In Pursuit of Civility Manners and Civilization in Early Modern England Keith Thomas Tai Lieu Chat Luong in pursuit of Civility 12 t h e m e nah e m st e r n j eru s al em L e ct u r e s Brandeis University Press Historical Society of Israel Keith thomas In Pursuit of Civility ․․․․․․․ manners and Civilization in early modern england ․․․․․․․ Brandeis University Press Waltham, Massachusetts 12 historical society of israel / brandeis university press An imprint of University Press of New England www.upne.com © 2018 Keith Thomas All rights reserved For permission to reproduce any of the material in this book, contact Permissions, University Press of New England, One Court Street, Suite 250, Lebanon NH 03766; or visit www.upne.com The excerpt from Richard Wilbur’s translation of Molière’s The Misanthrope is reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing F R Scott’s poem “Degeneration” is reprinted by permission of William Toye, literary executor for the estate of F R Scott Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request Hardcover isbn: 978-1-5126-0280-7 Paperback isbn: 978-1-5126-0281-4 Ebook isbn: 978-1-5126-0282-1 1 to 2 j oh n, r i c r d, a nd ma de l ine Contents ․․․․․․․ Foreword by David Katz ix Preface xiii Introduction 1 1 2 civil behavior 11 The Chronology of Manners 11 Manners and Gentility 23 Refinement 37 2 manners and the social order 49 The Social Hierarchy 49 The Topography of Manners 57 The Civility of the Middling Sort 62 The Manners of the People 65 Civilizing Agents 70 Plebeian Civility 74 2 the civilized condition 86 Civil Society 86 Civilized Warfare 104 A Civilized Compassion 110 Civilized Manners 121 The Fruits of Civility 127 2 the progress of civilization 134 The Ascent to Civility 134 Barbarous Neighbours 153 2 exporting civility 159 Confronting the Barbarians 159 Civilizing by Force 163 Inventing Race Fighting and Enslaving 173 176 2 civilization reconsidered 183 Cultural Relativism 183 Another Kind of Civility 188 The Civilizing Mission Disputed 198 The Defects of Civilization 206 Civilization Rejected 210 2 changing modes of civility 219 Xenophobic Masculinity 219 Manners and Morality 223 The Quaker Challenge 230 Democratic Civility 235 The Future of Manners 247 Note on References 257 Abbreviations 259 Notes 261 Index 349 Foreword David S Katz ․․․․․․․ The great Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt prefaced his study of the civilization of the Renaissance in Italy by remarking that to “each eye, perhaps, the outlines of a given civilization present a different picture.” The historical sources are a “wide ocean,” and in fact “the same studies which have served for this work might easily, in other hands, not only receive a wholly different treatment and application, but lead also to essentially different conclusions.” Burckhardt wrote these words, derived from his personal experience at the coal face of historical research in the mid-nineteenth century, at a time when the field was becoming professionalized in the Age of Ranke Historiographical theory eventually caught up with what Burckhardt already knew In the 1930s we were informed that it is the job of historians to recognize patterns in the stream of past events Fifty years later it was revealed that there is no history “out there” waiting to be transferred to the printed page It is the historian who chooses the subject and paints a coherent picture from the material he or she selects This is why Burckhardt wrote that his bulky book was merely “an essay in the strictest sense of the word.” For over half a century, Keith Thomas has sailed that “wide ocean” of early modern English historical sources, alighting on scholarly islands of his own creation: religion and the decline of magic, man and the natural world, the ends of life, and now the concept of civility, not to mention smaller but important islets along the way His working technique is no secret, observable not only to regular denizens of the Upper Reading Room of the Bodleian Library at Oxford, but also to readers of the London Review of Books, where in a fascinating article published in 2010 he revealed how he does it (“Diary,” London Review of Books, 10 June, 2010) Keith Thomas developed a unique system, which begins with note taking, then cutting up the gobbets into strips that are crammed into envelopes bearing subject titles and are finally stapled onto pieces of paper that are stacked in a particular order, and this all before he begins to write The technology is old-school, and as Thomas himself comments sardonically, most of what takes him days to can now be done by searching a database for a key word But all that depends on knowing upon which wide ocean to sail As Ranke 147. Logan Pearsall Smith, The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton (Oxford, 1907), vol 2, 335; The Works of Isaac Barrow (Edinburgh, 1842), vol 1, 491; Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, 208–12; Peltonen, Duel in England, 227–31 148. Hutchinson, Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson, 4; Jonathan Swift, A Proposal for Correcting the English Tongue, ed Herbert Davis and Louis Landa (Oxford, 1957), 213, 215–16, 221; The Letters of the Earl of Chesterfield to His Son, ed Charles Strachey (1901), vol 2, 165 149. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, Second Characters or the Language of Forms, ed Benjamin Rand (Cambridge, 1914), 128–29; William Enfield, The Speaker (1774), xxix; Childs, “Prescriptions for Manners,” 175–76; Galateo of Manners (Eng trans., 1703), sig a2v 150. Sir Thomas Browne, Religio Medici and Other Works, ed L. C Martin (Oxford, 1964), 85; Correspondence of John Locke, vol 8, 7, 177–78; John Locke: Selected Correspondence, ed Mark Goldie (Oxford, 2002), xxii 151. Thomas Sprat, History of the Royal Society, ed Jackson I Cope and Harold Whitmore Jones (St Louis, MO, 1959), 406–7 Cf. Harrison, Description of England, 132 152. F. J. M Korsten, Roger North (1651– 1734) (Amsterdam, 1981), 119 (date unknown) 153. Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon, vol 1, 305 154. Seneca, De Beneficiis, bk 1, chap 10, sect 1; Works of Sir Walter Ralegh, vol 2, 349 For later instances, see Elizabeth More, “Some Remarks on the Change of Manners in My Own Time,” in Selections from Family Papers Preserved at Caldwell, part (New [Maitland] Club ser., Paisley, 1883); Algernon West, “Some Changes in Social Life during the Queen’s Reign,” Nineteenth Century 242 (April 1897), 649 155. [ John Dod and Robert Cleaver], A Plaine and Familiar Exposition of the Ten Commandements (1618), 249 156. The Works of Robert Sanderson, ed William Jacobson (Oxford, 1854), vol 2, xxxv; Giles Firmin, The Real Character (1670), 268; Gabriel Towerson, An Explication of the 344 Decalogue (1676), 239–40; John Shower, Family Religion (1694), 105 157. George Estie, A Most Sweete and Comfortable Exposition, upon the Tenne Commaundments (1602), sig P5; Gouge, Domesticall Duties, 443–45; Edward Elton, Gods Holy Minde touching Matters Morall (1648), 130; Thomas Fuller, A Comment on the Eleven First Verses of the Fourth Chapter of S. Matthew’s Gospel concerning Christ’s Temptations (1652), 158; Laur[ence] Claxton [Clarkson], The Lost Sheep Found (1660), 5; Moryson, Itinerary, vol 3, 352 158. Winthrop’s Journal, ed James Kendall Hosmer (New York, 1908), vol 2, 324; Deodat Lawson, The Duty and Property of a Religious Housholder (Boston, 1693), 51; The Correspondence of John Cotton, ed Sargent Bush (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001), 343–44 159. Roger North, Notes of Me, ed Peter Millard (Toronto, 2000), 84; César de Saus sure, A Foreign View of England in the Reigns of George I and George II, trans and ed Mme Van Muyden (1902), 296 160. [ John Garretson], The School of Manners (4th ed., 1706; repr 1983), 29 Similar advice was offered in [Eleazer Moody], The School of Good Manners (5th ed., Boston, 1769), 161. Gilly Lehmann, “Représentations du comportement table dans les manuels de civilité anglais de 1660 1880,” in Convivialité et politesse, [ed Alain Montandon] (Clermont- F errand, 1993); Korsten, Roger North, 120 162. Hesther Lynch Piozzi, Anecdotes of Samuel Johnson, ed S. C Roberts (Cambridge, 1932), 72 163. Spectator 119 ( July 17, 1711), ed Bond, vol 1, 486–87 164. Collectanea, 2nd ser., ed Montagu Burrows (Oxford Hist Soc., 1890), 391 (following John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education, ed John W and Jean S Yolton (Oxford, 1989), 203 (para 144)) On George I’s preference for simplicity, see John M Beattie, The English Court in the Reign of George I (Cambridge, 1967), 257–58 165. M. Misson’s Memoirs and Observations in his Travels over England, trans [ John] Ozell (1719), 7; Penelope Corfield, “Dress for notes to pages 239–41 Deference and Dissent,” Costume 23 (1989); Langford, Englishness Identified, 275–79; Louis Simond, Journal of a Tour and Residence in Great Britain during the Years 1810 and 1811 (Edinburgh, 1817), vol 1, 26 166. Anne Buck, Dress in Eighteenth- Century England (1979), 55–59, 138, 204; Paul Langford, “Politics and Manners from Sir Robert Walpole to Sir Robert Peel,” Procs Brit Acad., 94 (1997), 109–10; id., “The Uses of Eighteenth-Century Politeness,” TRHS, 6th ser., 12 (2002), 329–30; Styles, Dress of the People, 189–93 167. Rambler 200 (Feb 15, 1752), in The British Essayists, ed Robert Lynam (1827), vol 12, 406; also Rambler 172 (Nov 9, 1751), in The British Essayists, vol 13, 301 168. The New Bath Directory, for the year, 1792 (Bath, 1792), 169. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans Henry Reeve and Francis Bowen, ed Phillips Bradley (New York, 1954), vol 2, 179 (II 2); Paul Langford, “British Politeness and the Progress of Western Manners,” TRHS, 6th ser., (1997) Significantly, nearly all the evidence for English reserve adduced in this excellent article relates to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries 170. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (1813), 190–93 (chap 4, last para.) 171. Francis Hawkins, Youths Behavior, or Decency in Conversation amongst Men (4th ed., 1646), 19; Charles Barber, Early Modern English (1976), 208–13 172. Barber, Early Modern English, 150–52; OED, s.v “Mr, 1a”; Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People (Oxford, 1989), 66; David A Postles, Social Proprieties (Washington, DC, 2006), 133; Amy Louise Erickson, “Mistresses and Marriage,” HWJ 78 (2014) Della Casa had recommended that strangers should be given the benefit of the doubt; Galateo of Maister John Della Casa, trans Robert Peterson (1576), 43 173. Edward Chamberlayne, Angliae Notitia (3rd ed., 1669), 60–61; Muralt, Letters Describing the English and French Nations (1726), 2–3 174. R. T [Sir Peter Pett], A Discourse concerning Liberty of Conscience (1661), 33; Sprat, History of the Royal Society, 407 175. Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class ([1899]; New York, 1912), 46 176. Henry Fielding, The Covent-Garden Journal, ed Bertrand A Goldgar (Oxford, 1988), 270; Penelope Corfield, “Walking the City Streets,” Journ of Urban History 16 (1990), 156, and “Dress for Deference and Dissent,” 72–74 177. Elizabeth Ham by Herself 1783–1820, ed Eric Gillett (1945), 27; The Torrington Diaries, ed C. Bruyn Andrews ([1935]; 1970), vol 2, 149 178. Richard Price, Political Writings, ed D. O Thomas (Cambridge, 1991), 164 179. Hume, Essays, vol 1, 187–88 180. “Spirit of the Laws,” in The Complete Works of Montesquieu (1777), vol 1, 37–39 (bk 4, chap 2), 417–18 (bk 19, chap 17); Godwin, Enquirer, 335–36 181. Henry Home, Lord Kames, Sketches of the History of Man (2nd ed., Edinburgh, 1778), vol 1, 332–33 182. Joseph Priestley, Lectures on History, and General Policy (1793), vol 2, 281–82 183. Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland 1764, ed Frederick A Pottle (1953), 271, 298 184. Reflections on the Revolution in France, in The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed Paul Langford et al (Oxford, 1981–2015), vol 8, 120–21; Alfred Soboul, Les Sans-culottes parisiens en l’an II (Paris, 1958), 655–57 For attempts by some supporters of the Revolution to develop a theory of “republican civility,” based on equality and respect for others, see Roger Chartier, Lectures et lecteurs dans la France d’Ancien Régime (Paris, 1987), 75–79 185. Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man, in The Life and Major Writings of Thomas Paine, ed Philip S Foner (Secausus, NJ, 1974), 267 186. Godwin, Enquirer, 326; The Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, ed Janet Todd and Marilyn Butler (1989), vol 5, 237 187. Stephen Conway, Britain, Ireland and Continental Europe in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 2011), 131–32; Mrs Henry Sandford, Thomas Poole and His Friends (1888), vol 2, 312 188. Herbert Spencer, An Autobiography (1904), vol 1, 47 notes to pages 241–45 345 189. Thomas Hobbes, Behemoth or the Long Parliament, ed Paul Seaward (Oxford, 2010), 274 190. See, e.g., Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ, 1990), 136–38; Randall Kennedy, “The Case against ‘Civility,’” American Prospect 41 (Nov.– Dec 1998), James Schmidt, “Is Civility a Virtue?” in Civility, ed Leroy S Rouner (Notre Dame, IN, 2000), 36–37; Linda M. G Zerilli, “Against Civility,” in Civility, Legality and Justice in America, ed Austin Sarat (Cambridge, 2014) 191. P. F Clarke, Liberals and Democrats (Cambridge, 1978), 34 192. John Osborne, “They Call It Cricket,” in Lindsay Anderson et al., Declaration, ed Tom Maschler (1957), 83 193. On the assumption that the primary purpose of “a society of formal manners” was to create and sustain class distinctions, the distinguished Israeli philosopher Avishai Margalit maintains that it is no longer necessary; The Decent Society, trans Naomi Goldblum (Cambridge, MA, 1996), 192–94 194. Nicola Lacey, A Life of H. L. A Hart (Oxford, 2004), 266 On Israeli manners as reflecting a belief in the importance of sincerity and truthfulness, see Shoshana Blum- Kulka, “The Metapragmatics of Politeness in Israeli Society,” in Politeness in Language, ed Richard J Watts et al (Berlin, 1992) 195. Correspondence of the Family of Hatton, ed Edward Maunde Thompson (Camden Soc., 1878), vol 1, 47 196. Archibald Alison, Essays on the Nature and Principles of Taste (4th ed., Edinburgh, 1815), vol 2, 292 197. Clarkson, Portraiture of Quakerism, vol. 1, 398–400; Dan Cruickshank and Neil Burton, Life in the Georgian City (1990), 40– 43; William Stafford, “The Gender of the Place,” TRHS, 6th ser., 13 (2003), 309; Mme [Germaine] de Staël, Corinne, or Italy, trans and ed Sylvia Raphael (Oxford, 1998), 244 198. Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, vol 5, 114, 129–30 199. Arthur M Schlesinger, Learning How to Behave ([1946]; New York, 1968), vii–viii; Michael Zuckerman, “Tocqueville, Turner, 346 and Turds,” Journ of Amer History 85 (1998); C. Dallett Hemphill, Bowing to Necessities (New York, 1999), 136, 212 200. James Fenimore Cooper, The American Democrat (1838), ed George Dekker and Larry Johnston (Harmondsworth, 1969), 202–5; Jack Larkin, The Reshaping of Everyday Life 1790–1840 (New York, 1988), 155–57; Kenneth Cmiel, Democratic Eloquence (New York, 1990), 67–70, 127–28; Matthew McCormack, The Independent Man (Manchester, 2005), 109; Dallett Hemphill, “Manners and Class in the Revolutionary Era,” WMQ, 3rd ser., 63 (2006) 201. A Journal by Thos Hughes, with intro by E. A Benians (Cambridge, 1947), 25; Frances Trollope, Domestic Manners of the Americans (5th ed., 1839), ed Richard Mullen (Oxford, 1984), 15, 37–40, 190, 197; Charles Dickens, American Notes and Pictures from Italy (Everyman’s Lib., 1907), 111–12, 121, 147 (though cf 23–24); John F Kasson, Rudeness and Civility (New York, 1990), 58–59, 186–87; Cooper, American Democrat, 205 202. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol 2, 179–80 (II 2), 228–31 (II 14); Cooper, American Democrat, 201–2; Hemphill, Bowing to Necessities For a balanced assessment, see Stephen Mennell, The American Civilizing Process (Cambridge, 2007) 203. Margaret Cavendish, Marchioness of Newcastle, CCXVI Sociable Letters (1664), 137; Michael Farrelly and Elena Seoane, “Democratization,” in The Oxford Handbook of the History of English, ed Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott (Oxford, 2012) 204. “Dipsychus,” scene 3, in The Poems of Arthur H Clough, ed H. F Lowry et al (Oxford, 1951), 237 205. Jose Harris, “Tradition and Transformation,” in The British Isles since 1945, ed Kathleen Burk (Oxford, 2003), 123 206. Norbert Elias, On the Process of Civilization, trans Edmund Jephcott, ed Stephen Mennell, in Collected Works of Norbert Elias (Dublin, 2006–14), vol 13, 139; id., Studies on the Germans, trans Eric Dunning and Stephen Mennell, in Collected Works, vol 9, 33–35, 41–43, 84–85; Cas Wouters, Informalization (2007), 141; Stephen Mennell, Norbert notes to pages 246–49 Elias (1989), 241–46 (explaining Elias’s argument that, in a world of informality, even more self-control is required) 207. For the much higher homicide rate in the Middle Ages, see James Sharpe, A Fiery and Furious People (2016), chap and p 622 208. “The Spirit of Laws,” xix, 6, 14, 16, in Complete Works of Montesquieu, vol 1, 390–91, 396, 398 209. John C Lassiter, “Defamation of Peers,” Amer Journ of Legal History 22 (1978) 210. Teresa M Bejan, Mere Civility (Cambridge, MA, 2017), 43–47; Hobbes, Levi athan, vol 2, 276 (chap 18) 211. John Locke, “First Tract of Government” (1660), in Locke: Political Essays, ed Mark Goldie (Cambridge, 1990), 22–24; id., A Letter concerning Toleration and Other Writings, ed Mark Goldie (Indianapolis, IN, 2010), 182; Bejan, Mere Civility, 46, 125–26, 170–71 212. Martin Ingram, “Ridings, Rough Music, and the ‘Reform of Popular Culture’ in Early Modern England,” P&P 105 (1984); id., “Ridings, Rough Music and Mocking Rhymes in Early Modern England,” in Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England, ed Barry Reay (1985); E. P Thompson, “Rough Music,” in Customs in Common (1991), chap 8; Bernard Capp, When Gossips Meet (Oxford, 2003), 268–81 213. Peter King, Crime and Law in England, 1750–1840 (Cambridge, 2006), 17 214. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, ed Wilfrid Prest et al (Oxford, 2016), vol 4, 106–15 215. Robert B Shoemaker, “The Decline of Public Insult in London, 1600–1800,” P&P 169 (2000) 216. Hume, Essays, vol 1, 192–93; “First Letter on a Regicide Peace” (1796), in Writings and Speeches of Burke, vol 9, 242 Also Hume, “Reflections on the Revolution in France,” in ibid., vol 8, 129–31, and Montesquieu, Complete Works, vol 1, 406–8 (“The Spirit of Laws,” bk 19, chaps 23–26), and vol 3, 57–58 (“Considerations of the Causes of the Grandeur and Decline of the Roman Empire,” chap 8) 217. William Lambarde and Local Government, ed Conyers Read (Ithaca, NY, 1962), 68–69 (echoing Horace, Odes, bk 3, no 24, lines 35–36) 218. [Henry Home, Lord Kames], Elements of Criticism (Edinburgh, 1762), vi; Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society, ed Duncan Forbes (Edinburgh, 1966), 237; Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, 163 (III 2–3), 85-86 (II 2–4); id., An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed R. H Campbell and A. S Skinner (Oxford, 1976), vol.1, 26–27 (I 11 12) 219. See, in particular, the German law of insult, as described by James Q Whitman, “Enforcing Civility and Respect,” Yale Law Journ., 109 (2000) 220. See the observations of Michael Power, The Audit Society (Oxford, 1991); Onora O’Neill, A Question of Trust (Cambridge, 2002); and Lord [ Jonathan] Sumption, “The Limits of Law,” 27th Sultan Azlan Shah Lecture, Kuala Lumpur, 3, https://www supremecourt.uk/docs/speech‑131120.pdf 221. See W. Michael Reisman, Law in Brief Encounters (New Haven, CT, 1999) 222. Chartier, Lectures, 73; Cooper, American Democrat, 200–201 223. R. G Collingwood, The New Leviathan (Oxford, 1947), 291 (para 35, 4), on which see Peter Johnson, “R. G Collingwood on Civility and Economic Licentiousness,” Intl Journ of Social Economics, 37 (2010) For other reflections on the moral and political importance of manners, see the contributions by Edward Shils, Charles R Kessler, and Clifford Orwin to Civility and Citizenship in Liberal Democratic Societies, ed Edward C Banfield (New York, 1992); and Sarah Buss, “Appearing Respectful,” Ethics, 109 (1999) 224. As is powerfully argued by Camille Pernot, La Politesse et sa philosophie (Paris, 1996) 225. John Darwin, “Civility and Empire,” in Civil Histories, ed Burke et al., 323 226. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, 1971), 355 227. In “Civility and Civic Virtue in Contemporary America,” Social Research 41 (1974), 598, Michael Walzer rightly hails the reliance of the United States income tax system upon individual citizens conscientiously calculating notes to pages 249–52 347 and paying what they owe as “a triumph of civilization.” 228. Joan Scott, letter in New York Rev of Books (February 11, 2016), 45–46 There is an excellent discussion of these issues, in both their seventeenth- and twenty-first-century contexts, in Bejan, Mere Civility See also Extreme Speech and Democracy, ed Ivan Hare and James Weinstein (Oxford, 2009) 229. Mark Kingswell, A Civil Tongue (University Park, PA, 1995), 26; Bejan, Mere Civility, 1–4, 209n See also Kenneth Cmiel, “The Politics of Civility,” in The Sixties, ed David Farber (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), and Civility, Legality, and Justice in America, ed Austin Sarat (Cambridge, 2014) 230. E.g., Jeremy Waldron, The Harm in Hate Speech (Cambridge, MA, 2012) 231. E.g., Ronald Dworkin, “Foreword,” Extreme Speech and Democracy; Timothy Garton Ash, Free Speech (2016), esp 211–12; John A Hall, The Importance of Being Civil (Prince ton, NJ, 2013), 32 232. For representative discussion of these issues, see John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York, 1996), 217, 219–20, 226, 236, 242; id., The Law of Peoples (Cambridge, MA, 1999), 55–56, 59, 62, 67, 135–36; id., Justice as Fairness, ed Erin Kelly (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 90, 92, 117; Janet Holmes, Women, Men and Politeness (1995), 4–5; Richard Boyd, Uncivil Society (Lanham, MD, 2004), 26–28, 38–39, 248–49; Jacob T Ley, “Multicultural Manners,” in The Plural States of Recognition, 348 ed Michel Seymour (Basingstoke, 2010); Dieter Rucht, “Civil Society and Civility in Twentieth-Century Theorizing,” European Rev of History 18 (2011) 233. As is pointed out by Keith J Bybee, How Civility Works (Stanford, CA, 2016), 68–69 234. The Early Essays and Ethics of Robert Boyle, ed John T Harwood (Carbondale, IL, 1991), 240; Williams, George Fox Digg’d out of his Burrowes, 308 235. Godwin, Enquirer, 336 236. Chesterfield, in The World, 148 (Oct 30, 1755), in British Essayists, ed Lynam, vol 17, 182 237. B. H Liddell Hart, The Revolution in Warfare (1946), 93; F[rancis] R[eginald] Scott (1899–1985), “Degeneration,” in Selected Poems (1966), 98 238. See the reflections of Norbert Elias, Studies on the Germans, trans Eric Dunning and Stephen Mennell, in Collected Works of Norbert Elias, vol 11, 190, 206, 213, and chap 5; Georg Schwarzenberger, “The Standard of Civilisation in International Law,” Current Legal Problems (1955), 229–30; and Eric Hobsbawm, “Barbarism: A User’s Guide,” in On History (1997) 239. On the GDR’s belief that etiquette and good manners, founded on equality and mutual respect rather than social hierarchy, were indispensable ingredients of socialist civilization, see Paul Betts, Within Walls (Oxford, 2010), 136–41, 168 notes to pages 253–55 index ․․․․․․․ abuse, language of, 68, 79–80 Addison, Joseph, 11, 45, 73, 83, 164, 193, 224, 241 Addison, Lancelot, 188, 195 address, modes of, 50, 230–32, 237, 242–43, 245 affability, 20, 53–55 Africa, 130, 144, 153, 160, 196, 211 Africans, 99, 174, 175, 176, 180–81, 189 agriculture, 127, 137–38, 216–17 All Souls College, Oxford, 51, 96 Anderson, William, 126, 192 Anglo-Saxons, 17, 23, 147–48, 149–50 animals, treatment of, 114, 192, 217 Arabia/Arabs, 3, 138, 194 architecture, 127, 130–31, 151 Aristotle, teachings of, 17, 135, 139, 141, 153, 163, 205 arts and sciences, 21, 128, 130–31, 139, 142, 172; as index of civilization, 128, 164, 166, 172; progress of, 130–31, 139, 142, 152 See also technology Asia, 131, 153, 194 atheists, 101, 171 Aubrey, John, 54, 71–72, 147, 214 Australia, 145, 213; aborigines, 184 authenticity, 235, 242 Aztecs, 110, 129, 177 Bacon, Francis, on arts and sciences, 128; barbarians, 162, 164; civility, 53, 150; civilization, 128, 172; hospitality, 103; navigation, 144; plantation, 161; Wales, 154 Barbados, 179, 180 barbarians: capable of civilization? 172–73, 176; government, 94–95, 162–63, 196; status in international law, 5–6, 161–63; wars against, 176–78, 200–201, 218 See also barbarism; “civil”-”barbarous” polarity barbarism: ascent from, 145–46, 150–52; attributes, 2–3, 4, 6–7, 86–88, 94–95, 98–99, 127, 137, 184, 198–99; a form of civility, 188, 202; a relative term, 186–87, 188, 205; term rejected, 187, 197, 205, 217 See also nomads; pastoralism Baxter, Richard: opinions of, 57, 50, 65, 125, 171, 203, 229 Bedouins, 137, 140 benevolence, 56, 89, 90, 121 blacks, attitudes to, 171, 173–76 Blackstone, Sir William, 77, 103, 106–7, 118, 119, 250 Blair, Hugh, 73, 145, 151 body, the, 155; bodily comportment, 26–29, 30–31, 34–35, 75, 228, 231, 233; reshaping of, 206–7; social differences, 66–67 Boleyn, Anne, 35, 42 Bolingbroke, Henry St John, 1st Viscount, 150, 207 Boswell, James, 5, 53, 60, 245 boxing, 51, 76 Boyle, Robert, 7, 30, 123, 187, 228, 253 Brathwaite, Richard, 27, 53 Britons, ancient, 147, 149–50 Brooke, Humphrey, 104, 192 Browne, Sir Thomas, 20, 30, 100, 147, 174, 181, 192, 239 Buchan, William, 76, 122 Bulwer, John, 33, 78, 188, 206–7 Bunyan, John, 226, 231 Burghley, William Cecil, 1st Baron, 50, 104 Burke, Edmund: on American Indians, 194–95; civilization, 126, 146–47; civilizing conquests, 148; civil society, 95, 170; French Revolution, 245; Indians, 161; the Irish, 158n; manners, 251; women, 126; survey of the world, Burnet, Gilbert, 55, 114 Byng, Hon John, 155, 244 Camden, William, 43, 147, 149, 155 cannibalism, 163, 171, 205, 207 capitalism, as civilizing, 181–82 captives: of American Indians, 212–13; of Moors, 213 Caribs, 1, 162, 199 Carpenter, Nathanael, 61, 147, 220 Carter, Elizabeth, 45, 20–21 Casa, Giovanni della, Galateo, 13, 16, 19, 38, 40, 42, 54 Castiglione, Baldassare, 13, 34, 52 Catholics, Roman, 99, 101, 115; alleged cruelty, 112–14 Ceres, 137, 216 Chamberlayne, Edward, 58, 243 Charles I, 54, 72, 220 Charles II, 72, 238; his courtiers, 40, 48 Charron, Pierre, 186, 205 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 3, 23, 37, 221 Chesterfield, Philip Dormer, 4th Earl, 14, 63, 276n241; civil behavior, 20, 29, 31, 38–39, 83, 239; good breeding, 20, 30, 33; on his contemporaries, 46, 47; politeness, 37, 52–53, 82–83, 226; royal courts, 71, 254 children, 50, 70–71, 240 China/Chinese: attitudes of, 195; attitudes to, 88, 97, 98, 122, 145, 194; manners, 16, 124, 125, 195; technology, 128, 131, 145 Christendom, 3, 88, 89, 171 church courts, 68, 77, 93, 124, 250 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 12, 17, 40, 89, 90, 102, 134 cities See towns “civil”-“barbarous” polarity, xv, 2–4, 6–7, 86, 96, 133, 190, 218, 255, 262n16; rejected, 184, 196–98, 205–6, 217 civility: of the aristocracy, 24, 46, 58; of the common people, 67–70, 85; and dueling, 25–26, 269n99; guides, to, 13–14; late arrival in England, 150–52; medieval antecedents of, 15–18; of middling classes, 62–65, 84; in modern Britain, 247–48; and morality, 18–20, 27, 234–35; pressures to adopt, 14, 15, 17, 21–23, 52, 59, 83–85, 136, 139–49, 184; of provincial towns, 59, 60; “reduction” to, 86, 136; a relative term, 186–87, 193; and religion, 18–19, 50, 88, 72–74, 170, 226–35; resistance to, 221–38; respect for social differences, 51–52, 55–56; social effects, 52–57, 82–83; in war, 105–9; of women, 35–36 See also meanings of the term “civility” 350 civilization(s): concept rejected, 183–84; defects of, 209–10, 216; European, 146–47; ingredients, 86–87, 89–106, 109–10, 116–33; origin of the word, xv, 4, 5, 13, 132–33, 255; plurality of, 184, 197; a relative term, 7; standard of, 5–6; Western, 181, 183, 197, 218 “civilized world,” the, 1, 5–6, 89, 91, 98, 102–3, 160, 181 civilizing mission, 6, 163–70, 181–82, 255; by force, 163–65, 167–69, 205–6, 217 civil society, 89, 90–92, 95–99 See also civilization(s) Civil Wars, English, 107–8 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl, 27, 97, 98, 108, 148, 168, 178, 240 cleanliness, 13, 39, 75, 122, 233, 249 clergy, as civilizers, 72–74 climate, influence of, 97, 153, 188; denied, 172 clubs, 43, 60, 63–64, 131 coffeehouses, 43, 60, 64 Coke, Sir Edward, 33, 117, 199 Collingwood, Robin George, 7, 25, 252 colonization by force 200–202 commerce, 127; Age of, 142; civilizing influence, 62–63, 140–42; ill effects, 140–41, 208–9; right to conduct, 159–60, 198–99 common people, 231; authenticity, 79; barbarous ways, 55–56, 58–59, 61, 66; civility, 67–70, 78, 82; cleanliness, 75–76; clownishness, 66–67; conversation, 78–79; conviviality, 80–81; deference, 235–41; hospitality, 80–81; language, 78–79; neighborliness, 81; politeness, 58; sociability, 78; violence, 76–77 compassion, 35, 81, 121 “ compleasance,” 83 compliments, 44, 70, 224; disliked, 221, 223, 225–27, 230, 239, 245 condescension, 55, 241 conquest of barbarians: justified, 162; opposed, 163, 201–2, 204–6 conversation, 13, 43–45, 78–79, 229 conviviality, 13, 43–45, 64, 78–79, 80–81, 229 Cook, Capt James, 199, 202, 209; on “uncivilized” people, 111, 192, 235 Cooper, James Fenimore, 83, 247, 252 Cornish, the, 57, 58, 178 courtesy, 11–12, 13, 23–24, 51, 52–54 See also civility; manners; politeness Courtin, Antoine de, 13–14, 40, 49 index courtliness, 23, 72, 155 courts, royal, 16, 72; English, 40, 52, 71–72, 225, 244 Cowper, William, 204, 217 Cranmer, Thomas, 12, 62 criminal law, 114–21 Cromwell, Oliver, 113, 157, 169, 176 cruelty, 2, 63, 89, 110–21, 153, 167, 201, 202, 207 Crusades, 167, 199 cultures, 184, 197–98 Cynics, 40, 216, 230 dancing, 28–29, 76, 228, 229, 230–31, 239 Daniel, Samuel, 186, 211 Daniel of Beccles, 16, 31, 37, 40 Davies, Sir John, 155, 164 debate, rules of, 101–2 decency, 13, 49, 57, 253 decorum, 49–52, 56, 75 defecation, 39–42, 65–66 deference, 50–51, 52, 226, 230–31, 235–41 Defoe, Daniel: on child labor, 71; civility, 44, 101, 167, 225; other peoples, 97, 113, 148, 160, 207; women’s education, 125–26 democracies, manners in, 244–45, 247 dialect, 42–43 Diderot, Denis, 193, 198, 201, 209 diet, 123, 137, 146, 147, 153, 154, 196 dirt, 75–76, 122, 155, 156, 195 Dissenters, 171, 228, 238 dissimulation, 52, 224–26, 233 Donne, John, 161, 204–5 Drayton, Michael, 149, 215 dress, 49, 68, 122, 156, 167, 195, 230, 241 drunkenness, 78, 81, 229 dueling, 25–26, 75, 94, 221–22, 269n99 dugri, 230, 232n Dunbar, James, 133, 196, 209 East, the, 146, 190; treatment of women, 124, 125, 127 East India Company, 68, 113, 125, 140, 195, 202, 203 Edmondes, Sir Clement, 97, 102, 105, 155, 220 education, 34–36, 71, 125–26, 173 See also schools; universities effeminacy, 75, 219–21 Elias, Norbert, xiii–xiv, 14–16, 40, 42, 72, 84, 248 Elizabeth I, 152, 157, 166 Elyot, Sir Thomas, 12, 49, 53, 90, 157 enclosures, 70, 236 Engels, Friedrich, 133, 167n, 182 English (later British) state, 9; finance, 140; government, 152, 244; justice, 91–93; military resources, 92–93, 140, 219 Englishness, 221–23 entry, right of, 159–60, 198–99 Erasmus, Desiderius, 13, 27, 40, 104, 225 Eskimos (Inuit), 184, 210 etiquette, 20, 39, 68, 141 Europe: advantages of, 131, 146, 184; idea of, 88, 89, 146–47 Evangelicals, 195, 204, 235 Evelyn, John, 34, 48, 117, 142, 151, 238 executions, 116–19 Fall of Man, 215, 217 Ferguson, Adam: on civil society, 98, 99, 102; complacency of nations, 195–96; manners, 251; property, 143–44; state of nature, 127; the term “barbarian,” 194; war, 109 Ferrar, Nicholas, 40, 50 feuds, 24, 92, 94 Fielding, Henry, 69, 156, 243 flattery, 224–26 food See diet Fortescue, Sir John, 115, 116 Fox, Richard, 17, 87 France and the French, 95, 245; influence, 8, 21, 33, 45; manners, 146, 148, 221; salons, 36, 126 Franklin, Benjamin, 194, 211, 213 Frobisher, Martin, 123, 139, 210 Fulbecke, William, 21, 103, 106 Fuller, Thomas, 60, 207, 231 Gaelic language, 155–56, 157 genocide, 161–62 Gentili, Alberico, 106, 113, 150, 163, 171, 172–73, 178, 198, 205 gentry: affronts to, 237; bodies, 67; civilizers, 72; as employers, 54; hospitality, 58; informality, 239–40; learning, 34; pride, 54; rejection of politeness, 223; rusticity, 59; social interaction, 24, 61, 236 Gerald of Wales, 136–37, 157 Germans: ancient, 2, 94–95, 153, 162, 197; German Democratic Republic, 255 gestures, 59, 80, 195, 237; gesticulation, 33, 188, 222 index 351 Gibbon, Edward: on animal slaughter, 114; civilization, 216; climate, 172; iron, 129; manners, xv, 136–37; nomads, 105; war, 109 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 171, 177 godly people, 226–29 See also Puritans Godwin, William, 234, 244, 245, 253 golden rule, 19, 73, 232 good breeding, 20, 27, 30, 51, 82, 123, 187–88, 225, 239, 253 See also politeness goods: abundance of, 140, 152; and civility, 57, 82, 139–40 Goths, 148, 150, 186 Greeks: ancient, 2, 26, 94, 180; decline of, 144 Grey of Wilton, Arthur Grey, 14th Baron, 106, 177 Grotius, Hugo, 8, 103–4, 106, 109, 163, 205 Guazzo, Stefano, 13, 27 “Gubbins,” 59, 280n65 Hale, Sir Matthew, 18, 129, 153, 164 Halifax, George Savile, 1st Marquess: on American Indians, 211; civility, 50, 225; company of women, 36; laws, 91; manners, 227; war, 104 Hall, Charles, 132, 210 Hall, Joseph, 145, 159, 200 Harrington, James, 145, 170, 182 Hartley, David, 41, 193–94 hectors, 47–48 Henry VIII, 35, 105, 154, 165, 166, 177n Herbert, George, 42, 229 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 184–85, 186, 197 H H B., 217–18 Hobbes, Thomas: on barbarians, 153, 161, 162; civility, 11, 19, 26, 53, 83, 136, 233; civil religion, 170; cruelty, 111; dialect, 43; state of nature, 127, 134, 136, 162; trade, 198 Hoby, Sir Thomas, 19, 150 homicide rate, 24, 94 honesty, 67–68, 178 Hooker, Richard, 90, 103, 105 Horman, William, 27, 31 hospitality, 13, 103–4, 188, 198–99; domestic, 64, 229, 241 See also strangers, reception of Hough, John, 38, 241 households, noble, 16, 29–30 humanitarian intervention, 113 humanity, 89–90, 120, 131 Hume, David: on barbarians, 148, 176, 196, 352 202; bodies, 67; civility and manners, 19–20, 49, 131, 234; civilization, 95, 109, 131, 145, 146, 151, 152, 221; climate, 172; cruelty, 111; dueling, 25; property, 98–99; race, 175; women, 36–37, 125, 126 hunting, 111, 136, 138, 142, 153, 156, 199; hunter- g atherers, 88, 98, 143, 158, 160 Hutchinson, Col John, 55, 219, 227, 237, 239 Hutchinson, Lucy, 55, 227, 237 Hutton, William, 60, 121 hypocrisy, 225, 234, 235 See also dissimulation indentured servants, 179, 180, 203 India, 88, 97, 128, 131, 145, 194, 202 See also East India Company Indians, North American: attitudes to, 153, 161, 162–63, 166–67, 168–69, 174, 177, 190–92, 194, 201; condition of, 91, 126, 127, 128, 163, 169, 196; manners, 58, 123; values, 16, 138, 190–92, 211–12 inequality, social, 209–10 informality, 239–42, 246, 247–49 interdependence, 15, 84 international law See under law Ireland/Irish: attitudes of, 210–11; attitudes to, 7, 111, 113–14, 122, 136–38, 157–58, 174, 201; condition of, 86, 91, 98, 137, 144, 157–58, 169–70, 214; policy toward, 164–66, 168, 169–70, 177–78, 180, 182; 1641 rebellion, 113, 168, 177, 211 Islam, 3, 89, 195 See also Muslims Italy, 8, 25–26, 146, 221 Jacobites, 108, 156, 178 James VI and I, 96, 162, 166, 220–21, 229; Scottish policies, 94, 155–56, 161–62 Japan/Japanese, 1, 125, 145, 167, 187n, 195 Jews, 100, 174, 188, 191 Johnson, Samuel, 39, 44n; on civility, 26, 42, 45, 60, 241; civilization, 96; Dictionary, xv, 5, 127; printing, 129; savages, 111; slavery, 180; treatment of barbarians, 201–2; Western Isles, 156 Kames, Henry Home, Lord: on cleanliness, 122; language, 244–45; law, 145; manners, 251; pain, 119; property, 143; race, 176; women, 125, 126 Kant, Immanuel, 198, 234 kin-based societies, 153, 155 index Lahontan, Baron de, 119, 211, 217 land, uncultivated: right to occupy, 160–61, 162, 199 Laplanders, 1, 214–15 Las Casas, Bartholomé de, 4, 112, 185, 200 laughter, 31, 34, 78, 79 law(s): and civil society, 90–91; of humanity, 10, 163; and manners, 249–52; of nations, 5, 102–3, 104–5, 163, 206; of nature, 102, 159, 160, 161, 163, 181, 200, 204–6; of war, 105–10, 154, 176–78 learning, 21, 34, 127, 130, 139 See also arts and sciences Ledyard, John, 175, 215 Lescarbot, Marc, 213, 217 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 131, 196, 197 literacy, 129 Locke, John, 224; on barbarians, 162; civility and manners, 1, 11, 13, 18, 20, 55, 67, 71, 100–101, 187, 239, 256; civil society, 89, 90, 91; golden age, 215; money, 127; property, 98, 127; slavery, 106, 179–80, 162, 201, 215 London: civility of, 59, 72, 223; life in, 48, 236, 238, 243, 250 Long, Edward, 124, 176 Louis XIV, 56, 114 Lucretius, 134, 136, 216 Macartney, George, Earl Macartney, 122, 124, 127, 194 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 99, 145 machines, 132, 209 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 99, 122, 126, 210 Mandeville, Bernard: on civilization, 152, 207; civil society, 91, 127, 129, 142; climate, 172; the common people, 70, 77, 79; human nature, 173; manners, 25, 63, 225, 234; slaves, 180; wars, 217 mankind: brutish origins, 134–35 manners: American, 247; democratic, 244–47; Dutch, 41, 42; function of, 27, 49–57, 123; guides to, 13–14; Israeli, 246; and laws, 249–52; manières, 82; meanings of the word, xiv–xv, 11, 56, 239; medieval, 17–18, 23, 40; in modern Britain, 247–49; in monarchies, 244; and morality, 18–20, 27, 230–35, 247–49; Quaker, 230–32; reformation of, 11, 73, 249, 250; regulation of, 68, 93, 249–50; republican, 244–45; training in, 16, 19, 29–31, 71; upper-class, 46–48, 56 See also address, modes of; civility; good breeding; politeness; table manners Mansfield, William Murray, 1st Earl, 199, 203 Maoris, 192, 209 Markham, Gervase, 54, 67 Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of, 41–42, 45 marriage, 77, 124 Marx, Karl, 133, 167n, 181–82 masculinity, 219–21 Massachusetts, 115, 118, 123, 160, 191 mathematics, 127–28 meanings of the term “civility”: civil order and government, 12, 90; courtesy, xv, 5, 12–13, 18, 50, 104; decorum, 49, 51–52, 253; good citizenship, 5, 12, 17; law-abidingness, 13, 154, 252; respect for others, 13, 252–53; state of being civilized, xv, 5, 18, 57, 155 See also affability; benevolence; cleanliness; compassion; “compleasance”; condescension; conviviality; courtesy; decency; good breeding; “honesty”; humanity; manners; mildness; modesty; neighborliness; politeness; respect; self-control; sincerity; sociability merchants, 58, 140, 142, 189 See also commerce metalworking, 128–29 Methodists, 33, 74, 228 Middle Ages: attitudes to, 87, 150–52, 186 middle classes, 62–65, 84 mildness, 53, 55, 93 Mill, John Stuart, 119, 132, 178, 197, 218 Milton, John, 101, 147, 148, 169, 173, 235, 238 miners, 61, 62, 67, 74 missionaries, 170, 171, 195, 217, 218 modesty, 35–36, 40–41, 49, 54, 55 monarchy: British, 244; French, 95; and manners, 244 money, 127; “moneyed interest,” 140 Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 45, 190 Montaigne, Michel de, 111, 117, 185–86, 200–201, 205 Montesquieu, 21, 84, 127, 130, 143, 193, 249 Moors, 140, 160, 179, 188 See also Muslims More, Hannah, 74, 225 More, Sir Thomas, 53, 104, 113, 160, 182, 200 Morton, Thomas, 191, 214 Moryson, Fynes, 42, 97, 122, 137, 158, 171, 174, 214, 222 index 353 Muslims, 3, 122, 160, 189, 195, 213 See also Islam; Moors Native Americans See Indians, North American navigation, 127, 128, 144, 146, 152, 157 neighborliness, 80–81 Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of, 36, 72, 78, 104, 244, 246 Newcastle, William Cavendish, Duke of, 46, 53 nobility: civilizers, 72; deference to, 242–43; learning, 34; manners, 15, 24, 27, 54–55, 56, 58, 61, 242; pacification of, 14–15, 24–25; and prevention of despotism, 125 nomads, 136, 137, 214–15; and war, 94–95 non-Christians, 3, 88, 89, 171, 199–200 Norden, John, 58, 75 Normans, 148, 149–50, 235 North, Roger, 19, 60, 130, 148, 187, 240 Northern Borders, 24, 62 Northerners, 61–62 nurture, 11–12 See also good breeding Ogilby, John, 153, 196 opulence, 93, 132, 140, 152 Ottoman Empire, 3, 88, 89, 108, 141, 189–90, 195, 213 See also Turks Overton, Richard, 72, 85 pagans See non-Christians pain, 110–11, 119–21 Paine, Tom, 204, 210, 245 Palmer, Sir Thomas, 25, 86, 121, 153, 187, 188–89, 221–22 Parker, Matthew, 62, 149 Parker, Samuel, 19, 228 pastoralism, 136–67, 143, 157 Paxton, Peter, 172, 196, 206 Peckham, Sir George, 106, 159, 166, 167, 200 “pedantry,” 34, 239 penal system, 114–21 Penn, William, 89, 104, 191 Pepys, Samuel, 40, 42, 156, 175 Perkins, William, 106, 225, 226, 229 Persians, 2, 97, 123–34, 128, 194 Persons, Robert, 98, 151, 174 Petty, Sir William, 19, 30, 144, 158, 169, 175 Pitt, William (the Elder), 20, 31 Plato, 2, 141 354 politeness, 1n5; attributes of, 5, 20–23, 31, 34, 43, 45, 47, 52–53, 55, 57–58, 69, 72, 122, 239, 252; criticism of, 219–21, 223, 224, 226; political context, 244–45; social implications, 82–83, zones of, 59–62 See also civility; etiquette; good breeding; manners polygamy, 125, 189 Postlethwayt, Malachy, 142, 203, 204 Priestley, Joseph, 84, 149, 245 primitivism See simple life, idealized printing, 129, 130 prisoners of war, 105–10, 111 privacy, 242, 250 progress: belief in, 132, 134, 136, 144–46, 184, 215 See also stadial theory property, private: in civil society, 98–99; effects of, 139, 215–17; evolution of, 142–44, 215–17 protest, popular, 236–37, 246 Pufendorf, Samuel, 8, 106, 143, 198, 199, 205, 217 punishments See penal system Purchas, Samuel: on Bedouins, 137, 140; components of civilization, 128, 129, 141, 146; policy in North America, 159, 161, 166, 168, 170 Puritans, 72, 100, 226–29 Puttenham, George, 31, 42–43, 186 Quakers, 204; civility and incivility of, 123, 190, 230–33; “Sufferings,” 119n; women, 246 race, assumptions about, 171, 173–76 Ralegh, Sir Walter, 26, 146, 171, 225, 240 ransoms, 105, 107 rebellions, 92–94 refinement, 45–46, 74 reformation of manners See manners relativism, cultural, 184–88, 193–94 religion: and civility, 18–19, 50, 72–74, 88, 170, 226–35 religions, coexistence of, 99–100 renegadoes, 213 republics, manners in, 244–45 respect, 12, 13, 17, 250, 252, 253 respectability, 69, 82, 246 Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 28, 53 Rich, Barnabe, 168, 221 Richardson, Jonathan, 21, 22n, 131 index road(s), 61; improvement of, 60, 132, 244; rules of, 26, 270n104 Robertson, William: on Aztecs and Inca, 129; civil society, 95, 257; India, 202; merchants, 142; the Middle Ages, 87, 151–52; simple life, 216; source citations; war, 109; writing, 129 Roe, Sir Thomas, 97, 220 Romans, 144, 161; on barbarians, 2, 94, 186, 200; as civilizers, 147, 163–64, 167–69; cruel conquerors of Britain, 121, 148–49; lacking politeness, 148–49 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 129, 235; critic of civilization, 209–10, 216; on Europe, 129 Russia/Russians, 88, 95, 97, 110, 115, 122, 124, 125, 130 rusticity, 58–59, 61 Rycaut, Paul, 98, 187, 190 Sanderson, Robert, 100, 179 Sandys, George, 88, 91, 130, 190 savages, 88, 110, 124, 130 schools, 30, 71, 74, 94, 114, 154, 166 Scots, 186, 213; attempts to civilize, 155–56, 161–62; barbarous ways, 111, 112, 137, 155–57; conduct in war, 106, 111, 112; hardiness, 220 Scott, William, 39, 51 Scythians, 103, 110, 112, 130, 137, 157, 158, 185, 189 sects/sectaries, 130, 228, 237, 238 Selden, John, 36, 198 self-control, 14–17, 19, 24, 31, 67, 93, 148, 192–93, 249 sexual behavior and morality, 68, 77–78 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl, 18, 21, 119, 151, 239, 257 shaking hands, 33, 232 Sharp, Granville, 178–89, 203 shopkeepers, 62–63 Sidney, Algernon, 87, 97, 106, 112, 201 Sidney, Sir Philip, 102, 122 simple life, idealized, 213–18 sincerity, 222, 224, 233, 234–35, 245 slavery: abolition, 204; arguments against, 97, 179, 203–4; defended, 180–81; in England, 105, 178–80; natural, 172–73, 174; of prisoners, 106–7, 179; and racism, 175 slave trade, 178–81, 184, 203 Smith, Adam: on civilization, 46, 93, 119, 209; commerce, 141, 208; differences between the civil and the barbarous, 91, 104, 109, 111, 121, 128, 132, 152, 180, 187, 192–93, 220; manners, 16, 56, 79, 187, 251; polygamy, 125; stadial theory, 142; women’s bodies, 207 Smith, Capt John, 182, 196 Smith, Sir Thomas, 115, 137–38, 160, 165 sociability, 22, 24, 60, 61, 64, 78, 81, 131 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 170, 171 Spaniards: in America, 112–13, 159, 167–68, 169, 200–201; theologians, 200 Spectator, The, 19, 22, 101, 122 speech: of common people, 59, 79–80; modern, 248; not regulated, 250; plain, 221, 223–24; Quaker, 230–33; refined, 45–46; well-bred, 21, 27–28, 42–43, 55, 59, 65 See also dialect Spenser, Edmund: on Anglo-Saxons, 147–48; English civility, 150; the Irish, 122, 138, 157, 168, 210–11; manners, 11; towns, 138 spitting, 34, 38, 42, 47, 188 Sprat, Thomas, 130, 142, 240, 243 stadial theory, 142–44, 197 Starkey, Thomas: on civility, 12, 90, 95, 116, 117, 134, 138 state of nature: barbarians in, 162; existence of denied, 135–36; Hobbes on, 127–28 Steele, Sir Richard, 31, 80, 124 Stewart, Dugald, 128, 129, 136, 209 Stoics, 2, 31–32, 113 strangers, reception of, 68–69, 103, 188, 238 See also hospitality streets, etiquette on, 26, 68 Stubbe, Henry, 225, 232 Swift, Jonathan, 49, 72, 169–70, 206, 239 table manners, 16, 37–39, 69, 81–82, 123–24, 188, 220–21, 222 Tacitus, 7, 137, 147, 235 Tahiti, 202, 210 Tangier, 179, 188 Tartars, 97, 112, 114, 136, 138, 153 Taylor, Jeremy, 103, 193, 200 tea drinking, 64, 82 tears See weeping technology, 127, 131–32, 152 Temple, Sir John, 113, 174 Temple, Sir William, 59, 91, 97, 135, 145, 148, 164, 175, 206 Thomas, William, 97, 132 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 210, 242, 247 index 355 toleration, religious, 99–101 Tongans, 192, 215 torture, 115, 117 towns: civility of, 17, 59, 60, 84, 138–39; walls, 94, 139; Welsh, 154 trade; right to, 159–60, 198–99 See also commerce Traherne, Thomas, 27, 214 travel: educational, 33–34; effects of, 189, 221–22 Tucker, Abraham, 83, 109 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 142, 143 Turks: barbarity, 88, 103, 130, 220; captives, 213; civility, 188, 190; cleanliness, 42, 195; cruelty, 91, 106, 111, 112, 113, 115; despotic government, 97, 98; enemies, 88, 171; favorable views of, 189–90; manners, 16, 123, 188–90, 225; military decline, 120; slavery, 179; trade with, 189; view of Europeans, 195; women, treatment of, 124–25, 190 See also Ottoman Empire United Nations, 6, 184 universities, 34, 48, 130, 140, 157 urbanity, 17, 23, 24, 44, 59, 139, 229 urination, 39–42, 65–66, 158 Utrecht, Treaty of, 89, 180 Vattel, Emmerich de, 109, 162, 205–6 Vergil, Polydore, 64, 88, 154 villenage, 178, 180, 235 violence: and aristocrats, 14–15, 24–26, 51; of civilizers (see civilizing mission); decline of, 14–15, 72–73, 76, 77; as incivility, 93–94; legal view of, 92; in modern Britain, 249; and students, 48; by women, 77; and working class, 76–77 See also homicide rate; war; wife beating Virginia, 160, 174, 177, 212; Charter, 166; Company, 161, 168–69, 174; natives of, 174, 190; slavery, 179 visits, 57, 229 Vitoria, Francisco de, 8, 103, 159, 198 Wales: annexation of, 154; union with, 154 See also Welsh Walpole, Horace (later 4th Earl of Orford), 47, 60 356 Walwyn, William, 201, 214 war: attitudes to, 104; caused by private property, 216–17; laws of, 105–10, 154, 176–78 See also wars Warburton, William, 95, 170, 182 wars: of American Independence, 110; Anglo-Dutch, 108; Anglo-French, 177; Anglo-Scots, 177; Anglo-Welsh, 177; against barbarians, 176–78; eighteenth- century, 109, 207–8; English Civil, 107–8; of the Holy League, 108; modern, 254; of the Roses, 201; Seven Years War, 109; Thirty Years War, 108 wealth See opulence weapons, carrying of, 94, 156 weeping, 31–33; by women, 34 Welsh, the, 174; barbarous ways, 153–55, 178; civility, 154–155; cruelty, 110; diet, 154; historians, 149; idleness, 138; pastoralists, 136–37, 153; thieves, 154; warriors, 153, 154; wars against, 177 See also Wales Whately, Richard, 135n, 161n Whichcote, Benjamin, 51, 52, 93, 130, 215 Whitehead, John, 231–32 wife beating, 77, 124 Wilkes, John, 39, 156 William of Malmesbury, 88, 97, 148 Williams, Roger: on American Indians, 190, 191, 207; Christianity, 89; civility and barbarism, 86, 91, 123, 136; human race, 173; Quakers, 123, 253; royal patents, 200; toleration, 100; uncultivated land, 199 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 149, 210, 216, 245, 246 women: Amazons, 163n; in barbarous societies, 124–26; civilizers, 36–37, 58, 254n; criminals, 94; education, 34–35, 125–26, 228; emancipation, 126; evasion of constraints, 37; feminists, 246; literacy, 129; position an index of civilization, 124–27; precedence given to, 36; prescriptions for, 34–37; subservience in the East, 124–25; withdrawal after dinner, 36, 246 See also violence; weeping; wife beating Wood, Anthony, 22, 117, 238 work, as civilizing, 70, 138 Wotton, Sir Henry, 151, 225, 235, 239 xenophobia, 221–23 index th e me na h e m st e r n j eru s al em l e ct ur e s Sponsored by the historical society of israel and published for brandeis university press by university press of new england Editorial Board prof Yosef kaplan, Senior Editor, Department of the History of the Jewish People, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, former chairman of the Historical Society of Israel prof Miriam eliav-FELDON, professor emerita, Department of History, Tel Aviv University, chairperson of the Historical Society of Israel prof Michael heyd, z”l, Department of History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, former chairman of the Historical Society of Israel prof Ora limor, professor emerita, Department of History, Philosophy and Judaic Studies, The Open University of Israel prof Shulamit shahar, professor emerita, Department of History, Tel Aviv University Keith Thomas, In Pursuit of Civility: Manners and Civilization in Early Modern England Peter Burke, Exiles and Expatriates in the History of Knowledge, 1500–2000 Paul R Katz, Religion in China and Its Modern Fate Richard J Evans, Altered Pasts: Counterfactuals in History Patrick J Geary, Language and Power in the Early Middle Ages G W Bowersock, Empires in Collision in Late Antiquity Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Three Ways to Be Alien: Travails and Encounters in the Early Modern World Jürgen Kocka, Civil Society and Dictatorship in Modern German History Heinz Schilling, Early Modern European Civilization and Its Political and Cultural Dynamism Brian Stock, Ethics through Literature: Ascetic and Aesthetic Reading in Western Culture Fergus Millar, The Roman Republic in Political Thought Peter Brown, Poverty and Leadership in the Later Roman Empire Anthony D Smith, The Nation in History: Historiographical Debates about Ethnicity and Nationalism Carlo Ginzburg, History Rhetoric, and Proof