which are considered as the three overarching components of the semantic system and as central to an account of the linguistic system itself Being coined to be as “metafunctions” by 14 - Transitivity: Transitivity refers to the relationship between the subject, the verb, and the object in a clause In Clinton‟s and Trump's presidential election speeches, the thesis analyzed the transitivity patterns to identify the types of actions and processes being described by the politician In terms of textual metafunction, such aspects of SFG were stressed: - Theme and Rheme: Theme and Rheme refer to the organization of clauses and sentences As the initial part of a clause, the Theme identifies the point of departure, while the Rheme is defined as the final part that entails new information In Clinton‟s and Trump's speeches, the thesis analyzed the Theme and Rheme patterns to identify the main ideas and arguments presented and developed by the two politicians Topical and interpersonal theme delivered in the strategies were also finally revealed The Interpretation Stage started with the contrastive analysis of the persuasive strategies employed by Clinton and Trump in their presidential election speeches and also the comparison of their discursive practice Finally, the Explanation Stage is the follow-up stage to uncover the relationship of persuasive strategies, power and ideologies employed by Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in which the realizations of the textual constructions were linked to the socio-political context for further generalization CHAPTER PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN HILLARY CLINTON ‘S POLITICAL SPEECHES 4.1 Ethos in Hillary Clinton’s Political Speeches Clinton‟s image and credibility were constructed thanks to his rhetorical proofs in the realm of Ethos which was characterized by her perceived intelligence, virtuous character and goodwill Regarding interpersonal function, Clinton‟s Ethos utilized median value modality “will” regarding probability to highlight intentions, virtuous character 15 and good will, while in the application of appraisal resources in Ethos, desire dominates the utilization of affect with more positive affect than negative ones; positive Capacity dominates the utilization of judgement with more positive judgement than negative ones; Impact dominates the utilization of appreciation Ideational function was highlighted with Material processes which took up the highest proportion in Ethos to enforce Clinton‟s credibility and capacity Regarding textual function, Clinton used vocatives as interpersonal theme to arouse the audience their spirit as one united community 4.2 Logos in Hillary Clinton’s Political Speeches In Logos, Clinton attempted to communicate topical and interpersonal themes for persuasion Interrogative structures to generate questions and trigger thinking and self-reasoning 4.3 Pathos in Hillary Clinton’s Political Speeches In Pathos, in terms of interpersonal function, median value modality “will” regarding probability was used mostly to arouse emotion among audience Besides, Clinton also utilized vocatives as interpersonal theme to aroused the audience their spirit as one united community CHAPTER PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN DONALD TRUMP’S POLITICAL SPEECHES 5.1 Ethos in Donald Trump’s Political Speeches To highlight the interpersonal features in Ethos, Trump utilized median value modality “will” regarding probability to highlight intentions, virtuous character and good will Besides, in appraisal concerning evaluative language, desire dominates the utilization of affect with more positive affect than negative ones, positive Capacity dominates the utilization of judgement to outstand the Republican’s potential competence while more negative judgement items were applied in his Ethos to arouse fear appeal among the listeners In Appreciation, positive 16 social significant dominates the utilization of appreciation to assist Trump cast a beautiful future for the U.S within his presidency Regarding textual function, by using vocatives, Trump regarded the audience as his “friends” or “fellow citizens” to seek allies and advocates, generating power and authority and communicating the targeted ideologies 5.2 Logos in Donald Trump’s Political Speeches In Trump‟s Logos, to stress its interpersonal functions, more high value modality “have to” regarding obligation was used to support his reasoning and argumentation, while the application of median value modality “should” regarding obligation was to highlight his intentions and proposed plans In terms of evaluative language use, desire dominates the utilization of affect in appraisal system with more positive affect than negative ones, in Judgement, positive Capacity dominates the utilization of judgement to stress the potential competence of Trump‟s administration while fear appeal was characterized through more negative judgement used Regarding ideational function, material processes accounted for the highest frequency in Trump‟s Logos to strengthen promises, demonstrate power and create social relationship 5.3 Pathos in Donald Trump’s Political Speeches In Trump‟s Pathos, median value modality “will” regarding probability was used to arouse emotion among audience Appreciation in appraisal system highlighting evaluation focused much on social significant to cast a beautiful future for the U.S within Trump‟s presidency Ideational function in Pathos noted the high frequency of material processes with a view to strengthening his promises, demonstrating power and creating social relationship among the audience 17 CHAPTER A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN HILLARY CLINTON’S AND DONALD TRUMP’S POLITICAL SPEECHES 6.1 Discursive Practices: Donald Trump vs Hillary Clinton In the 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump, was considered an outsider to politics, and an unpopular Republican nominee In spite of being a political novice, Trump was known as a successful real estate executive Trump led his presidential run to the White House as a notably harsh and scandal-targeted presidential campaign against the Democrat candidate and in this speech, Trump repeatedly pursue the sense of unity within the U.S Clinton, on the other hand, seized on her case as the first official Democratic presidential nominee, historically marking the phenomenon of the first woman ever to secure the endorsement of a major American political party Clinton, originally a New York senator and secretary of State, participated the general election with a noticeable resume of being a public service and previous recognition from the American She was also known with her biography being attached with the scandals relating to the use of private emails server during her service at the State Department Being the first female politician to become a presidential candidate, Clinton attempted to seek more favorable opportunities for women for women who were victims of sexism and under less prioritized chances in voting She especially also expressed her support for women's issues such as reproductive rights and equal pay The contexts of different presidential speeches delivered by Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in their 2016 presidential campaign greatly guided their communication of ideology and spreading power Hillary Clinton displayed herself with strong experience in politics, ranging from a practicing lawyer, an activist, a diplomat, to the State Secretary, proving 18 herself to be a competent politician who had been through numerous positions in politics as well as gone through many years in service Clinton, within a broader cultural context of social and political liberalism, she directed her appeals to diversity, inclusion, and progressivism “Stronger together” was Hillary Clinton message to be communicated into American minds On the other hand, Donald Trump was proud of his business competence, addressing to pursue politics with an aim of reconstructing the superiority of America in the world affairs Regarding to the context analysis of Trump‟s speeches, Trump's put more focus on the nationalism and nostalgia for a golden time of America within a broader cultural context of relentless worries and outrage towards globalization, immigration, and cultural change “Make America stronger again” was Trump‟s ambition 6.2 The explanation stage: Social Practices: Trump vs Hillary 6.5.1 Historical and Cultural Context Investigating the historical and cultural context in which Hillary Clinton‟s and Donald Trump's speeches were delivered can unearth how ideology and power are embedded in broader social and cultural structures As Clinton represented for the Democracy while Trump for the Republicans; therefore, both candidates upheld the distinctive ideologies of their own political parties to establish and maintain an unequal power relation to serve the ultimate beliefs of each own party Two politicians, in their presidential election speeches, tried their utmost to persuade the audience to make choices, advocate their political views and vote for them The explanation for Trump‟s seeking mistakes and reiterating the failure of the past administration in his presidential election speeches was due to the context wherein he was running for the presidential race with barely humble experience in politics while his opponent had already established her position in the American political 19 system Therefore, a strategic approach for such a presidential candidate like Trump was to attack his rival by reviewing Clinton‟s administration, delving out as many mistakes and weaknesses as possible, using them to drown them in order to outstand his as the alternative and change for the better This clearly explains the driving motive for Trump in his employment of lexical and syntactical features to highlight his interpersonal function in the speeches as well as the Attitudinal selections featuring Ethos, Logos, Pathos On the other hand, an explanation for Clinton in her resorting to the construction of interpersonal, textual and ideational function lies in the fact that Clinton expressed herself to be very confident and trustworthy leader, completely capable of sailing America to become a strong country reaching the next higher level of development Besides, in the context of American societies, the dominating gender through many governmental generations is men, which triggered Clinton‟s initiatives to launch her presidential campaign, taking advantage the ideology of feminist, reaching out many presidential election speeches, implementing particular persuasive strategies to reinforce the idea of social justice and social equality for women, aiming to gain advocacy from women She highlighted the significance of her being the first will-be female president in the U.S history for the whole Americans, especially for women That is the methodology for Clinton to transfer her feminist ideology, enforce power and dominance towards the audience 6.2.2 Ideologies as manifested in Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump’s persuasive strategies Table 6.1 Ideologies as presented in Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump’s persuasive strategies Ideologies Hillary Clinton Donald Trump - used Ethos, Logos, Pathos to promote - used Ethos, Logos, Pathos to promote feminism Americanism and the desire to “make 20 - used Ethos, Logos, Pathos to promote the ideology of being “stronger together” - used Ethos, Logos, Pathos to promote globalization - The economy: + used Logos to mock Trump on his refusal to release tax review + used Ethos to promise to impose higher tax on high earners than the lowpaid individuals - Terrorism + used Pathos to show sympathy toward disadvantaged refugees + used Logos to reason that terrorism and Islamic people were not homogeneous - Immigration + used Ethos to present intentions to provide pathway to citizenships for the undocumented immigrants - Health + used Ethos, Pathos to spread desire and advocate Obamacare + used Ethos to prove herself as the leader with goodwill, credibility, and good heart for people, especially health issues - Gun policy + used Logos and pathos to strongly reject gun violence + used Ethos to present plans to combat gun violence - Education + used Ethos to make promises to provide debt-free college tuition plan for students America great again”, reasoning to mock Clinton’s past scandals and failures and promising to build a more beautiful future for America - The economy: + used Logos to mock Clinton‟s past failures + used Ethos to stretch out protectionism, and go against globalization - Terrorism + used Ethos to enforce his will in implementing unprecedented surveillance with Muslim to prevent terrorism + used Pathos to show hatred and anger toward terrorism and extremist groups - Immigration + used Ethos to present plans of imposing restrictions on immigrants - Health + used Ethos, Pathos, and Logos to repeal and replace Obamacare - Gun policy + used Logos and pathos to mock Clinton on her gun-zone area + used Ethos to portray his endeavor on applying control measures on weapons - Education + used Logos to criticize Clinton‟s policy 6.3 The Effects of ideologies as manifested in Hillary Clinton and Donald Trumps’ persuasive strategies 6.3.1 At the Situational Level 21 At the situational level, it can be acknowledged that political speeches are speeches to deliver political messages and ideologies to manipulate audience, persuade them to execute power and establish social relationship with their conflicting political stands Their presidential election speeches must have created such tremendous effects to the audience, and more prominently to the opposing party, which was not so surprising that both candidates received much attack, criticism, and even threatening from each other On one hand, Hillary Clinton claimed her rival of offering “zero solutions”, or ironically mocked “He also talks a big game about putting America First Please explain to me what part of America First leads him to make Trump ties in China, not Colorado”, or consistently insisted “I know how wrong he is” On the other hand, Donald Trump threatened to let FBI and the Department of Justice investigate Clinton‟s wrongdoings He scorned “Hillary Clinton should have been prosecuted, and gone to jail for her crimes” (T27), or devaluated his opponent by “That is why Hillary Clinton's message is that things will never change Never ever” and made use of many more negative and sarcastic words such as “a liar”, “a nasty woman”, her terrible crimes” to portray Clinton According to the survey results by the Boston Globe on decoding Trump‟s and Clinton‟s speeches, Trump‟s speech even had 87% more attacks than Clinton‟s, proving the fact that Trump just aimed to destroy Clinton‟s images and her political position, gain superiority over her, and prove himself to be the most appropriate and competent presidential candidate of the United States 6.3.2 At the Institutional Level Governmental level is the institutional level to which the ideologies communicated by the two politicians Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump had influenced Both of they attempted to employ persuasive strategies in their presidential election speeches with a view to make changes, modification, propose, and impose measures to restructure and build up a 22 better America as well as ensure the quality of life for all American citizens Such issue regarding economic policies, education, health, gun policies are some amendments at the governmental level to create more opportunities for the countries to reach better future However, as the two candidates adhered different ideologies, they entailed different level of advocacy and reactions from the audience 6.3.3 At the Societal Level When it comes to societal level, such issues concerning the interest and benefits of citizens were reached To persuade the audience to vote for them, Clinton and Trump struggled to impart their view and ideologies of a president-will-be for all Americans by paying much attention to people‟s lives and security Taking advantage of the persuasive strategies to arouse fear by pathos, Donald Trump attempted to convince the audience on such topic as immigrant, terrorism or ISIS, yielding in each listener the scenario of a pessimistic America once the country failed to reach the comprehensive solutions Besides, knowing that the robust economy played significant role in enforcing the prosperity of country, Donald Trump continued to bombard his opponent with harsh criticism and made Hillary Clinton as the primary culprit of all the national disaster in economic failure or recession By this way, the audience were persuaded to leave Clinton so as to back for him instead His disapproval of the unbalanced global trade or healthcare programs ultimately served this purpose Clinton, however, approaches the global-national issues such as human rights, children, minorities, Muslims community, immigration, refugees…by showing her immense care, filled with compassion and sympathy “Now, we can think about every issue we care about, but you know, after attacking women and African Americans and Latinos and people with disabilities and Muslims and POWs and everybody, now he's attacking the institutions of democracy” (H26) She ultimately desire “to 23 defend core American values, to embrace a future where every person counts, everyone has a place, and everyone can contribute” (H19) CHAPTER CONCLUSION 7.1 Recapitulation The aims of the study are to investigate the employment of persuasive stategies within political speeches of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in their run for presidential position in 2016 basing on Fairclough‟s CDA model (1995, 2010) as the research approach The desired outcomes of the thesis are to unfold the application of different persuasive strategies, adopting Aristotle‟s (1984) rhetoric theory, and their utilization of lexicogrammatical resources highlighting the metafunctions, namely the textual, interpersonal and ideational functions, following Halliday‟s SFG (2004, 2014) Besides, the thesis attempts to interpret the lexical resources with a view to relating to further sociocultural practice analysis which entails the interrelation of power and ideology as manifested in the persuasive strategies employed From 35 presidential election speeches of each politician, giving approximately 1071 and 1232 instances of persuasive strategies respectively found in Clinton‟s and Trump‟s political discourse, the thesis finally reaches the desired outcomes The following remarks were withdrawn through the thesis: (i) The Description Stage unveiled Hillary Clinton‟s three types of persuasive strategies Ethos, Logos and Pathos Metafunctions of the persuasive strategies employed have assisted the Democrat candidate in spreading persuasion Particularly, interpersonal function examining the utilization of modality to and Appraisal resources revealed that Clinton was inclined to fortify her power to promote social justice and equality Regarding ideational function, the analysis in transitivity system being in charge revealed that Clinton had a likelihood of utilizing her language to construct and cultivate power relations between her and the audience by 24 shaping herself as a champion and sculpturing her rival as obstructive and insensitive Textual function, being characterized by the relation between theme and rheme, entailed the realization that Clinton frequently conveyed her messages and slogans via repetition and rhetorical devices, stressing the significance of unity and collective action (ii) Also being included in the Description Stage according to Fairclough‟s CDA three-layered model was the analysis of Donald Trump‟s employment of persuasive strategies in his presidential election speeches Particularly, Trump outstood himself with political discourse by a strong sense of certainty and conviction, which was conveyed through his use of modality featuring interpersonal function As such, Trump‟s ideology of nationalism and Americanism was constructed uniquely Ideational function as manifested in the persuasive strategies showed that Trump intentionally portrayed himself as the agent of change and reversely deteriorated his opponent‟s image with various association with passiveness, self-interested individual and failures Textual function served to strengthen Trump’s strong belief in the American identity and culture (iii) The Interpretation Stage which entailed a contrastive analysis of Hillary Clinton‟s and Donald Trump‟s persuasive strategies, placing the text in relation with contextual factors to reach text distribution and consumption It is concluded that Clinton, within a broader cultural context of social and political liberalism, often directed her appeals to diversity, inclusion, and progressivism Noticeably, “Stronger together” was Clinton‟s message to strengthen the sense of collectivism and an emphasis on citizenship rights and feminism On the other hand, Trump was a familiar name in the sphere of business, tended to put more focus on the nationalism and nostalgia for a golden time of America within a broader cultural context of relentless worries and outrage towards globalization, immigration, and cultural change “Make America 25 stronger again” was Trump‟s propaganda slogan to highlight “Americanism” in separation of “globalization” (iv) The Explanation Stage was also provided in to foster the sociocultural practice analysis of persuasive strategies utilized in the two candidates‟ speeches by providing the relation of the textual constructions and the socio- political context The findings of this stage showed strong ideologies dichotomy and distinctive power distribution of the two politicians over the audience The effects of ideologies and power relations as manifested in the politicians‟ persuasive strategies were looked at three different levels, at the situational level, institutional and societal level Accordingly, how influential the politicians‟ persuasive strategies were to communicate their ideologies and spread power was unveiled at the fullest (v) Intertextuality functioned distinctively in three different stages of CDA to facilitate the analysis of Trump and Clinton‟s persuasive strategies in their presidential campaign speeches At the textual layer, intertextuality referred to Trump‟s uses of specific linguistic elements such as “Make American great again”, “American First”, “Build a wall” … to make implicit references to his political ideologies regarding Americanism, nationalism, anti-immigration, border control…, while Clinton reflected intertextuality in her employment of several typical phrases, for instances, “Strong together”, “Love trumps hates”, “A woman’s place is in the White House” to shape her campaign‟s narrative and appeal to various segments such as unity, solidarity, collectivity and feminism of the electorate At the discursive layer, Trump's references to historical events and national symbols generated a sense of nationalism, highlighting his vision of an Americafirst approach Conversely, Clinton's intertextual references to civil rights leaders to signal her alignment with progressive values and social justice issues These intertextual choices provided deeper insights 26 into the politicians' persuasive strategies and how they positioned themselves within broader discourses and political traditions (sociocultural practices layer) 7.2 Implication The study has provided both theoretical and practical contribution Theoretically, the result of this study is expected to provide knowledge in the areas of CDA as the research and SFG highlighting metafunctions and constructing ideologies Besides, the thesis contributed to prove the close relationship between textual function and context or social setting Ultimately, the study confidently provided the contribution to CDA study in a way that it served an example of CDA study, adopting SFG as well as employing all the mentioned theoretical areas as countable linguistic tools for revealing certain ideologies which were constructed through a discourse in serving the purpose of persuasion Importantly, in assisting the sorting out as well as investigating the reference of persuasive strategies in question, theory related to Ethos, Pathos, Logos within Aristotle‟s rhetoric was also reached to the full Such combination of theoretical areas definitely fostered the in-depth study of persuasive strategies in political speeches Persuasion used by politicians not only reveals potential distinctive language features need discovering to reach an in-depth insight into language functions and meanings in the field of politics but is also treated as prolific authentic discourse resources for learners in general and language learners in particular to study and draw useful lessons That is why this study also expects to give more understanding about persuasive strategy and its role in linguistics and social interaction, for the readers and the students, especially for L2 English users and English department students specialized in linguistics as well as communication in their search for knowledge relating to persuasive strategies used as a tool to reach successful communication and negotiation Specifically, such in-depth 27 study unveiling the metafunctions and rhetoric features of the persuasive strategies in question under the light of CDA would be a prolific reference for language learners and future researchers 7.4 Limitation and Suggestions for Further Studies Apart from the contribution, the thesis reveals limitations that other researcher can take into considerations for their future research As indicated in the title of the research, only English persuasive strategies are focused, meaning there would be room for further research on the areas of persuasive strategies in Vietnamese Besides, a contrastive analysis of the persuasive strategies could be conducted to compare the similarities and differences in the employment of the persuasive strategies in Vietnamese and English political discourse Such matters concerning cross-culture and language worth much attention Therefore, it is suggestible for further research to conduct studies to compare and contrast the features of persuasive strategies in different backgrounds of culture and social context Furthermore, as previously stated in the research, only verbal elements are focused and such elements of nonverbal communication would not be taken into consideration, which is also an area of further research‟s development Besides, thanks to the lens of CDA utilizing van Dijk‟s (1993) socio-cognitive approach, further analysis could focus on the use of strategies such as mind control, rhetoric art, argumentative moves, emotional appeal and historical distortion On the other hand, as persuasion play a significant role in all social aspects, studies of persuasion in different contexts would yield interesting findings There are many circumstances for persuasion to take place and persuasive strategies employed, for example in business, economic discussion and debates, educational management, medical 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