Strange parallels southeast asia in global context, c 800–1830 volume 2 mainland mirrors europe, japan, china, south asia, and the islands

Tai Lieu Chat Luong This page intentionally left blank Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c 800–1830 Volume 1: Integration on the Mainland Winner of the World History Association Book Prize “Strange Parallels will certainly be seen for decades to come as one of those intellectual enterprises that helped define a generation of thinking about a particular time and place, in novel and often wonderful ways.” Eric Tagliacozzo, Cornell University “This book thus represents a dramatic new stage in the historiography on early modern Southeast Asia (and Eurasia), setting a demanding agenda for future researchers that makes earlier approaches appear almost Jurassic by comparison.” Michael Charney, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London “Let me say again that this [book] is a masterpiece It is extremely important and will, I predict, become a landmark not only in the study of Southeast Asia but also in the study of early modern world history.” Li Tana, Australian National University “A resounding scholarly achievement His work integrates Southeast Asian history into the past millennium and puts the region on the global map.” Ben Kiernan, Yale University “This is the most ambitious and challenging effort any scholar has yet made to bring Southeast Asian history into the mainstream of the human experience in cogently postcolonial terms.” Alexander Woodside, University of British Columbia “This work has an originality which readers have come to expect from Victor Lieberman [It] will seal Victor Lieberman’s reputation as one of the finest historians of South East Asia and, indeed, one of the most original historians dealing with worldwide comparisons.” M C Ricklefs, National University of Singapore Strange Parallels Southeast Asia in Global Context, c 800–1830 Volume 2: Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands Blending fine-grained case studies with overarching theory, this book seeks both to integrate Southeast Asia into world history and to rethink much of Eurasia’s premodern past It argues that Southeast Asia, Europe, Japan, China, and South Asia all embodied idiosyncratic versions of a Eurasian-wide pattern whereby local isolates cohered to form ever larger, more stable, more complex political and cultural systems With accelerating force, climatic, commercial, and military stimuli joined to produce patterns of linear-cum-cyclic construction that became remarkably synchronized even between regions that had no contact with one another Yet this study also distinguishes between two zones of integration, one where indigenous groups remained in control and a second where agency gravitated to external conquest elites Here, then, is a fundamentally original view of Eurasia during a 1,000-year period that speaks to both historians of individual regions and those interested in global trends Both a specialist in precolonial Burma and a comparativist interested in global patterns, Victor Lieberman graduated first in his class from Yale University and obtained his doctorate from the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London His publications include Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c 1580–1760, which won the Harry J Benda Prize from the Association for Asian Studies; Beyond Binary Histories: Re-Imagining Eurasia to c 1830, which he edited and an earlier version of which appeared as a special issue of Modern Asian Studies devoted to Lieberman’s scholarship; and Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c 800–1830, Volume 1: Integration on the Mainland, which won the World History Association Book Prize He is the Marvin B Becker Collegiate Professor of History and Professor of Southeast Asian History at the University of Michigan studies in comparative world history Editors Michael Adas, Rutgers University Patrick Manning, University of Pittsburgh Philip D Curtin, The Johns Hopkins University Other Books in the Series Michael Adas, Prophets of Rebellion: Millenarian Protest Movements Against the European Colonial Order (1979) Philip D Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (1984) Leo Spitzer, Lives in Between: Assimilation and Marginality in Austria, Brazil, and West Africa, 1780–1945 (1989) Philip D Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (1990; second edition, 1998) John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (1992; second edition, 1998) Marshall G S Hodgson and Edmund Burke III (eds.), Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam and World History (1993) David Northrup, Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1834–1922 (1995) Lauren Benton, Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900 (2002) Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c 800–1830, Vol 1: Integration on the Mainland (2003) Kerry Ward, Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company (2009) Strange Parallels Southeast Asia in Global Context, c 800–1830 Volume Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands victor lieberman University of Michigan CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521823524 © Victor Lieberman 2009 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-65854-9 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-82352-4 Hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-53036-1 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Index New World: bullion from, 35, 88–89, 220, 244, 267, 276, 330, 335, 370, 420, 561, 695–96, 821–23, 834, 838; crops from, 35, 89, 95, 276, 297–98, 337–39, 454, 472, 528, 695; French acquisitions in, 57, 322; Spanish holdings in, 209, 828; wealth and raw materials from as spur to European growth, 2, 68, 209, 273, 567, 570, 826 Newton, Isaac/Newtonian, 3, 273, 574 Nguyen seigneury/Dynasty of Vietnam, 21, 25, 31, 33, 60 Fig 1.6 and n.72, 273, 274 n.10, 281, 289, 313, 353, 368–69, 438 n.197, 603, 748 Nice, 322 Nihon, as term for Japan, 389 Nikon, Russian Patriarch, 307 Nile valley, 108–109, 578 Nizhnii Novgorod, 187 Nobi basin, 372, 468 nom scripts in Vietnam, 28, 63, 433 Noonan, Thomas, 142 Noorduyn, J., 795 Normandy, 135, 168, 169, 179, 198, 199, 250, 262, 268, 329 Normans, 105, 599 North, Douglass C., 45 North China, North China plain, 196, 499–501, 512, 520–21, 525–28, 531, 549, 553, 576–78, 685, 707, 738–39 See also Yellow River and basin North India See Indo-Gangetic plain/North India North Sea, 130, 146, 176, 198 northeast Rus, as component of Kiev and heir to Kiev, 134, 137, 140, 141, 186, 187, 190–93 Northern War in Russia, 288–89 Northern Wei Dynasty in China, 509, 587, 590, 616 Northern Zhou Dynasty in China, 508, 616 Norway, 139 Novgorod, 126, 132, 134, 140–41, 173, 174, 184, 187, 191–93, 213 O’Brien, Patrick, Occitan language (langue d’oc) and literature, 180, 260, 261, 473 Oda Nobunaga, 414, 421, 429–30, 448 O’Hanlon, Rosalind, 700 oieryu calligraphy in Japan, 473, 536 Old Believers in Russia, 307–308, 310, 312, 359 Old Malay, 774, 777 Olivares, Count of, in Spain, 279 Oman, 824, 825 Onin War in Japan, 411 opium, 564, 801, 869, 872, 874 Opium War, 593, 619, 626 oprichnina terrorist regime, 239 orang asli (forest people), 816 orang kaya (port-polity elites), 809–11, 840, 846–47, 851, 858 orang laut (sea-people), 777–78, 780, 806, 816 Orissa, 643, 656, 724 Oriya language and literature, 680, 719, 726 Orleans, 201 Osaka, 429, 441, 450, 452, 454, 456, 471–74 Ostrowski, Donald, 186, 215 Ottoman empire: 216, 219, 824; compared to Qing, Mughal, Russian, and Austrian empires, 9, 102, 106 n.151, 605, 712; on defensive vis-a-vis Russia, 286, 288, 316, 350; expansion of c 1450–1600, 207, 214; as exposed zone realm and Inner Asian conquest state, 97, 102, 207, 495; and firearms, 697; Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian interests of, 823, 824, 825, 845–46; as stage in Inner Asian evolution, 99, 589; territory and population of, 111 n.161 Ottonian empire, 151, 662 Ouzouf, Jacques, 363 oxen, 35, 164, 295, 538, 644, 682, 690 Padri movement in Sumatra, 872, n.315, 877 Pagan: as charter state, 15–17; compared to other charter states, 53–57, 82, 84, 135–39, 147, 149–51, 177, 372, 374, 381, 384, 392–98 passim, 580, 772, 785, 781, 783, 792–93, 797; disintegration of, 17–18, 35, 55–56, 86, 184, 190, 193, 199–200, 203, 691, 793; ethnicity at, 151; legacies of, 391–92; as protected zone polity, 100; religious institutions at, 23, 34, 150, 161, 165–66, 173; spurs to formation of, 16, 33, 53, 77–78, 80, 548–49, 554, 683, 792; territories controlled by, 15, 58 Fig 1.4, 275 933 Index Pahang, 802, 812, 820, 845, 849, 871 Pajajaran, 807, 850 Pakistan, 636, 645, 656, 688, 709, 747 Palas, 636, 716 Palembang, 773, 775–79, 793–95, 804, 811, 816, 856, 858, 865, 866, 877 Pali, 26–28, 64, 265, 372, 543 Pallavas, 636 Panipat, 698, 711 Pantiyas, 716, 730–31 papacy, 150, 167–68, 179, 210 paper, “paper revolution”: in China, 507, 538, 550, 607; in France, 167, 244, 248; in Japan, 456, 460; in Russia, 226, 293, 298; in South Asia, 647, 650, 684 paper money, 517, 550, 558, 560, 562 pariahs, 391, 445–46, 448, 539 Paris, Paris basin, 56 n.70, 69, 75, 169, 178, 179, 181, 197, 202–203, 261, 319, 322, 325, 329, 332, 356, 360–61 Parisian French, 64, 179–81, 259–64, 361–64, 366–67, 431, 680, 720, 731, 756 Parker, Geoffrey, 73 n.88, 249 parlements, 178, 253, 256, 260, 324–25, 328, 347 Parrott, David, 73 n.88, 321–22 n.139, 323 Pasai, 803–805, 811, 813, 845 pasisir (north coast Java), 796, 797, 807, 810, 811, 852, 854–56, 861, 863, 866, 870 patois, 262, 363, 364, 366 Pattani, 802, 811, 820, 839, 849 Pattingalloang, chancellor of Makasar, 853 paulette system of officeholding in France, 323 pays d’elections, 59, 256–57, 324, 443 pays d’etats, 59, 256, 324, 443 Pegu, 17, 818 Penang, 858 People’s Republic of China, 94, 103 pepper cultivation and trade, 769, 784, 791, 799–807, 820–23, 838–50 passim, 858, 860–72 passim, 893 Peppin III, of Frankish/Carolingian kingdom, 152 Perak, 845 Perdue, Peter, 523, 563, 618, 624 Perry, Matthew, 469 Persia/Iran, 97, 98, 102, 107, 109, 219, 287–88, 670, 672, 690, 697, 709, 711–12, 749, 761, 822 Persian Gulf, 823, 824 Persian language, script, and literature, 672, 675–80, 729–34, 751–55, 759, 815, 844, 847–48 See also Perso-Islamic culture Persians, 646, 672, 674, 749, 753, 761, 772 Perso-Islamic culture: as aid to imperial unification in South Asia, 96, 104, 633, 672, 723, 752; under Delhi Sultanate, 104, 671–72, 723–24, 752; in dialogue with non-Muslim Indian cultures, 672–81; embraced by non-Muslim elites, 675–76, 726; horizontal and vertical diffusion of across South Asia, 631, 670–78, 680, 723, 726, 760; limited provincial penetration of, 733–37, 752–57; under Mughals, 104, 117, 672, 750–57; under regional Muslim regimes, 672–74; as second charter dispensation, 104, 670, 726, 751, 762, 903; TurkoPersian origins of, 672 See also Islam Peter the Great, tsar, 73, 74, 226, 276, 94, 298–99, 301, 303, 307, 308, 315, 599 Philip Augustus, of France, 169–70, 200 Philip the Fair, of France, 170 Philip of Valois, of France, 200 Philippines: 770, 777; Chinese mestizos in, 887–91; and Chinese-New World exchanges via the galleon trade, 88, 419, 821, 823, 834, 837, 884, 885; in Dutch War, 831–33, 836, 884; impact of European wars on, 884; Islam in, 808–809, 830–31, 883; Latin American background to Spanish efforts in, 831–34, 837, 884; political, social, and economic Hispanization in, 832–35; and post-1750 effects of rising export production, 884–89; pre-Hispanic economy and society in, 797, 808–809, 816; religious Hispanization in, 833–37, 888–90; Spanish in compared to Inner Asians, 115–17, 769–70, 820, 826–30, 837, 893–94; self-Hispanization in, 888–89; Spanish racial barriers in, 836–37, 890–91; Spanish regime compared to Burma and Siam, 832, 892; Spanish compared to Dutch in Indies, 883–84, 886, 889–91 Phnom Penh, 17, 18, 19, 190, 392 phrai luang See service systems in Southeast Asia Picardy, 164, 363 934 Index Piggott, Joan, 383 Pinker, Steven, 70, 320 Pintner, Walter, 301 Pires, Tome, 801, 805, 810–12, 814, 831, 845 plague, 161, 295, 331, 459 See also Black Death Plantagenet kings and empire, 168, 169, 200 Plavsic, Borivoj, 301 plows, 157–58, 161 n.88, 164, 187 “plural society,” 844, 883, 890 Poland, Poles: as Catholic power, 191, 241; country dismembered and occupied in late 18th, early 19th centuries, 280, 287–88, 305–306, 313, 316, 350; growing weakness of vis-a-vis Russia, 286–88; and history to c 1600, 134, 139, 190, 204, 207, 214, 239; as Kingdom of Poland under Russian control, 288, 314; and Medieval Climate Anomaly, 146; in Time of Troubles, 66, 207, 239–41; in union with Lithuania, 191, 207, 213 See also Lithuania, Lithuanians Poland-Lithuania See Poland, Poles, Pollock, Sheldon, 661–62, 714, 716–17, 722, 729, 753, 772, 786 Polotsk, 132, 172–73 Pomeranz, Kenneth, 6–7, 563, 565–71, 574, 624 pomest’e land grants and servitors in Russia: 218, 227, 228, 234, 237, 239, 241, 282–83, 303, 613; compared to Burmese service system, 227, 613 population See demography porcelain, ceramics, 337, 360, 418–19, 427, 775–76, 791, 799, 804, 806, 822 portfolio capitalists, 695 Portugal, Portuguese: 421; advantages over Asians, 825–26; commercial impact of, 838–39; compared to Inner Asians, 115–17, 769–70, 820, 826–29; compared to Spanish, 837–38; eclipsed by VOC, 844; and military, economic, and proselytizing activities in Asia, 769, 822–23, 825–26, 837–41, 853–54; political and cultural consolidation of within Europe, 49, 209, 210, 212, 279–80; and Reconquest as prelude to global expansion, 828–29; unintentionally strengthen Southeast Asia Islam and Muslim states, 838–41; weak European resource base of, 825 Possehl, Gregory, 109, 707 Post, J.D., 164 post-charter peripheralization, 526–27 post-ritsuryo Japan (c 900–1280): Buddhist popularization and cultural integration in, 431–35; early Fujiwara dominance in, 400–401; “gates of power” (kenmon) in, 402; founding and early history of Kamakura shogunate in, 404–406; growth of shoen in, 399–407; problems of periodization in, 376; privatization of ritsuryo functions in, 400–402; religious institutions in, 401–402; rising influence of warriors in, 403–406; theories of post-900 devolution in, 398–400 See also Kamakura shogunate Potter, David, 250, 251 Pounds, N J G., 142 Powers, Martin, 537 Prambanan temples in Java, 781 predictable moral universe, 813 Price, Barbara, 54, 108 price movements: 87; in China, 558, 563, 611, 620; in France, 193, 198, 199, 267, 350; and inflation, 70, 238–39, 267; in Japan, 450, 457, 463–64, 468; in Russia, 239, 290 n.40, 296, 299; of silver, 88; in South Asia, 649–50 n.40; in Southeast Asia, 238, 341 primary states/civilizations, 54, 54 n.63, 108–109, 576, 576 n.205, 579, 707 primogeniture: in China, 536 n.95; in France among nobility and royalty, 154–55, 177, 224; in Germany among royalty, 211; in Russia among royalty, 224, 226, 237, 299–300 principales class in Philippines, 835, 888 printing/publishing: absent in India and Indic Southeast Asia, 679; in China (woodblock), 89, 95, 507, 512, 533, 535, 543, 560; contrasted in China and Europe, 535; in France, Russia, and Europe (movable type), 71, 89, 206, 248, 261, 264–67, 270, 292–93, 306, 312, 320, 361–62; in Japan (woodblock), 71, 248, 375, 378, 435, 477–79; spurs religious ferment in Europe, 248, 267; in Vietnam (woodblock), 248, 265 935 Index protected zone: xxi–xxii; also termed “protected rimlands,” 85; contrasted with exposed zone, 85, 97–114 passim, 495, 497, 576–632, 706–762, 901–904; defining features of, 92–93, 370, 494, 895–900; extent of, 49–50, 85, 92–93, 108; similarities to exposed zone, 93–97, 105, 494, 497–576, 635–705, 900–903 Protestants/Protestantism, 209, 264–69, 277, 278, 292, 323, 357, 363, 370, 462 See also Calvinism, Huguenots, Lutherans Provence, 179, 251, 256, 260, 356 Prussia, 71–72, 280–81, 288, 349–50, 353, 369 public sphere/civil society: in China, 4, 346; in Europe, 4, 272–72, 345–47, 573; in India, 4, 346; in Japan, 346–47, 483–84; in Southeast Asia, 346 Pugachev, Emelyan, Russian rebel, 304–305, 308, 599 Punjab, 647, 658, 662–63, 665, 671, 676, 678, 682, 693, 710, 734, 735, 745, 747 Punjabi language and literature, 680, 726 Pyrenees, 50, 149, 153, 176, 260, 828 Qianlong, Qing emperor, 618 Qin Dynasty and empire, 102, 110, 498–99, 526, 581, 708 Qing China (1644-c 1860): administrative and social strains in, 611–13; civil service examinations and patronage of Chinese culture in, 518–19, 544–45, 590, 594–95; compared to protected zone realms, 494–95, 497, 519, 545–46, 575–76, 609–12; Court of Colonial Affairs (Lifan Yuan) in, 516, 603; Daoxue Neo-Confucianism in, 541, 544, 546–47, 594–95, 608; economic policy in, 564–65; economy of, compared to England, 565–74; ethnic sovereignty and ethnic tensions in, 103–106, 117, 346, 522, 593–601, 613, 621, 626–27; firearms in, 586–87, 625; frontier settlement and Sinicization in, 524, 528–32, 600; Grand Council in, 516, 524, 607; and historiography of the high Qing economy, 565–75; and horizontal cultural integration in China proper, 532–37; improves on Ming governance, 515–16, 524, 607; law codes in, 545, 547; literacy in, 543–44, 563, 607; living standards in, compared to England, 563, 566, 574; and Ming-Qing transition, 503, 504; 19th-century revolts in, 612; as pinnacle of Sinic and Inner Asian statecraft, 95, 103, 515–16, 519, 524, 524, 589, 607; population of, 111, 562, 563, 604, 739; and relations with Russia, 519, 523–24, 618–19; social mobility and cross-class acculturation in, 539–47, 562; second commercial revolution in, 562–65; segmented imperial structure of, 601–603; Smithian growth in, 8, 573; state granaries in, 523–24, 565, 571, 611; territorial conquests and extent of, 94, 95, 103, 111, 519, 522–24, 589, 603–604, 739; weak pressure for fiscal maximization in, 518, 614–22 passim; weds steppe to Chinese traditions, 523–24, 586–87 Qinghai, 103, 501, 517, 523, 602 Quanzhou, 548 Rabb, Theodore, 274 Raeff, Marc, 292, 312 Rafael, Vicente, 889 Raja Sulayman, in Philippines, 831 Rajasthan, 644, 656, 657, 681, 688, 690, 710, 723, 736, 755 Rajputs, 648, 655, 668, 673, 674, 701, 724, 737, 748–49, 754–55, 757, 758 Rama (deity), 665, 732, 737, 753 Ramanuja, Indian theologian, 665 Ranjit Singh, Sikh leader, 735 Rastrakutas, Indian dynasty, 636, 716, 718 ratio of officials to subjects and/or to territory: in Burma and mainland Southeast Asia, 52, 254–56, 300, 354, 609; in China, 609, 629, 741; in France, 52, 254–56, 354, 609; in Japan, 442; in Russia, 300, 609; in South Asia, 741; in Vietnam, 609 Ratnagar, Shereen, 707 Rawski, Evelyn, 518, 594, 621, 628 Reconquest in Iberia, 209 Red Sea, 823, 845–46 Reed, Bradly, 608 Reid, Anthony, 764, 768, 794, 798, 803, 809, 811, 813, 820, 834, 864 regional patriotisms in 18th-century India, 734–37 religious institutions: in France, 54, 57, 61, 155, 161, 166, 179–81, 247, 267, 327, 444; 936 Index in Japan, 54, 57, 61, 394, 401–402, 413, 444–45; in mainland Southeast Asia, 23, 24, 26, 34, 37–39, 61, 303, 445; in Russia, 54, 61, 66, 64, 132–34, 173–74, 187, 189, 192–93, 218, 220–21, 228–30, 233, 303, 307, 445 Renaissance humanism and Italian cultural influence: 205, 249–50, 257, 261–62; compared to cultural movements elsewhere, 249–50 Rhine river and valley, 153, 157, 162, 287, 605 Rhone river, 178, 260, 351 Riau-Lingga archipelago, 777, 805, 859 rice: Champa variety of, 87, 419–20, 427, 550; in China, 87, 527–28, 549–50, 559; in Japan, 69, 381, 383, 386, 391, 394, 396, 420, 426–28, 438, 449, 455, 460, 463, 491; compared to other cereals, 378 n.12; and new agrarian technologies, 394, 427, 449, 550, 553; in Southeast Asia, 29, 35, 36, 80, 89, 378 n.12, 776, 780, 783, 788–92, 807, 851, 854, 885–86; in South Asia, 671, 687, 693, 708 See also cereal yields Richards, John F., 8, 649 Richelieu, Cardinal, French statesman, 323–25, 651 Ricklefs, M C., 814, 856, 860, 870, 881, 882 ritsuryo Japan (c 600–900): administration in, 57–58, 374, 383–85; Chinese and Korean cultural influence in, 381–84, 387–89, 490; climate in, 378, 381–82, 394–95; collective identities in, 389; compared to other charter states, 381, 383, 388–98 passim, 490–91, 580; cultural and social elitism of, 372, 388–94; dispersed settlement in, 386, 396; gradual decay of, 376; legacies of, 374; limited foreign trade in, 397; literacy in, 389–91; low economic productivity in, 386–87, 394–97; origins of, 53, 77–78, 372, 381–83; produces Japan’s first genuine state, 383; regional, occupational, and ethnic diversity in, 390–91; religious systems in, 387–89; smallpox in, 78–79, 378, 380, 382, 385–86, 394–95, 400; stability and longevity of, 391–98; taxes in, 386, 387 n.32, 455, 491 Riurikid Dynasty in Russia: in pre-Kievan and Kievan eras, 131–33, 135, 141, 143, 170–73, 185; in post-Kievan era, 186, 190, 192, 213, 215, 220, 224, 229 roads, 299, 332, 450 robe nobility in France, 248 Roberts, Michael, 73 n.88, 249 Romance languages, 721, 744 Romanov, Mikhail, tsar, 241 Romanov Russia (1613-c 1850): changing size and ethos of officialdom in, 300–302; church organization in, 303; coherent geography of, 50–51, 286, 288; control, ideology, and Russification of imperial periphery in, 313–18; and correlations with other protected rimlands, 282–89, 303–306, 416; as early modern state, 96–97; early 19th-century apogee of, 287; early and mid-17th-century political revival in, 282–85; economic and demographic trends in, 294–99; economy compared to France and Southeast Asia, 297; elite-mass cultural splits in core compared to Southeast Asia, 306–310; ethnicity and religion in, 313–18, 599; European cultural models in, 276, 289–94, 301–302, 306–310; European technology in, 276, 285, 289–91; foreign and governmental spurs to economy in, 297–99; gentry in, 283–85; military finance in, 290; military incentives to social reorganization in, 282–85, 291; military reforms in, 285, 288–91; nobility in, 302, 306–309, 317; Petrine Revolution in, 277, 289–94, 303, 308; population of, 604; provincial governance in, 302; and relations with China, 523–24; royal succession in, 241; and shift of capital to St Petersburg, 293; steppe colonization in, 291, 294–98, 317–18; territorial expansion and extent of, 286–88, 604; and trade with Europe, 98; vertical cultural integration in core of, 310–312 See also Catherine II, Peter the Great Rome, Roman legacies, 53, 76, 107–108, 129, 147–53, 167, 176, 205, 256, 257, 269, 384–85, 579 Root, Hilton, 330 Rouen, 197 Roussillon, 356 Rowe, William, 551, 562, 564–65, 619, 622 Rowney, Don, 301 937 Index Rozman, Gilbert, 67, 128–29, 176, 219, 246, 296–97, 428, 450, 484, 550–51, 560, 694, 822 Ruch, Barbara, 63, 431, 435–36 Rus See Vikings: in Russia Russia: administrative centralization/reform in, 57–63, 113–14, 224–28; apanage period in, 192; charter era in, 49, 53–58, 125–47, 170–75; Christianity develops peasant base in, 232–36; class-based cultural cleavages in after c 1650, 105–106, 230–31, 306–12; climate in, 56, 81, 83, 143–47, 162, 163, 189–90, 217, 243, 294–96; demography in, 50, 68, 113, 217–18, 275, 286, 295, 306–318, 604; ethnicity in, 64–65, 105–106, 228–36, 313–18; European cultural and technical models replace Inner Asian models in, 276, 285, 289–94, 301, 306–310; as European power, 123–24 n.1, 276–277, 349–50; 15th–16th century prosperity and centralization in, correlated with other realms, 212–38; foreign trade in, 131–32, 134, 140, 214, 219–20; interregnum and economic difficulties of 14th–15th centuries in, correlated with Southeast Asia and France, 182–93; interregnum of 1560–1613 in, correlated with Southeast Asia and France, 238–41, 266; law codes in, 220–21, 228, 235, 282; literacy in, 54, 63, 71, 173–74, 176, 226, 228, 231, 233, 266, 293–94, 309, 312; Mongol- Tatars in, 101, 183–92, 212–17, 223–24, 228–30; Orthodox, tsarist ideology as aid to political cohesion in, 228–36, 241, 310; as protected zone polity, 49–50, 215–16; surprisingly centripetal political geography and demography in, 50–51, 227–28; territorial conquests and extent of empire in, 50 n.58, 61 Fig 1.7, 113, 213–14, 236, 286–88, 604; urbanization in, 67, 128–29, 134, 176–77, 219, 246, 294–97 See also Daniilovich Dynasty, Kievan Rus, Moscow/Muscovite Russia in pre-Romanov period, Riurikid Dynasty, Romanov Russia, taxation Russian Orthodoxy, 51, 64, 66, 132, 171, 174–75, 181, 191, 228–36, 241, 274, 292–93, 307, 310, 313, 315–17 Russo-Turkish wars, 286–88, 303–306 Rybakov, B., 142 Ryukyu, Ryukyuans, 390, 419, 436, 440, 440 n.199, 485, 799, 804, 822 Safavid state in Persia, 99, 102, 104 n.150, 110–111 n.160, 111 n.161, 495, 672, 697, 712, 750, 753 Saivas, 662–63, 730, 747, 772, 786–87 Sakai, 412, 419, 429, 756 Sakas in South Asia, 709–710 Sakhalin, 440 Sala river and basin, 783, 788 salt, salt monopolies, 290, 299, 391, 508, 518, 550, 571, 577, 791, 803 samantas (Indian tributary rulers), 641, 643, 657 Samarkand, 712 samurai: compared to European nobles, 446–47; compared to Inner Asian conquest elites, 600; culture activities of under Tokugawa, 63–64, 474–77, 481; defined, 404 n.93; family systems of, 410, 425; income of, 69; rising importance of in post-ritsuryo era, 403–406; social and political role in Tokugawa era, 446–47, 457, 464–66, 489; and transformation of elite culture, c 1200–1600, 431–32 Sankara, Indian theologian, 665 sankin-kotai (alternate attendance) system in Japan, 442, 451–52, 471 Sanskrit language and culture: 680; as charter forms comparable to Latin, Pali, and Chinese, 26, 372, 662, 717; reinvented in early c.e., 659; and Sanskrit cosmopolis, 661, 664, 670, 680, 710, 716, 717, 721, 731, 760, 772, 786; spread from North to South India and Southeast Asia, 26, 96, 631, 660–63, 770, 772, 786; yield to local vernaculars, 28, 64, 265, 543, 633, 643, 679, 717–22, 726–27, 786–87 Sanskrit cosmopolis See Sanskrit language and culture Sansom, George, 398 Sants, South Asian poet-saints, 665, 735 Sarai, 215, 216 Satsuma, 440, 453 Savoy, 135, 179, 322 sawah (wet rice) cultivation, 790, 790 n.79 Saxony, 135, 149, 280 Scandinavia, Scandinavians, 143, 158, 599 938 Index Schism (raskol), in Russia, 307 Schneider, Robert, 360 scientific revolution, 7, 273 scripts: alphabetic, 130, 744; in China, 535–36, 604; in Indic Southeast Asia, 130, 815; in Japan, 63, 375, 387, 432–33, 478; political implications of alphabetic vs nonalphabetic, 95, 111, 535–37, 604, 744, 761; in South Asia, 633, 744; in Vietnam, 28, 63, 433 secondary states/civilizations, 54, 54 n.63, 78, 93, 576, 576 n.205, 579, 707 Sejarah Malayu chronicle, 816 Selangor, 870, 871 Seljuk empire in Southwest Asia, 86, 97, 102, 685 Semarang, 878, 881 Senapati Ingalaga, Javanese ruler, 855 Senas, Indian dynasty, 716, 731 serfdom: in Austria and Prussia, 281, 353; in France, 51, 160–61, 165, 246; in Russia, 63, 276–77, 282, 305, 311, 613, 651; in Spain, 203 service systems in Southeast Asia: 24, 43, 613; compared to Russian serfdom, 51, 63, 227, 282, 287 Seven Years War, 276, 350, 366, 884 Shah Jahan, Mughal emperor, 674, 675, 750 shaikhzadas, Indian warriors, 750 Shandong, 559, 577 sharia law, 673, 676, 748, 751, 848, 851 Shang Dynasty and civilization (c 1600–1050 b.c.e.), 102, 577, 580, 581, 706 Sheehan, Jonathan, 345 Shepard, Jonathan, 134, 142, 171, 173 Sher Shah Sur, Indian ruler, 637, 647, 648, 697, 711, 727, 732, 756 Shiites, 679, 736–37, 747, 750 shiki revenue rights in Japan, 402 Shikoku, 381, 440–41 Shinto, 66, 91, 387, 389, 413, 445, 481, 486 ships, shipbuilding, shipping: 87, 88; in China, 548, 550, 586, 604, 623, 739; in Europe, 153, 197, 277, 290, 295, 323, 340; in Japan, 419, 450, 454; in South Asia, 658, 696, 702, 703; in Southeast Asia, 338, 770, 774, 874 Shively, Donald, 474, 482 shoen estates in Japan, 399–407 passim shogun, shogunate: Ashikaga, 374 n.7, 408–11, 413, 418; Kamakura, 405–408; Tokugawa, 438, 448–71 passim, 481, 485, 487, 490 Siak, 845, 871 Siam: administrative centralization in, 23–25, 43–44; cultural integration in, 26–30, 41–43; commercial pressures in likened to France, 355; demography of, 50, 68; disorders in c 1560–1600, 19–20, 24, 206; dynamics of integration in, 31–48 passim; early modern era in, 375; 18th-century disorders in, 20, 206; European encroachments on, 272; literacy in, 27; as protected zone polity, 49–50; and regional disorders in, 14th–15th centuries, 17–20, 23, 35, 55–57, 206; state influences on economics and culture in, 44–47; territorial expansion and extent of, 15–22, 48, 50 n.58, 59 Fig 1.5, 273, 286–87; and warfare, 20, 24–25, 43–44, 286–87, 341, 349, 352–53 See also Ayudhya, Buddhism, Chakri Dynasty Siamese, Siamese culture, 27–29, 34–35, 40, 42, 42 n.48 Siberia, 50, 65, 68, 95, 113, 217, 219, 224, 288, 313, 314, 317 Sichuan, 499, 501, 527–28, 531 Sicily, 203, 204, 211, 212 Sikhs, 658, 701, 735–36, 754 silk, 89, 336–38, 418–21, 454, 458, 527, 550, 559–60, 694–95, 791, 799, 822, 834, 838, 841 silver: Chinese production and import of, 88–89, 188, 335, 418–20, 550, 558, 560–61, 564; in European economy, 130–31, 140, 220, 244, 298, 336–39, 420; Japanese production, use, and export of, 35, 88–89, 220, 335, 418–20, 453–54, 695; New world production and export of, 35, 88, 220, 244, 267, 335, 370, 420, 695; in South Asia, 684, 695–97; in Southeast Asian economies, 35, 337, 420 See also bullion sima grants in Java, 782, 788 Sind, 657, 658, 671 Singapore, 875–76, 893 Singhasari, 784–85 Single-Whip reform in China, 517–18, 561 939 Index Sinicization School of historiography, 598, 628 Sino-Burmese Wars, 626 Siva, 642, 643, 659, 663–64 Skinner, G William, 518, 605–609, 615, 621, 624, 738, 742 Slavic peoples, 130–32, 141, 142, 175, 304, 599 Small, Graeme, 201 smallpox: in China, 554; in France, Russia, and Europe, 143–44, 162, 163, 295, 331; general features of across Eurasia, 16, 34 n.40, 78–79, 83, 146; in Japan, 378, 380, 385–86, 394–95, 400, 416–17, 491; in South Asia, 687, 690; in Southeast Asia, 791 Smith, Paul Jakov, 519, 544, 608–609 Smith, R E F., 187, 222 Smithian growth, 8, 35, 68, 90, 95, 194, 270, 276, 331, 370, 566, 573, 691, 898 Smolensk, 223, 287 So, Billy K L, 773, 776, 778–79 solar polities, 22, 25, 52, 152, 764, 775 Sommer, Matthew, 547 Song China (960–1276): 95, 500; and administrative comparisons to protected zone realms, 510; civil service examinations in, 510–513, 623; compared to late imperial China, 512–15; disconnect between economic strength and military weakness of, 501, 583; divided into Northern Song (960–1127) and Southern Song (1127–1276), 511; as era of technological and cultural ferment, 623–24; ethnic hostility to Inner Asians in, 592–93; firearms in, 625; first commercial revolution in, 87, 512, 550–51, 623; frontier settlement and Sinicization in, 527; growing social mobility and cross-class acculturation in, 540; horizontal cultural integration in, 532, 534; and maritime trade, 548, 550–51, 776, 778, 791, 793; military preparations under, 617; Neo-Confucianism in, 501–502, 509, 511–13, 534, 584, 591–92, 623; new national and local elites in, 511–15; novel social and cultural practices under, 511–13; overview of, 501; participates in competitive multistate system, 617; printing in, 533; and relative isolation from steppe-sown frontier as source of weakness, 591; Smithian growth in, 8, 573; state spurs to economic growth in, 551–552; taxation in, 517; urbanization in, 550–51; vulnerability to Inner Asian power, 521–22 sorobun prose style in Japan, 473, 536 South Asia: administrative culture in, compared to China, 740–43; arid- arable interface in, compared to steppe-arable interface in China, 645; arid and semi-arid zones in, 642, 644–46, 644–45 n.23, 682, 690–1, 739–40; charter civilization/states in, 108, 631, 635–36, 706–709; climate in, 687–93, 703; commercialization in, 6, 641, 682–85, 691, 694–96, 700–705; contrasted with protected zone, 706–61; as cultural donor to Southeast Asia and Tibet, 15, 107, 579, 643; cultural integration across, 96, 631, 633, 658–81; demography in, 111, 690, 694, 702; as distinctive Asian cultural region, 681; early modernity in, 10 n.19, 96, 648, 698–99; economic and demographic rhythms in synchronized with other parts of Eurasia, 633, 681–701; 18th-century crisis in, 638, 651–53, 699–704; eras of polycentrism in, 631–33, 635–38, 640–43, 653–54, 656–58, 715–37; fragility of empire in compared to China, 738–57; geography of compared to Europe, Southeast Asia, and China, 713, 738–40; Inner Asian dominance in, 86, 102, 632, 637, 645–46, 671, 674, 685–86, 692, 698, 709–57; literacy and urban communications in, 94, 659, 669, 678–79, 742; and long-distance trade, 635, 683–85, 691, 694–96, 701–705, 800–801, 803, 805, 822–23, 845–49 passim, 864; and longterm improvements in administrative efficiency, 96, 633, 639–55; long-term territorial consolidation in, 633, 656–58; military revolution in, 653, 700; nested sovereignties in, 640, 740–41; as part of exposed zone, 85, 97–114; and patterns intermediate between China and the protected zone, 631–32; and political rhythms synchronized with other sectors of Eurasia, 96–97, 631, 635–681 940 Index passim (esp 637–39, 643, 651), 698–99; second urbanization in, 707–708; 13th–15th-century disorders in, 691–93; urbanization in, 635, 669, 681, 694, 707–708; vernacular revolution in, 771–22; vertical cultural integration in, 664–70 passim; weak ethnicities in, 714–15, 728–37 See also bhakti devotionalism, caste, English East India Company, Gupta empire, Delhi Sultanate, Maurya empire, Mughal empire, Perso-Islamic culture, taxation South China, 185, 505, 520–21, 530–32, 540, 549, 553–54, 556, 560, 579, 598, 604, 611–12, 776 South China Sea, 35, 146, 769, 770, 772, 776, 804, 839 South India: diffusion of bhakti from, 659; North Indian political and cultural influence over, 631, 635, 657, 707; relation to other regions, 747; Vijayanagara as premier state in history of, 644 See also Deccan, Kannada, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil cultures and languages Southwest Asia, 85, 86, 93, 97, 101, 102, 107, 110, 219, 686, 707, 710, 761, 904 n.3 Souyri, Pierre, 412 sovereign territorial state, triumph of, 276 Spain, Spanish: 14, 49, 268; compared to Inner Asians, 115–17, 769–70, 820, 826–29, 837, 893–94; empire of, 209, 279, 828–29; and global trade, 336–37, 421; history to 1492, 158, 203–204; in Italy, 211; as New Monarchy, 208–209; and Reconquest as prelude to global expansion, 828–29; in 17th and 18th centuries, 209, 279–80; and transformation of Philippines, 115–16, 769–70, 830–37 See also Philippines spice cultivation and trade, 769, 785, 789, 800–809, 822–24, 830, 838–46 passim, 850, 852–54, 857, 859–60, 863, 867, 872, 893 Sporer Minimum of solar radiation, 217 Spring and Autumn period in China, 498, 708 Sri Lanka, 37, 53, 101 n.144, 116 n.167, 658, 713, 714 n.224, 774, 876, 877 Srivijaya, 773–83, 789–97, 804–807, 815, 817, 819, 874, 892–93 St Francis Xavier, 840 St Petersburg, 75, 293, 313, 316, 365, 442 state: defined, n.17 steam engine, 573–74 Stein, Burton, 682 steppe: and analogies to South Asian drylands, 585, 588, 590–91, 645; and creative role of steppe-sown interface in China, 585–86, 590–91; divided between Romanovs and Qing, 313–14; east-west cultural transmission across, 109; as ideal equine environment, 584; and Inner Asian military power, 85–86, 97–101, 109–110, 141, 216–17; joined to China proper, 103; limited value of firearms on, 626; protected zone shielded against, 97, 100; and Qing union of agrarian with steppe tradition, 523–24; in relation to Black Death, 86, 188, 197, 216; Russian administration of, 313–14; Russian conquest and settlement of, 187, 214, 220, 239, 291, 294–98, 317–18; as site of anticentralizing revolts, 240, 304–305 Straits of Melaka, 769, 772–77, 780, 784, 793–99, 804–807, 819, 840, 846, 849–50, 858–59, 870, 875 Strathern, Alan, 714 n.224 Strayer, Joseph, 153–54 strel’tsy musketeers in Russia, 223 Stroganov family, 228 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 92, 693, 820, 841 subsidiary alliance system in South Asia, 654 sufis, sufism: in South Asia, 676, 712, 723, 726–28, 751; in Southeast Asia, 813–14, 817, 818, 848, 855 sugar, sugarcane, 332, 336–38, 454, 458, 550, 559, 560, 564, 567, 682, 791, 860–62, 868, 872, 877, 885–87 Sugiyama Kiyohiko, 598 Sui Dynasty and empire in China, 103, 500, 503, 507, 508, 520, 528 Sulawesi, 768, 785, 791, 802, 812, 824, 851–52, 854, 859–60, 863–66, 869, 877–78, 893 See also Bugis, Makasar Sulu, 795, 808–809, 812, 830–31, 871, 883 941 Index Sumatra: Acehnese empire in, 845; geography of, 772, 776–77; extension of Dutch control over, 858, 877; and maritime trade, 773–80, 793–95, 797, 802–804, 845–48, 858; northern ports in, 775–76, 793, 797, 803–804, 845; produce of, 774–76, 802, 803, 820–21, 839–40, 845–46; and relations with Java, 775, 783, 785, 793–95, 804 See also Aceh, Lampung, Malayu-Jambi, Minangkabau, Palembang, Pasai, Srivijaya Sumbawa, 802, 852 sumptuary distinctions, 66, 344, 446, 464 Sunda Kalapa, 807 Sunda Straits, 840, 846, 850 Sunnis, 679, 736, 747, 750 Surabaya, 812 Surakarta, 861–62, 866, 871, 875–76 Surat, 704 Sweden, Swedes, 49, 66, 139, 146, 209, 210, 211, 239–40, 279, 287, 291, 350 sweet potatoes, 35, 89, 338, 454, 472, 528, 564 swidden cultivation, 264, 790, 790 n.79, 851 sword nobility in France, 247 syahbandar (port-master), 809, 812 synchronization of political, economic, and cultural changes: across Eurasia, 1, 9–11, 49–67, 76–77, 96–97, 121, 124, 214, 275, 369–70, 701, 705–706; across Europe, 135–39, 203–212, 275–81, 297–98, 369; across mainland Southeast Asia, 11–48 passim, 275–76; between China and the protected zone, 497, 519, 548ff., 575–76, 627–28; between Europe and Southeast Asia, 124, 135–39, 147, 156–64, 182–84, 205–207, 214, 238–45, 266–70, 273, 275, 282–89, 303–306, 334–55 passim, 369–70, 416; between exposed zone and protected zone realms, 580–81; between France and Russia, 126, 130, 147, 182–84, 205–207, 274–75, 319–21, 581, 581 n.210; between Japan and other protected rimlands, 416–31; between South Asia, protected zone realms, and China, 96–97, 631, 637–39, 643, 651, 681–701, 705–706; Eurasian-wide factors promoting, 77–92, 276, 285–89, 295–99, 334–55 passim, 369–70, 416–30, 548–59, 683–701 passim Taaffe, Robert, 97 Taiping Rebellion in China, 593–94, 601, 611, 612, 621 Taira clan in Japan, 404 Tais: assimilate to Indic culture, 752; compared to Inner Asians c 1000–1300, 100 n.141, 586, 686, 690–91; cultural and political geography of, 26–29; enter lowland Southeast Asia, 17–18, 26, 86, 105, 183, 203, 370, 375, 586, 599; and vernacular revolution, 28, 720–21, 744 Taiwan, 454, 523, 528, 605, 824, 825 Tajikistan, Tajiks, 645, 646, 709, 710, 761 Takeda Sachiko, 388 Taksin, Siamese king, 352 Talbot, Cynthia, 641, 662, 753 Tallon, Alain, 259 Tamil country, culture, language, and people, 643, 656, 660, 663–65, 667, 680, 693, 718, 720, 729, 730–31, 737 Tang China (618–907): 95; aristocratic power in, 504–505; Buddhist institutions and influence in, 500, 509; centralizing administrative reforms in, 507–509; Chinese vs barbarian typologies in, 589; cities in, 550; civil service examinations in, 507; cosmopolitan orientation of elites in, 500, 509, 592; decline of, 500, 503–504; financial commissions in, 507–508; and Inner Asian power, 102, 508–509, 588, 617–18; as inspiration for Japan, 107, 382–84, 387–88, 579; military system of, 508–509; overview of, 500; and Sino- foreign origins of Tang Dynasty as aid to success, 520–21, 584, 591; territorial extent of, 520–21; two-tax reform in, 517; waning economic regulation in, 551, 624 Tanguts, 521–22, 585, 588, 592–93 tanistry, 598, 712 Tanjore, 669, 717 Tarim basin, 587 Tatars, 51, 64, 66, 184, 184 n.148, 186–88, 186 n.51, 213–16, 223–24, 228–30, 237, 294, 304, 315 tax farms, 36, 254, 324, 325, 328, 399, 613, 653, 785, 796, 867 942 Index taxation: 61, 65, 69–70; in Britain, 614; in China, 112–13, 517–18, 561, 613–22; commutation of, 32, 69, 75, 246, 254, 300, 561; in France to c 1350, 60, 148, 152, 154, 160, 166, 170, 177–78; in France c 1350 to 1450, 197, 199, 242; in France, c 1450 to 1790, 246–47, 252–53, 324–28, 330, 331, 340–41, 614; in island Southeast Asia, 785, 847, 850, 856, 861–63, 866–67, 876–77, 886; in Japan, 383, 385, 396, 399, 401–403, 406, 409, 413, 418; 423–24, 455–56, 462–65; and low percentage of GNP captured by taxes in China compared to other realms, 614–15; in mainland Southeast Asia, 20–25 passim, 32, 33, 36–37, 45; in Russia to c 1400, 99, 172, 186, 187; in Russia, c 1400 to 1830, 219, 221–22, 282, 299, 300, 614; in South Asia, 113, 115, 221, 646–51, 653–55, 684, 696–97, 744–46 Tayson revolt in Vietnam, 60 Fig 1.6, 303–305, 352 tea, 336–38, 508, 527, 550, 564, 869, 872 Telugu culture, language, and people, 648, 680, 693, 718–20, 726–27, 729–30, 747, 753 Ternate and Tidore, 801, 809, 811, 815, 840, 843, 853–54, 859 See also Maluku territorial consolidation: across Eurasia, 9–10, 57, 58–62 Figs 1.4 to 1.9, 897; in China, 519–24; in France, 57, 62 Fig 1.8, 169–70, 250–51, 273–74, 321–22, 352; in island Southeast Asia, 774–75, 781–86, 805–808, 830–63 passim, 876–78; in Japan, 53, 57, 62 Fig 1.9, 251; in mainland Southeast Asia, 12–22 incl Figs 1.1 and 1.2, 53–54, 58–60 Figs 1.4 to 1.6, 273, 287; in Russia, 57, 61 Fig 1.7, 213–14, 236, 286–88; in South Asia, 656–58 textiles: production and export from China, 69, 89, 276, 336–37, 548, 550, 559, 564, 567, 569, 586, 804, 834, 838; production and export from South Asia, 35, 69, 89, 276, 336–37, 658, 684, 695, 701, 704, 791, 801, 807, 808, 821, 823, 838, 846, 849–52, 864, 869, 872, 874; production in Europe and import to Europe, 158, 165, 244, 291, 297–98, 332, 336–37, 350; production in Southeast Asia and import to Southeast Asia, 35, 69, 788, 791, 801, 803, 804, 807, 808, 821–23, 834, 838, 849, 852, 860, 864, 885 See also cotton, silk Tha-lun, Burmese king, 651 Thang Long (Hanoi), 45, 818 Thirteen Years War in Russia, 287 Thirty Years War in Europe, 276, 280 three-field system of crop rotation and prototypes: in France, 126, 157, 158, 164, 164 n.96, 218; in Russia, 126, 218–20, 295 Tibet, 100–101 n.144, 103, 501, 517, 523, 602, 618, 684 Tikhomirov, M., 134, 140, 142 Tilly, Charles, 51, 123, 124, 255, 277, 284 Time of Troubles in Russia, 66, 206, 238–41, 268, 282–87 passim, 294, 304, 306, 308 Timor, 812, 837, 852, 859 Timur (Tamerlane), Inner Asian conqueror, 216, 522 n.58, 583, 637, 647, 712 Timurid state, 99, 102, 712 tin, 780, 821, 822, 842, 845, 848, 858, 866, 868–71 tobacco, 35, 332, 337, 884–87 Toby, Ronald, 488 Tohoku region of Honshu, 390, 403, 404, 408 Tokugawa Ieyasu, founder of Tokugawa shogunate, 414–15, 439–40, 444, 651 Tokugawa Japan (1603–1868): administrative and territorial structures of, 438–35; attitudes to China in, 486–88; “boundaries” of, 439–40; changing intellectual/aesthetic perspectives in, 482–84; cities in, 450, 451, 460, 471, 473–75; compared to other early modern states, 96–97, 375–77, 438–39, 443–45, 456–58, 463, 467–69, 490, 492–93; compared to post-Carolingian and Bourbon France, 415 n.119; continued governmental vitality in after 1720, 467–68; demographic trends in, Fig 4.2, 449–50, 461; Edo’s cultural role in, 471–473; economic and ecological strains in, c 1720–1840, 457–64, 492–93; economic vitality in to c 1720 in, 8, 448–57; education, publishing, and literacy in, 476–79, 483; erosion of estate divisions in, 465–67; Europeans and, 440, 453–54, 458, 466, 469, 484–85, 487–90; and foreign trade, 453–56, 458; 943 Index Tokugawa Japan (cont.) and founding of Tokugawa shogunate, 377, 415; horizontal cultural integration in, 63–64, 470–73, 479–825; living standards in, 449, 456, 471; manufacture and handicrafts in, 460; mercantilist schemes in, 464; and mounting political difficulties after 1720, 457–58, 462–69; politicized ethnicity and collective self-images in, 378, 437, 484–90; religious institutions in, 444–45; social estates in, 445–48; state revenues, compared to earlier periods, 455–56, 462–65; ukiyo culture in, 473–74; vertical cultural integration in, 63–64, 473–82; village disturbances in, 466–67; weak military pressures in, 444, 457–58, 467, 492 Totman, Conrad, 410–411, 426–27, 454 Toubert, Pierre, 160 Toulouse, 168, 260, 261, 360, 361 Toungoo Burma (1486–1752), 19, 20, 43, 48, 58 Fig 1.4, 96, 118, 192, 239, 241, 250, 255, 375, 416, 468 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 414–15, 429, 436–38, 439, 446, 448, 489, 651 trade See commercialization/ monetization, long-distance trade (overland and maritime) Transoxania, 97, 102, 670, 672, 685, 709–712, 722, 744, 749 Trautmann, Thomas, 758–59 Treaty of Zaragoza, 838 Trengganu, 812, 871 Trigger, Bruce, 108 Trinh seigneury, 21, 60 Fig 1.6, 274 n.10 True Pure Land sect, 411–12, 434 tsars, 64, 229, 230 n.255, See also individual rulers Tsushima, 440, 453 Tuban, 796, 808 Tudor Dynasty in England, 208–209 Tulsidas, Indian religious poet, 732 Turkic peoples: and Byzantium, 133, 207; in China, 99, 520–21, 587–88, 602; and Islam, 686, 710; military advantages of, 722–23; in Russia, 101, 133 n.18, 141, 184, 184 n.148, 185 n.150; in South Asia, 86, 102, 632, 637, 646, 671, 674, 686, 710–711, 722–23, 749; in Southwest Asia, 102, 207, 685–86, 710 See also Tatars Turkmenistan, 98, 109 Turko-Mongols, 85–86, 102, 637, 712, 753 See also Mongols, Turkic peoples Tver, 53, 191, 213 Twitchett, Denis, 539 types of growth See extensive growth, involutionary growth, modern growth, Smithian growth typhus, 188, 189, 196, 331, 459 Ueda Akinari, 487 Uighurs, 587–88, 618 ukiyo (“floating world”) culture in Japan, 473–74, 476 Ukraine, Ukrainians, 65, 212, 288, 292, 295, 303, 306, 312–17 ulama (Muslim clerics), 750–51 Ulozhenie law code of 1649 in Russia, 282–83 Uniates, 316 Upton, A F., 279 urbanization: in England, 296; in France, 67, 129, 176–77, 245–46, 296, 332; Gilbert Rozman’s schema of, 67 and 67 n.78; in Japan, 67, 296, 428, 450, 451, 460, 471, 478; in Russia, 67, 128–29, 134, 176–77, 219, 246, 294–97; in South Asia, 635, 669, 681, 694, 707–708; in Southeast Asia, 67, 803, 805, 821–22, 843, 845–52, 860, 861, 863, 892 Ural river basin, 65, 304 Ural mountains, 191, 228, 287 Urdu, 677–80, 755–56 Urga, 603 Uzbek state, Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, 99, 102, 637, 645, 712, 757 Vaisnavas, 662–63, 665, 669, 676, 731, 747, 772, 777, 786 Valois France (1328–1589): 95, 118, 184, 650; centralized nature of administration in, compared to Southeast Asia, 254–56; commercial and technological spurs to integration in, 246–48; compagnies d’ordonnances in, 242, 254; cultural integration in, compared to Southeast Asia, 249–50, 257–66, 355; decentralized nature of Renaissance monarchy in, compared to 19th-century 944 Index France, 256–57; as early modern state, 96–97, 256; economic and demographic revival in, 243–47; executive and judicial agencies in, 252–53; foreign trade in, 244; French “royal religion” and ideologies in, 241–42, 257–59, 264; in Hundred Years War, 200–202, 242; legal codification in, 256–57; low point of dynastic fortunes in, 202; provincial governors in, compared to Russia and Southeast Asia, 251–52, 257; parlements and provincial estates in, 256; royal income in, 244, 252–53; spread of French language and ethnicity in, 259–64; taxation in, 242, 246–47, 252–52; territorial consolidation and extension of royal authority in, 247–48, 250–53, 255; urbanization in, 246; and Valois accession, 200; venality in, 247, 252–53, 257; at war with Habsburgs, 249, 266; and Wars of Religion, 266–69 Vaporis, Constantine, 472 Varley, Paul, 421 Vasa Dynasty in Sweden, 209 vassalage, 154, 156, 169, 200, 227, 246, 249 Vedas (sacred Sanskrit texts), 639, 639 n.10, 659, 665 venality, 247, 252–53, 257, 327 Vendee, 351, 363 Venice, 197, 253, 259, 805, 839 Verhulst, Adrian, 159 vernacular languages, literatures, and scripts: across Eurasia, 64, 71; in China, 543; in Japan, 63, 375, 387, 432–33, 478, 720; replace Latin and universal languages in Europe and France, 64, 179–81, 259–65, 361–64, 366–67, 719–20; in Southeast Asia, 27–28, 37, 265, 719–20; and vernacular revolution in South and Southeast Asia, 677–79, 717–22, 786–87 vernacular revolution See vernacular languages, literatures, and scripts Vernadsky, George, 171 Versailles, 75, 319, 325–28, 356, 442 Verschuer, Charlotte von, 386 Vietnam: administrative centralization in, 25, 44; anticentralizing revolts in, 303–305; charter era in, 16–17, 23, 26, 43, 44, 53–57, 135, 149; cultural integration in, 26–30, 41–43; demography of, 50, 68; and developmental similarities to France, 129–30, 177, 203, 205; and disorders of 14th–15th centuries, 17–20, 35, 55–57; and disorders of 18th century, 20–21, 206; divided authority in, compared to Japan, 438 n.197; dynamics of integration in, 31–48 passim; elitemass cultural splits in, compared to Russia, 309–310; escapes Chinese control, 16, 521; French conquest of, 272; literacy in, 27–28; military stimuli in, compared to Russia, 288–89; north-south division in, 20–21, 25, 48, 52, 206; as protected zone polity, 49–50; regionalism in, compared to Java, 868; reunification of, 21–22, 48, 273; state influences on economics and culture in, 44–47; territorial expansion and extent of, 15–22 passim, 35, 50 n.58, 60 Fig 1.6, 273, 287; and warfare, 21, 44, 286–87, 341, 349, 352–53 See also Chinese cultural influence, Dai Viet, NeoConfucianism/Confucianism, Nguyen seignury/Dynasty, Tayson revolt Vietnamese, Vietnamese culture, 27–30, 34–35, 37, 40 Vijayanagara, 643–44, 646, 657, 675, 693, 724–25, 727, 729–31, 735 Vikings: in Russia, 130–32, 149–50, 599; in western Europe, 105, 153, 154, 158, 375, 398, 599 villages, village organization: in France, 160, 161, 165, 180; in Japan, 72, 411, 425, 435, 447, 462–63; in Russia, 283–84, 302 Vilna, 190 Visayas, Visayans, 808, 831, 833, 837, 838, 883, 885, 886, 889, 890 Visnu, 642, 643, 659, 663–64, 786 Vithoba (deity), 663, 719 Vladimir, Grand Prince of Kiev, 132, 173 Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Prince of Kiev, 173 Vladimir-Suzdal principality, 172–73, 191–92 Vlasov, V G., 233 voevody governors in Russia, 225, 285; compared to Southeast Asian governors, 285 Volga river and basin, 64–65, 130–31, 134, 187, 188, 219, 227, 236, 295, 304, 316 Volga-Oka interfluve, 64, 69, 191, 218, 372 Volynia, 184, 186 945 Index Wong, R Bin, 539 Woodside, Alexander, 543 Wortman, Richard, 230 Vos, Reinout, 873, 874 Vries, P H H., Wake, C H H., 820 Wakita, Osamu, 429 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 90, 244 Walthall, Anne, 481 Wang Anshi, Song statesman, 617 Wang Yang-ming, Ming philosopher, 529 Wang, Yeh-chien, 571 Warangal, 646 warhorse revolution, 84–85 Warring States period in China, 498–499, 708 Warring States period in Japan (1467–1568): administrative innovation during, 411–15; changing army size and composition during, 413–14; compared to Genpei War and north-south war of 14th century, 412; compared to unifying eras in other protected rimlands c 1450–1600, 416–30 passim; economic growth and its implications during, 416–30; firearms in, 421–22; growth of daimyo power during, 72, 74, 377, 412–15; village, religious, and urban organizations during, 411–12 See also Ashikaga Japan, daimyo Wars of Religion in France, 73, 76, 206, 266–69, 321, 323, 325, 351 Wars of the Roses in England, 204 Washbrook, D A., 702, 704 watek apanages in Java, 782, 784 watermills, 157 Weber, Max, 462 Weberian bureaucracy, 51–52, 52 n.62 West Frankish kingdom, 151, 153, 156, 168, 170, 173 West river, 605 Western Ghat mountains, 635, 657 wheat, 528, 549, 578, 671, 682, 708 White, James, 467 “white Inner Asians,” 769–70, 824–30, 894, 904 White Lotus sect in Japan, 546, 547, 593, 612 Wigen, Karen, 458 Wills, John, Jr., 535 Wink, Andre, 645, 671, 684, 690, 741 Wisseman Christie, Jan, 782, 783, 789, 791 Wolters, O.W., 764, 772–74 Xi Xia state in northwest China, 521–22, 588, 617 Xianbei, Inner Asian tribal confederation, 584, 587, 591, 756, 758 Xining, 603 Xinjiang, 97–98, 103, 517, 520, 523–24, 530, 534, 565, 578, 602, 612, 618, 685, 709, 739 Xiongnu, Inner Asian tribal confederation, 99, 520, 587, 617, 710 Yadavas, Indian dynasty, 636, 682, 685, 716–17, 719, 723, 730, 735 Yamamura, Kozo, 424–25, 451 Yamato polity in Honshu, 382, 580 Yangzi delta: compared to England, 6–8, 563, 565–75; and 14th-century crisis, 502–503, 557; as gentry heartland, 512; handicraft manufacture in, 563; land and labor productivity in, 566, 568, 574 Yangzi river and basin: 499; and efficient water transport, 95, 604–605, 739; growing economic importance of vis-a-vis North China, 526–28, 549, 681; as Ming base, 523; as site of later civilization than in North China, 577–79 Yellow river and basin: 107; and efficient water transport, 95, 604–605, 739; as home to early civilization, 107, 576–80 See also North China,North China plain Yemen, 825, 848 Yogyakarta, 780, 861–62, 866, 871, 875–76 Yong Xue, 571 Yongzheng, Qing emperor, 594 Yuan China (1276–1368): 501; administration in, 514 n.39; compared to Delhi Sultanate, 710–711; conquests of, 103, 521–22; Daoxue Neo-Confucianism in, 544; ethnic/racial tensions and segregation in, 593, 595–96, 601, 626; demographic and economic losses during, 501; epidemics in, 557–58; founding of, 86; monetary disorders in, 558; as stage in Inner Asian evolution, 99, 588; weakness of, 591, 618 Yueh peoples of South China, 526 Yun, Bartolome, 244 Yunnan, 503, 528, 531–32, 534, 684, 812 946 Index zabt revenue system in Mughal India, 648, 697 zamindars, local landed authorities in India, 649, 651–54, 658, 697, 699, 733, 742, 745, 751 Zealots of Piety in Russia, 307 Zelin, Madeleine, 621 Zen Buddhism, 432, 434 Zhang, Pingzhong, 555 Zheng He, Chinese admiral, 795, 798, 802, 825 Zhou Dynasty and state, 109, 498, 525, 581 Zhu Xi, Neo-Confucian philosopher, 509 Zungharia, Zunghar Mongols, 523–24, 618–19, 625 Zlotnik, Marc, 222 947