BIOSENSORS –EMERGINGMATERIALS ANDAPPLICATIONS EditedbyPierAndreaSerra Biosensors – Emerging Materials and Applications Edited by Pier Andrea Serra Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Goran Kuzmanovski, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published June, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Biosensors – Emerging Materials and Applications, Edited by Pier Andrea Serra p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-328-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Biosensor Technology and Materials 1 Chapter 1 Signal Analysis and Calibration of Biosensors for Biogenic Amines in the Mixtures of Several Substrates 3 Toonika Rinken, Priit Rinken and Kairi Kivirand Chapter 2 Molecular Design of Multivalent Glycosides Bearing GlcNAc, (GlcNAc) 2 and LacNAc – Analysis of Cross-linking Activities with WGA and ECA Lectins 17 Makoto Ogata, Yoshinori Misawa and Taichi Usui Chapter 3 Determination of Binding Kinetics between Proteins with Multiple Nonidentical Binding Sites by SPR Flow Cell Biosensor Technology 35 Kristmundur Sigmundsson, Nicole Beauchemin, Johan Lengqvist and Björn Öbrink Chapter 4 Sum-frequency Generation Spectroscopy in Biosensors Technology 59 Volcke Cédric, Caudano Yves and Peremans André Chapter 5 How to Make FRET Biosensors for Rab Family GTPases 81 Nanako Ishido, Hotaka Kobayashi, Yasushi Sako, Takao Arai, Mitsunori Fukuda and Takeshi Nakamura Chapter 6 Chiral Biosensors and Immunosensors 99 Marzena Kaniewska and Marek Trojanowicz Chapter 7 Recent Progress in the Construction Methodology of Fluorescent Biosensors Based on Biomolecules 123 Eiji Nakata, FongFong Liew, Shun Nakano and Takashi Morii VI Contents Chapter 8 “No Calibration” Type Sensor in Routine Amperometric Bio-sensing - An Example of a Disposable Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor 141 C. Creanga, S. Serban, R.W. Pittson and N. El Murr Chapter 9 QCM Technology in Biosensors 153 Yeison Montagut, José Vicente García, Yolanda Jiménez, Carmen March, Ángel Montoya and Antonio Arnau Chapter 10 Electrodeposition of Insulating Thin Film Polymers from Aliphatic Monomers as Transducers for Biosensor Applications 179 Guillaume Herlem and Tijani Gharbi Chapter 11 Surface Modification Approaches for Electrochemical Biosensors 209 Jin Shi and D. Marshall Porterfield Chapter 12 Aptamer Sensors Combined with Enzymes for Highly Sensitive Detection 227 Koichi Abe and Kazunori Ikebukuro Chapter 13 Enhancing the Performance of Surface-based Biosensors by AC Electrokinetic Effects - a Review 243 Protiva Rani Roy, Matthew R. Tomkins and Aristides Docoslis Chapter 14 New Concepts of Integrated Photonic Biosensors Based on Porous Silicon 265 Cécile Jamois, Cheng Li, Emmanuel Gerelli, Régis Orobtchouk, Taha Benyattou, Ali Belarouci, Yann Chevolot, Virginie Monnier and Eliane Souteyrand Chapter 15 Porous Silicon Sensors - from Single Layers to Multilayer Structures 291 J.E. Lugo, M. Ocampo, R. Doti and J. Faubert Chapter 16 Organic-inorganic Interfaces for a New Generation of Hybrid Biosensors 311 Luca De Stefano, Ilaria Rea, Ivo Rendina, Michele Giocondo, Said Houmadi, Sara Longobardi and Paola Giardina Chapter 17 Porous Silicon-based Electrochemical Biosensors 333 Andrea Salis, Susanna Setzu, Maura Monduzzi and Guido Mula Part 2 Biosensors for Health 353 Chapter 18 Minimally Invasive Sensing 355 Patricia Connolly, David Heath and Christopher McCormick Contents VII Chapter 19 Biosensors for Monitoring Autophagy 383 Dalibor Mijaljica, Carlos J Rosado, Rodney J Devenish and Mark Prescott Chapter 20 Amperometric Biosensors for Lactate, Alcohols and Glycerol Assays in Clinical Diagnostics 401 Oleh Smutok, Galina Gayda, Kostyantyn Dmytruk, Halyna Klepach, Marina Nisnevitch, Andriy Sibirny, Czesław Puchalski, Daniel Broda, Wolfgang Schuhmann, Mykhailo Gonchar and Vladimir Sibirny Chapter 21 P450-Based Nano-Bio-Sensors for Personalized Medicine 447 Camilla Baj-Rossi, Giovanni De Micheli and Sandro Carrara Chapter 22 Development of Potentiometric Urea Biosensor Based on Canavalia ensiformis Urease 483 Lívia Maria da Costa Silva, Ana Claudia Sant’Ana Pinto, Andrea Medeiros Salgado and Maria Alice Zarur Coelho Chapter 23 Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers 499 Zihni Onur Uygun and Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk Part 3 Biosensors for Environment and Biosecurity 545 Chapter 24 A New Biosensor to Enumerate Bacteria in Planktonic and Biofilm Lifestyle 547 Maria De Giusti, Francesca Berlutti, Fabrizio Pantanella, Lucia Marinelli, Alessandra Frioni, Tiziana Natalizi, Daniela Tufi and Piera Valenti Chapter 25 Indirect Amperometric Determination of Selected Heavy Metals Based on Horseradish Peroxidase Modified Electrodes 569 Philiswa N. Nomngongo, J. Catherine Ngila and Titus A. M. Msagati Chapter 26 Chemical Biosensors Based on Proteins Involved in Biomineralization Processes 589 Rayana R. Ruiz-Arellano, Hugo Javier Serrano-Posada, María Liliana Marín-García, Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe and Abel Moreno Chapter 27 Applicability of GFP Microbial Whole Cell Biosensors to Bioreactor Operations - Mathematical Modeling and Related Experimental Tools 601 Delvigne Frank, Brognaux Alison, Gorret Nathalie, Sørensen J. Søren, Crine Michel and Thonart Philippe Preface Abiosensorisdefinedasadetectingdevicethatcombinesatransducerwithabiologi‐ callysensitiveandselectivecomponent.Whenaspecifictargetmoleculeinteractswith thebiologicalcomponent,asignalisproduced,attransducerlevel,proportionaltothe concentrationofthesubstance.Thereforebiosensorscanmeasurecompoundspresent intheenvironment,chem icalprocesses,foodandhumanbodyatlowcostifcompared withtraditionalanalyticaltechniques. This book covers a wide range of aspects and issues related to biosensor technology, bringing together researchers from 19 different countries. The book consists of 27 chapters written by 106 authors and divided in three sections. The first section, enti‐ tled Biosensors Technology and Materials, is composed by 17 chapters and describes emergingaspectsoftechnologyappliedtobiosensors.Thesubsequentsection,entitled BiosensorsforHealthandincludingsixchapters,isdevotedtobiosensorapplications in the medical field. The last section, composed by fo ur chapters, treats of the envi‐ ronmentalandbiosecurityapplicationsofbiosensors. Iwanttoexpressmyappreciationandgratitudetoallauthorswhocontributedtothis book with their research results and to InTech team, in particular to the Publishing ProcessManagerMs.MirnaCvijicthataccomplisheditsmissionwithprofessionalism anddedication. PierAndreaSerra UniversityofSassari Italy [...]... 10 13 10 f=0.95 g=2.66 p=0.34 a =1. 26 b=0.86 c=-0.25 h=-0.54 j=-0.34 k=0 .15 p=0. 21 a =1. 22 b=0.84 c=-0.33 d=-0. 01 f=0. 41 g=2.48 h=-0.52 j=-0.33 k=0 .13 p=0. 21 a=0.40 b=0.34 c =1. 97 d=-0 .13 f=0.27 g=-0.35 h=-2.98 j=-2 .16 k =1. 87 l =1. 86 m =1. 35 n=-2.26 p=-0.87 a=0.49 b=0.42 c =1. 24 h=-2.87 j= -1. 99 k =1. 28 l =1. 73 m =1. 18 n= -1. 48 p= -1. 35 0 .12 7 0.777 0 .12 6 0.784 0.079 0. 917 0.086 0.9 01 Table 2 The number of “descriptors”... were in the same order (Table 1, model 2) Model 1 = +( + 1) + + 2 = +( + ) + n +( +( + + 1) +( 6 ) + 9 a1 =1. 57 b1=0.39 c1=0.26 a2 =1. 42 b2=0. 41 c2=0.86 a3=0.26 b3=2.06 c3 =10 .73 + ) σ R2 m1= 6.05 K1 =1. 48 m2 =1. 65 K2=0.48 m3=5 .12 10 18 K3=6.26 10 20 + 1) +( Coefficient values 0.097 0.8 71 Table 1 The number and values of the calculated coefficients, the value of standard deviation σ and square of the correlation... constants (10 , δ 5 .11 , J1,2 9.8 Hz, H -1 and δ 4.63, J1’,2’ 8.6 Hz, H -1 ; 13 , δ 5.06, J1,2 9.0 Hz, H -1 and δ 4.62, J1’,2’ 8.5 Hz, H -1 ) In 13 C NMR spectra, two types of glycosidic signals were also characterized by the lower field (10 , δ 10 4.2, C -1 β and δ 81. 0, C -1 ; 13 , δ 10 4.2, C1’β and δ 81. 1, C -1 ) The spectra showed only the separated and overlapping resonances corresponding to respective sugar moieties... glycosides 9, 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 and 14 showed molecular ions at m/z 12 11. 5, 2023.8, 18 59.7, 16 63.8, 2477.4 and 2 312 .3, respectively, arising from the [M + Na]+ ions These results indicate that the resulting tetravalent glycosides consist exclusively of stereoregular sugars with tetravalent units These compounds were soluble in water and the solubilities were 5 ~ 10 % Our synthetic methods are easy and efficient... satisfactorily and need not be considered in models, applied for the calibration of BA biosensors Model 3 = + + + 4 = + + + n 4 + + + 7 Coefficient values a=0. 41 b=0.20 c=-0 .13 p=0.37 a=0. 51 b=0.34 c=-0.35 d=-0.24 σ R2 0 .19 8 0.437 0 .18 0 0.547 14 Biosensors – Emerging Materials and Applications 5 = + + +ℎ + + + 6 = + + + +ℎ + + + + + 7 = + +ℎ + + + + + + + + 8 + = + + + +ℎ + + + + + + 7 10 13 10 f=0.95 g=2.66... amines in food products Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 23, 640-647 16 Biosensors – Emerging Materials and Applications Carsol,M.-A & Mascini,M (19 99) Diamine oxidase and putrescine oxidase immobilized reactors in flow injection analysis: a comparison in substrate specificity Talanta, 50, 14 1 -14 8 EEC (20 01) Directive 91/ 493/EEC - laying down the health conditions for the production and the placing on the... by 1H and 13 C NMR analyses, as described previously [Misawa et al., 2008(b); Ogata et al., 2009] Structures of tetravalent glycosides bearing (GlcNAc)2 were used as a reference in the analysis of 1H NMR spectra In the 1H NMR spectra of 10 and 13 , two types of glycosidic proton signals were clearly observed in the lower field with larger coupling constants (10 , δ 5 .11 , J1,2 9.8 Hz, H -1 and δ 4.63, J1’,2’... regulations is 10 0 mg/kg (EEC, 20 01) ; the international food safety organization FDA has established the histamine level to 50 mg/kg (FDA, 20 01) 4 Biosensors – Emerging Materials and Applications Biosensors for BAs comprise different amine - selective enzymes, like amine oxidase (previously copper-containing amine oxidase EC 1. 4.3.6, in 2008 EC entry deleted and replaced by monoamine oxidase EC 1. 4.3. 21 and. .. those of (GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)3, which were used as control samples and are potent inhibitors of the hemagglutination of WGA (Table 1) In the hemagglutination inhibition assay, a multivalency effect was observed for 10 , 12 and 13 , but not for 9 bearing GlcNAc, when compared with (GlcNAc)2, (GlcNAc)3 and divalent 7 Compounds 10 , 12 and 13 acted as inhibitors and their activities were 2 ~ 10 42 fold higher... oxidase EC 1. 4.3.22), putrescine oxidase (EC 1. 4.3 .10 ), methylamine dehydrogenase (EC 1. 4.99.3) and flavin-containing mono-oxygenase type-3 (EC 1. 14 .13 .8) in combinations with a variety of signal transduction systems and are based on different signal rising mechanisms No other bio-recognition systems beside enzymes are known to have been used in BA biosensors at present (Kivirand & Rinken, 2 011 ) The selectivity . had a 10 0 % impact into the parameter Biosensors – Emerging Materials and Applications 8 0.0 0 .1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1. 0 0.0 0 .1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1. 0 1. 1 1. 2 y. BIOSENSORS – EMERGING MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS EditedbyPierAndreaSerra Biosensors – Emerging Materials and Applications Edited by Pier Andrea Serra. 1. 4.3.6, in 2008 EC entry deleted and replaced by monoamine oxidase EC 1. 4.3. 21 and diamine oxidase EC 1. 4.3.22), putrescine oxidase (EC 1. 4.3 .10 ), methylamine dehydrogenase (EC 1. 4.99.3) and