Tai Lieu Chat Luong The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans NATIONALISM AND COMMUNISM IN CAMBODIA, LAOS, AND VIETNAM Arthur J Dommen INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS BLOOMINGTON AND INDIANAPOLIS This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, IN 47404-3797 USA http://iupress.indiana.edu Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders by e-mail iuporder@indiana.edu © 2001 by Arthur J Dommen All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dommen, Arthur J., 1934– The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans : nationalism and communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam / Arthur J Dommen p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-253-33854-9 (cl : alk paper) Indochina—Politics and government Indochina—Foreign relations—France France—Foreign relations—Indochina Indochina— Foreign relations—United States United States—Foreign relations— Indochina France—Foreign relations—20th century United States— Foreign relations—20th century Nationalism—Indochina Communism—Indochina I Title DS549 D67 2001 325'.344059—dc21 00-053969 06 05 04 03 02 01 For Loan, and for all those officers of the Foreign Service of the United States who over the years between 1939 and 1975 reported objectively, and sometimes brilliantly, on the affairs of the Indochinese and for whom there were no Pulitzer Prizes or Nobel Peace Prizes, and for the archivists in whose custody their reports have ended up, to the lasting enlightenment of historians and readers CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ABBREVIATIONS / ix / xi The Arrival of the French (1625–1893) Dealing with the French (1893–August 30, 1945) 21 The Rise of Nationalist Feeling and the Suppression of the Nationalists (August 30, 1945–December 1946) 113 The Growth of Foreign Intervention (December 19, 1946–July 20, 1954) 171 The Crucible of Nationalism (July 20, 1954–1957) 255 The Decline of the Nationalists (1958–1960) 349 The Nationalists Struggle against Great Odds (1961–1963) 427 Americanization of the War (1964–1968) 565 The End of the Non-Communist Nationalists (1969–1973) 698 10 The Party Center Triumphant (1973–2000) Epilogue 854 1010 NOTES INDEX / 1012 / 1141 INTRODUCTION Twenty-five years have passed since the army of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam entered Saigon, putting a decisive end to the 30-year war between the nationalists and Communists that had been set off by the Communists’ coup d’état in Hanoi on August 19, 1945 I have tried in this book to unravel the skein of these events and, like Thucydides, who chronicled the 27-year war in which his own Athens became embroiled during his lifetime, to distribute credit where credit is merited and to assign blame where blame is due The Indochinese will forgive, I hope, a foreigner’s presumption in writing a history of their countries As a foreign correspondent, I had the good fortune to share their hospitality during some of the most critical times For sources in the modern period, I have been able to rely for large parts on reports of their public statements and even their private thoughts contained in the archives of the American Foreign Service, a precious gift to historians of all countries This book is the fruit of 40 years of reflecting on their struggle for self-determination and self-respect; in the final analysis, it is up to them to judge whether my attempt to match the balance and admirable lack of partisanship of Thucydides has succeeded My book is intended to be a stimulus to students to more research rather than the final word on the subject I have paid particular attention in chronicling events from the mid-nineteenth century to sovereignty Sovereignty is a concept of which the Indochinese without exception were enamoured, one that governed their actions on many occasions When the king of Luang Prabang placed his kingdom under French protection it was because he had been evicted from his capital by enemies coming from the outside Sovereignty resided in the monarchy in Laos for 600 years and in Cambodia for nearly 2,000 years In Vietnam, the French placed sovereignty over Cochinchina (which the Khmer called Kampuchea Krom) in their own National Assembly and president, but this was an aberration While the French allowed the court of Hue to retain sovereignty, it was often nominal, and the modern history of Annam and Tonkin is one of the struggle of the emperor to preserve as much sovereignty from encroachment as circumstances and the means at hand permitted Index Nguyên Thanh Ton, 633 Nguyên The Anh, 13 Nguyên Thi Binh, 684, 695, 949, 953; as head of PRG delegation to Paris Conference, 712, 768, 832 Nguyên Thi Chon, 784, 860 Nguyên Thi Minh Khai, 54 Nguyên Thi Ngoc Lan, 510 Nguyên Thi Phuc, 510 Nguyên Thi Yen, 510 Nguyên Tien Hung, 797, 818, 826, 853, 863, 895, 897, 925 Nguyên Ton Hoan, 187, 292, 621–623 Nguyên Tran Thiet, 918 Nguyên Trieu Dan, 859, 861–862 Nguyên Trieu Hong, 418–420 Nguyên Trong Luat, 900 Nguyên Tu, 903 Nguyên Tuong Bach, 111 Nguyên Tuong Long, 153 Nguyên Tuong Tam (Nhat Linh), 33–34, 53, 74, 155, 176; suicide of, 522 Nguyên Van An, 476 Nguyên Van Binh, Paul, 633, 958 Nguyên Van Chi, 174, 406, 534, 654 Nguyên Van Dang, 509–511 Nguyên Van Han, 918 Nguyên Van Hao, 908 Nguyên Van Hieu, 422, 478, 482, 670, 674, 683, 685, 741, 859–862, 873 Nguyên Van Hinh, 196, 271, 274, 280, 283, 290 Nguyên Van Huyen, 777, 892, 916, 919 Nguyên Van Linh, 126, 627, 956, 964– 965, 1000 Nguyên Van Luc, 548 Nguyên Van Nhung, 556, 620 Nguyên Van Quan, 556 Nguyên Van Sam, 56, 106–107, 159, 185; assassination of, 186 Nguyên Van Tam, 54, 185, 194, 216–218, 220, 278 Nguyên Van Thanh, 161, 193, 292–293 Nguyên Van Thieu, 545, 565, 620–621, 623, 628, 631, 641, 643–644, 652, 656– 657, 660; as president, 658, 665, 673, 675, 677, 679–680, 687, 689–697, 704, 706–711, 714, 737–738, 742, 752–755, 760–765, 922; meetings with Nixon at Midway, Saigon, 756–757; career, 658; agrees to resign under peace plan, 768–770; political fortunes of, 771– 772; in election of 1971, 773–779; negotiates with Kissinger, 795–799, 1159 802–804, 806–810, 819–830; bids farewell to last American troops, 846; talk with Sullivan, 847–848; failings of, 852; meeting with Nixon at San Clemente, 862; procrastination of, 863; launches political party, 864–865; warned of further Kissinger negotiations, 868; abandoned by politicians in face of growing repression, corruption, 891–894; receives news of Nixon’s resignation, 895; last days in Saigon, 897–909; resignation speech, 909–912 Nguyên Van Thinh, 53, 158–159, 855 Nguyên Van Thoai, 284 Nguyờn Van Thuan, Franỗois-Xavier, 958959 Nguyờn Van Tien, 659 Nguyên Van To, 117 Nguyên Van Tran, 1001 Nguyên Van Van, 26 Nguyên Van Vinh, 27 Nguyên Van Vy, 290, 292, 620 Nguyên Van Xuan, 117, 153, 292 Nguyên Van Xuan, Colonel, 158, 187, 191, 271 Nguyên Viet Chau, 859 Nguyên Vinh Nghi, 922 Nguyên Xien, 137 Nguyên Xuan Chu, 56, 103 Nguyên Xuan Long, 422 Nguyên Xuan Oanh, 621 Nguyên Xuan Phong, 769, 818, 859, 868 Nhiek Bun Chhay, 993–995, 999 Nhiek Tioulong, 138, 196, 250, 259, 365– 366, 368, 613 Nhouy Abhay, 92, 141, 144, 198, 386 Nishihara, Issaku, 47–49 Nishimura, Kumao, 88, 101 Nixon, Richard M., 427, 699, 702, 704, 707, 709–711, 713, 717, 719, 730, 735– 736, 739–740, 742–743, 746, 758–759, 761–765, 768–769, 772–773, 778, 780, 784–786, 789–791, 798, 806–807, 810, 813–815, 818, 838–839, 851–853, 863– 864, 866–868, 870, 876, 880, 891, 895, 897, 901, 925, 938–942; visits Vietnam (1953), 220; reaction to election of, 752; announces criteria for troop withdrawals, 755–756, 760; speaks to Thieu of Vietnamization, 756–757; visits Vietnam (1969), 757; first letter to Thieu (1971), 785; Thieu-Nixon correspondence, 797, 799, 803, 807– 1160 Index 809, 812, 817, 820–821, 827–828, 830, 833, 871–873; DRV broadcasts notes of, 816; four commitments given to Thieu’s adviser, 821–822; sets inauguration day as deadline for signing, 826; decides not to submit agreement to Congress, 849; Thieu-Nixon correspondence rescued, 925 Nolting, Frederick E., Jr., 273, 450, 456, 458, 460–461, 470–474, 480, 501, 503– 504, 507, 514–518, 520–523, 531, 537, 539–540, 547, 562, 564 Nong Kimny, 90, 273–274, 353 Nordlinger, S L., 123 Norodom, King, 7–8, 57; death of, 23 Norodom Chakrapong, Prince, 367, 984, 986, 989 Norodom Chantaraingsey, 197 Norodom Kantol, Prince, 560, 718, 724 Norodom Khémanourak, Prince, 367, 969 Norodom Naradipo, Prince, 367, 718, 969 Norodom Narindrapong, Prince, 367, 967 Norodom Phurissara, Prince, 746, 967, 969 Norodom Ranariddh, Prince, 367, 976, 996–997; becomes head of FUNCINPEC, 982; first prime minister in coalition government, 990; rivalry with Hun Sen, 992–993; chairman of National Assembly, 998 Norodom Sihamoni, Prince, 367, 967 Norodom Sihanouk, Prince, King, and Head of State, 162, 183, 196–198, 208, 234, 294, 299, 308, 315, 317–320, 323, 351–356, 369, 429, 490, 594, 611–620, 650–651, 660, 696, 719, 735–739, 746– 749, 849, 851, 888, 971, 973; accedes to throne (1941), 57; embraces Japanese (1945), 83; declares independence (1945), 88–89; reverses course, 137–138; drafting of constitution, 161; campaign for independence, 210–212; repression of opposition, 309, 359– 360; abdicates (1955), 318; articles on communism in Cambodia, 360–361; moves to left, 361–362; recognizes CPR, 363; bomb explodes in palace, 364; names self head of state (1960), 364–367; on his children, 367; style of government, 367–368; proposes conference on Laos, 436; meeting with Savang, 440–441; further articles on communism in Cambodia, 466– 467; protests persecution of Buddhists to Kennedy, 518–519; reaction to events of 1963 in Vietnam, 559–561; announces end to American aid, 560; recalls ambassador from Washington, 561; states conditions for relations with Saigon, 571–572; seeks guarantees of Cambodia’s borders, 612; and ethnonationalism, 615; plays host to De Gaulle, 655–656; turns against Communists, 715–718; articles on United States, 719–720; leaves Phnom Penh, 721–724; arrives in Peking, 728; reaches compact with Dong, Chou, 728–729; declares war on Lon Nol, Sirik Matak, and their American allies, 729; behind Sihanouk’s decision, 730–734; letter to Mansfield, 740; at Summit Conference of the Indochinese Peoples, 741; announces formation of resistance government, 744; position on Vietnam negotiations, 805; affirmed head of state, 927; returns to Phnom Penh, 965–966; resigns as head of state, 967; views a changed country, 968–969; messages to Pol Pot, 973; leaves Phnom Penh at Vietnamese invasion, 976–977; escapes from Khmer Rouge minders, declines offer to be head of state, 978; agrees to head coalition, 980; negotiations with Hun Sen, 981–983; returns to Phnom Penh, 983; actions following 1993 elections, 987–988; becomes king again, antedates reign, 989–990; embraces Le Duc Anh, 991; silent on coup d’état of 1997, 995 Norodom Sirivudh, Prince, 996 Norodom Suramarit, King, 318, 996; death of, 364 Norodom Vakrivan, Prince, 319, 364 Norodom Yuvannath, Prince, 367, 730 North Vietnam See Vietnam, North (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) Nouhak Phoumsavan, 145, 181–183, 234, 312, 378, 443, 445, 493–495, 498–499, 880 Nouphat Chounramany, 92, 385, 835 Nouphet, General, 606 Nuon Chea (Long Bunruot, Long Rith), 197, 369, 964–965, 970, 999 Nuon Paet, 999 Oberemko, Valentin, 688, 697 O’Daniel, John W., 274, 280, 289 Index Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 352, 401; in southern China, 61, 72, 75, 77, 81–82, 133, 136, 182, 251, 503, 507; in Laos, 92; arms deliveries to Viet Minh, 93–99; Deer Mission, 96–99, 792; activities in Hanoi, 104, 122–124; activities in Saigon (Embankment Mission), 124, 127–129; activities in Laos (Raven Mission), 124, 139–140; supply of arms to Free Thai, 156–157; intelligence failure, 166–167 Ok Sakun, 887 Oliphant, Pat, 814, 921, 962 Ong Meang, 969 Ong Sim, 741 opium, 143 Ortiz-Rivera, Luis, 784 Osborne, Milton, O’Sullivan, James L., 152, 154, 157, 160, 163–165, 176, 191 Ouan Ratikoun, 144, 380, 383, 392, 395, 603, 714; in seminar camp, 951 Oum Mannorine, 367, 722–725 Oun Heuan Norasing, 396 Oun Keo, 17 Oun Kham, King, 16–18; death of, 19, 23 Oun Sananikone, 27, 55, 140–141, 144, 393, 586 Ou Voravong, 605 Pa Chai, 143 Paknam incident (1893), 18 Paleski, 118 Palme, Olof, 744, 888–889 Paris Agreement of 1973: evaluation of draft, 811–814; main points broadcast by DRV, 816; text broadcast by Radio Hanoi, 831; signing of, 831–832 Paris Agreement of 1991, 982–983 Park, Chung Hee, 690 Parodi, Alexandre, 239 Parrell, Father, 409 Parsons, J Graham, 328, 330, 332–333, 335, 337–338, 357, 370, 376, 381, 385, 387–388, 392, 395, 397–400, 403, 405, 411, 415, 424–426, 438, 469, 886 Parthasarathi, G., 531 Party of Democratic Kampuchea (PDK), 984, 986 Pasquier, Pierre, governor general, 45 Patenôtre, Jules, 12 Pathet Lao, 137, 359, 369–371, 374, 387, 390, 392, 395–399, 401, 403–405, 424, 440, 458, 460, 465, 482–484, 487, 489– 1161 493, 586, 588, 592, 594, 599, 851; origin of name, 183, 309–316, 351; resistance government proclaimed, 183; in negotiations for coalition, 321–338; integration refused, 378; offensive of 1961, 439, 444; capture of Nam Tha, 448–449; attack on ICC helicopters, 497–498 Patti, Archimedes L A., 95, 122–124, 128 Paul Nur, 900 Paul, Roland A., 703 Pavie, Auguste, 16–19, 21, 23–25, 59 Paxa Sangkhom (Party of Democracy and Social Progress) (Laos), 386 Pell, Claiborne, 913 Peloponnesian War, comparison with, 256, 669, 753–754, 772, 793, 867, 898– 899, 909, 941 Penn Nouth, 211–212, 365, 368, 728– 730, 745 Pen Sovan, 974, 979 People’s Bloc (South Vietnam), 786 People’s Forward Together Movement (Nhan Xa), 786 People’s Group (Krom Pracheachon), 318, 320, 351, 360, 466, 611 See also Khmer People’s Revolutionary Party; Workers’ Party of Kampuchea People’s Revolutionary Party (South Vietnam), 478, 643 Perkins, 118 Pétain, Philippe, 58, 66, 69, 78, 157, 168, 202, 914 Petrus Ky, 543 Pham Cong Tac, 35–36, 53, 61, 193–194, 217, 281, 292, 362 Pham Dang Lam, 570, 621, 673, 685, 692, 696–697, 709, 761, 769, 797, 818, 837, 846–847, 853 Pham Duy Khiem, 264 Pham Duy Tat, 902–903 Pham Hung, 126, 671, 766, 849, 904, 948, 952, 965 Pham Huu Chuong, 218, 264–265 Pham Khac Hoe, 84, 103, 108, 176 Pham Minh Mân, J.-B., 1007 Pham Minh Tho, 664 Pham Ngoc Thach, 89, 102, 106, 117, 129, 145, 153, 167 Pham Ngoc Thao, Albert, 534, 572, 635 Pham Ngoc Thiep, 529 Pham Quynh, 26–27, 33, 35, 37, 45–46, 83; execution of, 121, 298 Pham Van Ba, 695 1162 Index Pham Van Bach, 124, 160, 685 Pham Van Dinh, 788 Pham Van Dong, 73–74, 95, 100, 116– 117, 133, 148, 158–160, 182, 263, 270, 316, 339, 345–346, 348, 372, 376, 397, 440, 442, 452, 461, 489, 493, 531, 563, 580–581, 645–647, 649, 663, 678, 687, 706, 721, 730, 732, 741, 756, 763, 766, 781, 815, 817, 868, 880, 924, 941, 949, 952, 965, 967, 970, 976, 1002; at Geneva Conference of 1954, 234–235, 241–251; “descending spiral” statement in interview with Fall, 530, 864; “we can come to an agreement” statement to Maneli, 532; “Four Points,” 639–640, 644–645, 755; “stupid, criminal” statement in interview with Salisbury, 659, 938; in compact with Sihanouk, Chou, 728– 729; coalition statement in interview with De Borchgrave, 807; talks with Kissinger, 837–839, 862 Pham Van Dong, General, 628–629, 631, 635 Pham Van Lieu, 567 Pham Van Phu, 901–903, 922 Pham Xuan An, journalist and Communist spy, 701 Pham Xuan Chieu, 565, 621, 641, 652, 753 Phan Anh, 89, 101, 108, 110, 112, 248, 279 Phan Boi Chau, 37, 56 Phan Chu Trinh, 37, 39, 695, 832 Phan Hien, 686, 837, 971–973, 975 Phan Hoa Hiep, 545 Phan Huy Quat, 201, 223, 285, 292, 651, 753; as prime minister, 631, 637, 641, 947 Phan Ke Toai, 88, 101, 103–104 Phan Khac Suu, 264, 411, 522, 567, 628– 630, 656–657; chosen head of state (1964), 625; career of, 626; resigns, 641 Phan Ngoc Chi, 264 Phan Quang Dan, 419–420, 522, 656, 657 Phan Thanh Gian, 6, 923, 1009 Phan Thong, 656 Phao Panya, 382 Phao Siyanon, 307, 310, 349, 403 Phelan, Dan, 96 Pheng Phongsavan, 334, 391, 402, 443, 445, 582, 589; heads RLG delegation in negotiations, 835, 838, 840–842, 844, 881–882, 884; in seminar camp, 951 Phetsarath, Prince, 27, 60, 83, 91–92, 145, 162, 198, 308, 335–336; dispute with king, 138–141; implicated in assassination of Kou Voravong, 306–307, 599; return to Laos and death of, 333– 334 Phibun Songkram, 349 Phillips, Rufus C., 297 Pho Proeung, 365–367, 726, 730 Phoui Sananikone, 92, 207, 306–307, 315, 321, 326, 329, 334, 337, 355, 357– 358, 372, 374–375, 378–379, 381, 386– 387, 391, 434, 500, 575, 590; at Geneva Conference of 1954, 234, 250; becomes prime minister (1958), 373; in parliamentary crisis of 1959, 382– 385; as National Assembly president in 1973–1974, 843, 885 Phoumi Nosavan, 140, 349, 352, 357– 358, 386–387, 415–416, 425–426, 446– 451, 453, 460, 500, 576–579, 581–582, 585, 587–588, 598, 615, 798, 814, 844, 913; as deputy defense minister vows to settle Pathet Lao problem “once and for all,” 378–379; maneuvering in 1959 parliamentary crisis, 380–385; ultimatum to French, 388; reaction to Kong Le coup, 388–391; receives support from Thailand, U.S., 393– 394; discussion with Irwin and Riley, 400–401; captures Vientiane, forms government with Boun Oum, 403– 405; and escalation of war in Laos (1961), 430–432; intention to expel French military mission, 435; reading of American intentions, 447–448; criticized by Harriman, 448–449, 481; downfall of, 604–605, 607 Phoumi Vongvichit, 142–143, 182–183, 312, 337–338, 378, 398–399, 485, 487– 488, 490–491, 493, 497–500, 575, 577– 578, 580–581, 585, 597, 741, 931, 954; as special adviser to LPF delegation, 835, 840–842, 880, 884 Phoune Sipraseuth, 182, 378, 483; heads LPF delegation in negotiations, 835, 880–882, 884 Phung Van Cung, 422 Phuong Hoang (Phoenix) program, 709 Phuong San, 726 Pigneau de Béhaine, Pierre-JosephGeorges, Bishop of Adran, 4, 7, 959 Index Pignon, Léon, 133, 146, 149–150, 160, 170, 172, 191, 198 Pincus, Walter, 702 Pineau, Christian, 347 Pinto, Roger, 265, 422, 503 Pisier, Georges, French administrator, 59 Pleven, René, 68 Poc Mona, 978 Polgar, Thomas, 892, 905–906, 908, 921 Police Aerial Reconnaissance (Resupply) Unit (PARU), 307, 403, 432–433, 444, 484 Pol Pot (Saloth Sar), 196, 309, 369, 611, 616–617, 733, 745, 747, 927, 964–965, 969–970, 972–973, 976, 979, 981–982; uses name for first time, 967; death of, 997 Pomme, Madame, 210, 616, 966 Ponchaud, Franỗois, 963964, 982 Pon Pheap, 994 Popular Nationalist Party (Quoc Gia Binh Dan), 201 Porter, William, 765, 785, 790 Potsdam Conference, 130, 134, 142, 167 Pra Phiset Phanit, 197–198 Praseuth, Major, 576, 585 Pridi Phanomyong, 156–157 prisoners of war (POWs), 268, 685, 703– 704, 708, 711, 761–762, 764–765, 767, 781–785, 789–791, 796, 798–800, 802– 804, 806, 809, 811–812, 817, 819–826, 828–829, 837, 839–840, 842, 849, 850, 852–853, 858–859, 862, 866, 873, 875– 877, 880–882, 908, 938, 940; numbers of released POWs, 846 Prochnau, William, 550 Programs Evaluation Office (PEO), 324, 372, 387, 390, 393–394, 400–403, 415, 425, 431, 439, 442 Progressive Democratic Party (Cambodia), 162 Progressive Nationalist Movement, 859, 865 Progressive Party (Laos), 207, 326 Prom Seng, 726 Provisional Executive Committee of Nam Bo (Uy Ban Hanh Chanh Lam Thoi Nam Bo), 107, 124–127, 130, 156; reorganized as Committee of Resistance in the South, 160 Provisional Government of National Union (Laos), 452–454, 456–457, 459, 461, 463–466, 486, 491, 493, 496, 500, 575–579, 592–593, 597, 599, 605, 614– 615 1163 Provisional Leadership Committee, 624– 625, 631 Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRGSVN or PRG), 103, 767–768, 770, 781–782, 784, 794, 797, 801–802, 807, 812–813, 817, 819, 823, 829, 831– 833, 850–852, 865, 867, 870–871, 873, 876, 916, 918, 920, 945; established, 712–713; sovereignty after 1975, 948– 950 public opinion: Vietnam in 1945–1946, 169, 176; Vietnam in 1954, 261; Vietnam in 1956, 342; South Vietnam in 1965, 638; South Vietnam in 1968, 668–669, 694–695; South Vietnam in 1969, 710; South Vietnam in 1972, 799; South Vietnam in 1973, 858; Cambodia in 1973, 888 Puginier, Monsignor, 9, 28 Pushkin, Georgi M., 454, 456–458, 461– 462, 464, 479–483, 497, 504, 697; death of, 496 See also Harriman, W Averell Puth Chhay, 197 Pyle, Alden, 281 Quach Thi Trang, 527, 623 Quang, Mr., 906 Queneau, Franỗoise G., 358 Queuille, Henri, 215 Quinim Pholsena, 314–315, 322, 386, 389, 391, 402, 404, 434, 452, 454, 456, 459, 462, 488–491, 494, 498; assassination of, 491, 493 Radford, Arthur W., 328 Rafelli, Jean, 766 Rally of the Lao People (Lao Hom Lao), 371–372, 377, 380–382, 386, 426 Ramadier, Paul, 174–175, 183 Randle, Robert F., 257, 323 Rapacki, Adam, 646 Read, Benjamin H., 686–687 Reed, Charles S., II, 47, 60, 152, 159 Reeves, Richard, 561–562 Reinhardt, G Frederick, 299, 304, 345 Renovation Party (Cambodia), 196 repression, cause and effect, 430 Requirements Office, 484–485, 490, 592 Reston, James, 430, 563 Reul, French officer, 82 Revers, French general, 200 Revolutionary Dai Viet, 865 Reynaud, Paul, 45, 215 1164 Index Rheinhart, French explorer, 14 Rice, Edward E., 505, 583–584 Richardson, John H., 531–532, 541–543, 552 Riche, General, 724 Richer, Philippe, 941 Riley, Herbert D., 381, 399 Risterucci, Jean, 212 Rives, Lloyd, 351, 717, 719, 725, 735– 737, 742–743, 749–750 Rivier, French officer, 127, 167 Rivière, Henri, 9, 172, 233 Rivoal, French governor, 54 Robertson, Walter S., 320, 329, 332, 353 Rogers, William, 699, 735–737, 744, 760, 786, 805, 831–832, 866 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 52, 76, 600, 761 Roraback, Kenneth M., 784 Ross, French ambassador, 699 Rosson, William B., 737, 756 Rostow, Walt W., 429, 472–473 Roume, governor general, 24 Rousseau, governor general, 20 Roux, Jacques, 228 Royal Government of National Union (RGNU), 744–745, 927, 965, 969; end of, 966–967 Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF), 590–592, 595, 597–598, 600–602, 606, 714 Rush, Kenneth, 863 Rusk, Dean, 430, 444, 446, 448, 451, 454, 458–459, 463, 473, 480, 507, 520, 526, 537, 540, 542, 546, 550, 562, 568, 582, 584, 594, 599–600, 620, 663, 674, 679– 680, 686–687, 702, 705, 744, 1034n95 Russell, Bertrand, 791 Sabattier, Gabriel, 67, 70, 77–78, 81 Sainteny, Jean (Jean Roger), 97, 114, 122– 123, 130–131, 146, 159, 164, 168, 238, 341, 684, 734, 755, 757; delegate general in North Vietnam, 270–271, 279–280 Sak Sutsakhan, 849, 926 Salan, Raoul, 180, 705 Salisbury, Harrison, 684–685; interview with Pham Van Dong, 659, 938 Saloth Chhay, 747 Saloth Sar See Pol Pot Samlaut rebellion (1967), 618 Sam Norin, 994–995 Samouk Sen, 615 Sam Rainsy, 992, 996 Sam Sary, 352–353, 357, 359, 572 Sanan Soutthichak, 1008 Sangkum Reastr Niyum (Popular Socialist Community), 318, 320, 353, 360, 367, 429, 466, 617–618, 720, 739, 967–968, 984, 988, 996 Sangworn Yutthakit, Luang, 156 Santiphab (Peace) Party (Laos), 386, 391 Sarin Chhak, 967, 977 Sarit Thanarat, 349–350, 352–353, 379, 384–386, 390–391, 393–394, 398, 403– 404, 432, 442, 448–451, 484, 588, 605; death of, 560 Sar Kheng, 991, 996 Savang Vatthana, Prince and King, 92, 137, 141, 162, 208, 234, 254, 305, 307, 310–311, 322, 324, 327, 336, 338, 371– 372, 376–379, 391, 393, 397, 434, 438, 490, 588–589, 608, 610, 715, 730, 751, 833, 935; proclaimed king, 381; meeting with Sihanouk, 440–441; message to Kennedy, 450; comments on French, 656; upholds constitution, 834–835; abdicates, 931–932; death of, 951 Sawai Sawaisaen-yakorn, 307 Schanberg, Sydney H., 887, 997 Schecter, Jerrold L., 797 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 427, 471 Schneider, Franỗois Henri, 27 Schneider, Louis, 573 Schoenbrun, David, 160 Schoendorffer, Pierre, 268 Schumann, Maurice, 765, 790, 832 Scigliano, Robert G., 420, 506 Scowcroft, Brent, 876, 924 Scott, James, 513 Seaborn, Blair, 646 Sebald, William J., 332 Self-Determination Bloc (South Vietnam), 865 Selkirk, Lord, 435 Sengsouvanh Souvanarath: in seminar camp, 951 Sen, Samar, 325–326, 334 Serong, Ted, 529 Service des Etudes Politiques et Sociales (SEPES), 410 Shackley, Theodore G., Jr., 773, 934 Shaplen, Robert, 685, 701 Shaw, William, 95 Sheehan, Neil, 506, 535, 547 Sheen, Monsignor Fulton, 184 Sheppard, David P., 556–557 Sherbakov, L., 756, 763 Index Siddhi Savetsila, 980 Sieu Heng, 55, 183, 197, 308; defection of, 360–361 Sihanouk, Norodom See Norodom Sihanouk Siho Lamphouthacoul, 497, 580, 586, 605 Simon, Claude Marcel, 295 Simpson, Howard R., 268 Sim Var, 162, 725–726 Sing Chanthakoummane: in seminar camp, 951 Singh, Avtar, 457, 482, 492, 495, 497, 499 Singkapo, 378, 492–493, 499, 598, 672 Sing Ratanassamay, 141–142, 383–384, 443 Sisana Sisane, 312, 322, 1008 Sisavang Vong, King, 52, 141, 305; remains loyal to French, 91–92; strips Phetsarath of viceroy’s title, 140; promulgates constitution, 162; proclaims amnesty, 182; signs treaty of independence, 219; death of (1959), 334; funeral of, 440 Sisouk na Champassak, 357, 385, 402, 449, 451, 525, 610, 884, 929–930, 934– 935 Sisoumang Sisaleumsak, Tiao, 391, 404, 434, 496–497, 500, 577; in seminar camp, 951 Sisowath, King, 57–58; accession to throne, 23 Sisowath, Prince, Sisowath Methavi, Prince, 969 Sisowath Monireth, Prince, 58, 90, 138, 161–162, 196, 355, 364, 365–367, 969 Sisowath Sirik Matak, 196, 210, 718, 720, 722–723, 725, 731–733, 735, 742, 744, 746, 888, 927; letter to Dean, 926 Sisowath Yuthevong, Prince, 162, 732; death of, 196 Sithon Kommadan, 145, 378, 954, 1008 Slat Peou, 352, 354 Smith, Bradley F., 72 Smith, David, 542, 555 Smith, Homer D., 940 Smith, Horace H., 354–355, 357–358, 371–377, 379–384, 388, 415, 426 Smith, Mark, 789 Smith, R B., 136, 428 Smithers, E J., 13 Snepp, Frank, 778, 801, 902, 921 Social Democratic Party (South Vietnam), 409 Society of Like Hearts (Tam Tam Xa), 39–40 1165 Socio-Political Action Service (SIDASP), 336, 357, 576 Soclet, French officer, 64 Soi Votha, Prince, Solarz, Stephen J., 997 Som Phommachanh, 386 Somsanith, Chao, 141, 144, 385–386, 391, 391–392, 394, 396, 434, 500; becomes prime minister, 387; resigns, 393–394 Somseun Khamphithoun, 955 Son Ngoc Minh (Pham Van Hua, Achar Mean), 183, 308, 611; background, 181 Son Ngoc Thanh, 55–56, 83, 90, 151, 181, 196, 198, 211, 352–353, 359, 365, 467, 572, 615, 722, 732; as prime minister, 137; returns to Cambodia, 210; disappears from view, 309 Son Sann, 356, 368, 614, 619–620, 717, 980, 984–985, 987, 991 Son Sen, 965, 984 Son Soubert, 994 Sorensen, Theodore, 224–225 Sorya Roeungsy, 966 Sosthene Fernandez, 724–725, 746 Soth Phetrasy, 386, 835, 842, 880, 931 Soubanh Srithirath, 881 Soukan Vilaysane: in seminar camp, 951 Souk Vongsak, 142, 182–183, 378, 585, 614, 882, 886, 931 Souligna Vongsa, King, Sounthone Pathammavong, 378, 383– 385, 404 Souphanouvong, Prince, 119, 141, 144, 182, 208, 310, 312–314, 322, 325, 327, 330–332, 336–338, 374, 378, 392, 396, 445–446, 452, 487, 493–495, 498–500, 575, 577–582, 585, 587, 593–594, 597, 599, 610, 614–615, 741, 834, 881–882, 885, 929, 931–932; president of Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 932; resignation and death of, 954 Souriya, Phetsarath’s son, 92 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 276, 299, 320, 324, 327, 329, 435, 440, 442, 448, 453, 561, 584, 673 South Vietnam See Vietnam, South (Republic of Vietman) South Vietnam National Liberation Front (NLF) (Mat Tran Dan Toc Giai Phong Mien Nam Viet Nam), 205, 482, 501, 530–531, 533, 619, 623–624, 1166 Index 627, 635, 639–643, 646–647, 649–650, 655, 657–663, 668, 670–671, 675–677, 680–691, 694–695, 708, 711–712, 744, 755–756, 792, 796–798, 813, 824, 948, 952, 959, 973; formation of, 421–424; relations with Cambodia, 467; claims to speak for people of South Vietnam, 477; as basis of DRV strategy, 478– 479, 572–573; voices support for Sihanouk, 613; relations between Communists and non-Communists within, 632–634; position stated on participation in second stage of Paris talks, 674; announced participation, 693; central committee re-enters South Vietnam, 854; fate of members of, 950 See also Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRGSVN) Souvanna Phouma, Prince, viceroy, 17, 19 Souvanna, Phouma, Prince, 145, 207, 215, 310, 322, 349, 351, 357–358, 369, 371–374, 387, 389, 391–392, 449, 461, 464–466, 575–603, 608–610, 612–613, 660, 663, 701–703, 743, 751–752, 818, 834, 867, 929–932, 934–935, 951, 955; member of Lao Issara government, 141; negotiates independence, 219; in negotiations with Pathet Lao, 326– 335; becomes prime minister (1960), 393–395; negotiates with Pathet Lao, 398–399; relations with Brown, 402; flies into exile, 404; judgment of Parsons, 405; heads government at Khang Khay, 434–435; writes to Mansfield, Kennedy, 436–437; first meeting with Harriman, 438; designated to be prime minister, 447; becomes prime minister of coalition, 452–453; negotiates aid agreements with United States, 483–487; deals with Plain of Jars crisis (1963), 488– 501; visits Sam Neua, 578–579; summit meeting of three factions and aftermath (1964), 581–588; exposes falsity of Pathet Lao version of events, 592–593; requests American reconnaissance flights, 594–595; policy on public announcement of American actions in Laos, 596; discusses Thai artillerymen with Unger, 597; understanding with Unger about acceptability of American actions, 600; prime minister after 1965 elections, 610; prime minister after 1967 elections, 610; secrecy policy of, 698– 700; presses Haig on withdrawal of North Vietnamese from Laos, 836; in negotiations with Lao Patriotic Front (1972–1973), 835–837, 840–843, 880– 886; as prime minister in showdown over role of National Assembly, suffers heart attack, 886; as adviser to Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 932 Souvannarath, Prince, 162 sovereignty, differing conceptions of, 314 Soy Kéo, 998 Sparkman, John, 925 Special Service for Political Propaganda (SSPP), 324, 326 Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 184 Sprouse, Philip D., 468, 560, 612, 696 Squires, Aaron, 96 Stalin, 146, 199–200, 204, 546, 761, 839, 887 Stanton, Edwin F., 156, 197 Steeves, John M., 400, 411 Stennis, John C., 925 Stéphane, Roger, 208 Stettinius, Edward R., Jr., 96 Stevenson, Adlai, 217 strategic hamlets, 501, 514, 519, 531, 533–534, 571 Strom, Carl W., 353–355, 363 Struggle Front of the Khmer of Kampuchea Krom (KKK), 615, 650–651, 721–723, 740, 749 Sujata, 969 Sullivan, William H., 449, 480, 600, 602– 604, 606–609, 611, 672, 698–699, 701, 703, 709–710, 752, 764, 834, 960, 1005; argues no commitment to Laos, 702, 933; joins Kissinger negotiations, 805, 816, 830, 836–838, 845, 847–849, 852, 856–857, 866, 868–869, 871, 873– 874, 881, 888 Sully, Franỗois, 505, 894 Sun Tzu, 573 Swain, Jon, 926 Symington, Stuart, 701–703, 783 Szulc, Tad, 828 Taber, General, 560 Tan, Frank, 94–96 Tang Saroem, 974 Tang Van Chi, 410 Tan Viet, 39, 42 Index Ta Quang Buu, 161, 242, 250, 253, 256, 259, 267, 344, 406, 613, 646, 649 Ta Thu Thau, killing of, 121 Tavéra, French official, 80 Taylor, Maxwell D., 472–473, 504, 507, 540–541, 546, 550; as ambassador, 624–625, 632, 637–638, 640; confrontation with generals, 628–630, 659 Tay Son rebellion, 1, Teng Hsiao-ping, 965, 977–978 Tep Phan, 250 Terauchi, Hisaïchi, 69, 102, 106 Terzani, Tiziano, 1000 Thach Chan, 726 Thailand, relations of Indochinese with: arms supply to Viet Minh, 156–157; shelters Lao Issara exiles, 144–145; in assassination of Kou Voravong, 306– 308; support for General Phoumi, 393–395; PARU with Meo, 432–433; recognition of Boun Oum government, 434; king expresses disillusionment with American actions, 450 Thai Van Toan, 46 Thammayano, Venerable, 960 Tham Sayasithena, 55, 404 Thanat Khoman, 393, 441, 448 Thanh, Colonel, 585 Thanh Thai, Emperor, 22–23, 38, 46 Thanom Kittikachorn, 350, 877 Thao Ma Khay Kham Phitoun, 234, 397 Thaoma Mahaanosith: career, 590–591, 602, 605; bombing raid on Vientiane and exile of, 606–608; death of, 884 Thao O Anourack, 144–145, 182 Thee, Marek, 312, 464–465, 482, 488, 495, 499 The Hopes of Youth group (Thanh Nien Cao Vong), 39 Thich Don Hau, 956–957 Thich Duc Nghiep, 517, 524 Thich Huyen Quang, 956–958 Thich Minh Nguyet, 956 Thich Phap Tri, 630 Thich Quang Do, 956–958 Thich Quang Duc, 516, 520, 672 Thich Quang Lien, 630 Thich Tam Chau, 518, 622 Thich Thien Hoa, 518, 525, 694 Thich Thien Minh, 511, 518; arrest and death of, 956 Thich Tinh Kiet, 192, 509, 518, 526 Thich Tri Do, 511–512, 955–956 Thich Tri Quang (Pham Van Bong), 509– 1167 510, 524, 526, 529, 557, 622–624, 627– 630, 635, 642, 753; background of, 511–512; seeks asylum in American Embassy, 527; leaves embassy, 567; meeting with American clergymen, 639; after 1975, 956 Thiébaut, P., 49 Thieu Tri, Emperor, Thiounn Mumm, 745, 805 Thiounn Prasith, 978 Thioun Thioeunn, 967 Thomas, Allison K., 96–99, 123 Thompson, James W., 182, 197 Thompson, P L., 671 Thompson, Robert, 709 Thonglith, 585–586 Thongpin Phuriphat, 156 Thong Savath, 338–339 Thongsouk Saysangkhi, 954 Thorez, Maurice, 177 Tiang Serikhan, 156 Timmes, Charles, 908, 917 Tinh Than Spirit Group, 409 Tito, Josip (Broz), 479 Tiwari, B K., 716 Toan Chhay, 994 Todd, Olivier, 684, 895, 905 To Huu, 108 Ton Duc Thang, 126, 153, 185, 904, 948 Tongas, Gérard, 341 Tønnesson, Stein, 110–111 Ton Quang Phiet, 119, 713 Ton That Dinh, 527, 539, 545, 565, 620 Ton That Hân, regent, 44 Touby Lyfoung, 92, 142, 438; in seminar camp, 951 Tournier, Marie Auguste Armand, 23 Tou Samouth, 63, 611 Toye, Hugh, 402 Tran Bach Dang, 660, 784, 860, 950 Tran Ba Thanh, 635 Tran Buu Kiem, 422, 684, 695, 712, 717, 849, 855, 949 Tran Chanh Thanh, 264–265, 409, 567, 677–680, 691–692, 924 Tran Cong Quoc, 694 Tran Dang Ninh, 97 Tran Dinh Lan, 620 Tran Dinh Nam, 101, 109 Tran Duc Vinh, 138 Tran Hoai Nam, 949 Tran Huu Phuong, 264–265 Tran Huu Thanh, 892–894 Tran Huy Lieu, 44, 109–112, 116–119, 133, 149, 153, 176; background, 99 1168 Index Tran Khoi, 513 Tran Kim Phuong, 816, 821–822, 863, 875, 920–921 Tran Kim Tuyen, 410, 414 Tran Ngoc Chau, 675, 690 Tran Ngoc Huyen, 545 Tran Ngoc Lieng, 952 Tran Ngoc Nhuan, 694 Tran Ngoc Tam, 545 Tran Phu, 43 Tran Quang Vinh, 54, 56, 126, 129, 185, 193–194 Tran Quoc Buu, 409, 892 Tran Quoc Hoan, 766–767, 899, 956 Tran Thi Phuoc Tri, 510 Tran Thien Khiem, 524, 527, 534, 537, 539, 545, 565, 620–621, 623–624, 863, 865, 871, 897, 904, 912 Tran Trong Kim, 56, 83, 113–116, 176, 191, 407, 813; career, 85; confronts Viet Minh, 100–105; urges abdication, 109; departs from Vietnam, 152; fails to negotiate independence, 187; declines appointment, 201; elected chairman of National Congress, 218 Tran Trung Dung, 296, 409, 538, 557, 559 Tran Van An, 56, 88, 105 Tran Van Cam, 902 Tran Van Chuong, 86, 101, 108–109, 246–247, 264–265, 273, 278, 411, 425, 544; dismissed, 529 Tran Van Cua, 264 Tran Van Do, 246–250, 257, 263, 267, 284–285, 292, 344, 409, 621, 648, 673, 677, 681, 753, 828, 859; “Four Points,” 640–641, 643 Tran Van Don, 283, 290–291, 510, 521, 524–527, 537, 545, 553–554, 559, 565, 576, 620, 905–906, 908, 915 Tran Van Giau, 106–107, 121, 124, 145, 155–156, 199, 950, 959 Tran Van Hai, 923–924 Tran Van Huong, 628–631, 642, 651, 657, 690, 694, 859; appointed prime minister, 625; career of, 626–627; escapes assassination, 711; as vice president, 779, 830, 908; as president, 912, 915–916 Tran Van Huu, 202, 278, 292 Tran Van Kha, 218 Tran Van Lai, 89, 176 Tran Van Lam, 695, 830, 832, 861, 863, 869, 871–872, 879, 899, 915 Tran Van Ly, 176, 185 Tran Van Soai, 194, 292, 299 Tran Van Tai, 217 Tran Van Tuyen, 194, 292, 631, 753, 891, 947 Tran Van Tra (Tran Nam Trung), 671, 845, 919–920, 924, 950; career, 849 Tran Van Van, 411 Trimble, William C., 354–356 Trinh lords, Trinh Dinh Thao, 86, 109, 422, 681, 712, 741 Trinh Hoanh, 725–726 Trinh Minh Thé, 129, 193, 206, 282, 290 Trinh Van Bô, 116 Trinh Van Minh, 206 Trinquier, French officer, 310 Trueheart, William C., 461, 515–517, 519–520, 522, 532, 536, 541, 552 Truman, Harry S., 96, 108, 122–124, 166–167, 171, 190–191, 251, 274, 706, 904 Trung Gia talks (1954), 268, 376, 410 Trung Ky, Truong Cang, 365–366 Truong Chinh (Dang Xuan Khu), 97, 116, 133, 154, 204–205, 312, 342, 428, 430, 511, 948, 952, 970 Truong Cong Cuu, 513 Truong, David, 975 Truong Dinh Dzu, 657, 775, 975 Truong Dinh Tri, 185; assassination of, 186 Truong Nhu Tang, 422, 712, 945, 949 Truong Tu Anh, 53 Truong Vinh Le, 528, 538, 543, 776 Tsuchihashi, Yuitsu, 69, 84, 87–89, 101– 102, 122–123 Tsukamoto, Japanese diplomat, 117 Tu Chung, 639 Tu Duc, Emperor, 4–6, 8–10, 12, 37, 46, 110, 559 Tu Nho, 410 Turquin, French officer, 70, 80 Twining, Charles H., 983 Tyo, General, 60 Uch Ek, 726 Udom Luksurin, 306 Um Sim, 926 Unger, Leonard, 393–394, 403, 457, 463, 465, 482, 484–486, 490, 493–494, 576– 577, 579, 584–589, 591–592, 595–603, 606, 614, 753; efforts to limit American infringement on Lao sovereignty, 602 Index Ung Huot, 994, 996 Ung Mung, 726 Ung Ngoc Ky, 422 Ung Phan, 983, 985 Ung Van Khiem, 480, 684 Unified Buddhist Association See Buddhists (Vietnam) Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam (UBCV) See Buddhists (Vietnam) Unified Revolution of Annamese People, 626 Union des Républicains d’Action Sociale (URAS), 416 United Front for the Struggle of the Oppressed Races (FULRO), 615, 632, 650–651, 718, 894, 899, 927, 960, 985 United Front tactics, 135, 184, 423 United National Front (Mat Tran Quoc Gia Thong Nhut), 102–107, 124–126 United Nationalist Forces Front, 622 United Nations, 570; Security Council subcommittee visit to Laos (1959), 379; mission to South Vietnam (1963), 527–528, 530; Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) (1991–1993), 982–990 United States, Indochinese relations with: air raids on Japanese, 62–63; policy recognizing French sovereignty, 122; recognizes State of Vietnam (1950), 191; recognizes Kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia (1950), 198; establishment of MAAG (1950), 196; France–United States Position Paper, July 14, 1954, 266; policy statements at Geneva Conference of 1954, 249; statement recognizing sovereignty of State of Vietnam over all of Vietnam, 270; talks with French on training Lao army, 387; position on legal government in Laos, 395; diplomacy at Geneva Conference on Laos of 1962, 444, 453–454; deterioration of relations with Cambodia, 468–469; first military step directed against North Vietnam, 474; efforts to normalize relations with Cambodia, 620; South Vietnamese reaction to landing of American troops, 638; official conversations between United States and DRV open, 674; consultation meetings between Americans and South Vietnamese, 677–679; announces bombing halt, 693; Vietnamization of 1169 war, 710; in Paris Conference on Vietnam, 707; rapprochement with Cambodia, 716; incursion into Cambodia and consequences, 741–746; American activists in Hanoi, 790–792; secret diplomacy of Kissinger on South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, 752– 833; expectations of Lao regarding implementation of Paris Agreement, 836; meetings of Joint Economic Commission, 859, 869, 874, 878; Radio Hanoi comment on Watergate, 869; Kissinger foresees collapse in Cambodia, 875; pattern of consequences of American exercise of sovereignty, 913; Saigon embassy files saved by Martin, 917; opens talks on normalization with SRV, 971–972; further talks, 975; diplomatic relations with LPDR, 975; furnishes arms to members of Cambodian coalition, 980; diplomatic relations established with SRV, 1006–1007 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 930 United States Information Service (USIS), 549 United States Operations Mission (USOM), 300–301 Unna, Warren, 532 Vacle, Joseph, 23 Valluy, Etienne, 163–164, 177, 179, 208, 244 Van Cao, 100, 103 Vance, Cyrus, 676–679, 682, 685–692, 695–696, 705, 971 Van Es, Hugh, 921 Vang Pao, 232, 399, 432–433, 439, 486, 490, 602, 607–608, 842, 875, 883, 930, 932–937 Vanguard Youth Organization (Thanh Nien Tien Phong), 88–89, 102, 106 Vann, John Paul, 569, 642 Van Tien Dung, 268, 299, 410, 766, 864, 898, 900, 904, 906, 949 Van Wuysthoff, Geritt, Var Kim Hung, 999 Vauban forts, Versace, Humberto Roque, 784 Vientiane Agreement of 1973: contents, 840–843 Viet Cong, portrayal as popular movement, 503 1170 Index Viet Minh See Vietnam Independence League Vietnam: Buddhism, 34–35; Caodaism (Dai Dao Tam Ky Phu Do), 35–36; Christians in, 4–5, 9, 35; Confucianism, 34–37; mandarins, 10–11; migration into Laos and Cambodia, 26; writing, 32–33; use of name, 59; flag, 59 See also Binh Xuyen; Buddhists (Vietnam); Cao Dai; Catholics (Vietnam); Hoa Hao Vietnam Communist Party (VCP): name change, 942; re-education, 943–948; “special relations,” 962–963, 973, 979; politburo meetings of January and February 1978, 973; distribution of members, 1000; monopoly of power under 1992 constitution, 1000 Vietnam Democratic Party (Viet Nam Dan Chu Dang), 59, 101, 103, 109; in coalition government, 148; in Lien Viet, 153 Vietnam, Democratic Republic of: founding of, 113; elections of 1946, 133–134, 147–148; coalition government of 1946, 135; Soviet mission in Hanoi, 146; Preliminary Convention of 1946 signed, 149; participation in first conference of Dalat, 155–157; constitution proclaimed, enters into force (1946), 161; participates in Fontainebleau Conference (1946), 159–160; outbreak of war, 164–165; administration and economy, 177– 179; preparations for land reform, 206–207; signs Geneva Agreements of 1954, 250; diplomatic relations of, 261 Vietnam, Empire of, 84–89, 100–105, 563; famine (1944–1945), 86–87 Vietnamese American Association, 303– 304 Vietnamese Committee for Human Rights, 971–972 Vietnamese Communist Party (Dang Cong San Viet Nam), 1; establishment of, 42–43 See also Indochinese Communist Party Vietnamese Nationalist Party (Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang) (VNQDD), 39–40, 53, 55, 73–74, 81–82, 96, 115, 120, 134–135, 155, 160, 294, 419, 522, 631, 653, 656, 711, 1015n46; in coalition government (1946), 148–149; elimination of, 153–154; accusation of plotting, 168; revival of, 191; after 1973, 865, 876–877, 945 Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth Association (Viet Nam Thanh Nien Cach Mang Hoi), 39–42, 133 Vietnamese Socialist Party (South Vietnam), 409 Vietnam Fatherland Front, 205, 336, 402, 531, 949 Vietnam Independence League (Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi, Viet Minh), 81–82, 89, 165, 176, 421, 423, 705, 973; founding of, 73; in Laos, 92; Japanese concern at, 92–93; relations with OSS, 93–99; actions against Japanese, 98; flag chosen, 100; coup d’état in Hanoi, August 19, 1945, 103– 105; leadership groups in, 116–117; elimination of traitors campaign, 120– 121; members of General Committee (Tong Bo), 133; coalition government, 147–149; in Lien Viet, 153; acquisition of arms in Siam, 156–157; receives arms, training from China, 200; Border Campaign, 200–201; merges with Lien Viet, 205 Vietnam National Independence Party (Viet Nam Quoc Gia Doc Lap Dang), 102, 121 Vietnam, North (Democratic Republic of Vietnam): takeover of Hanoi, 276– 278; class struggle and land reform in, 339–341; indoctrination in, 342; reorganization and reinforcement of armed forces, 342; American consulate in Hanoi closes, 343; position on reunification elections, 346–347; elections of 1960, 408; capture of Tchepone, 443; change in policy following Diem overthrow, 572–573; seeking information on American intentions, 574; infiltration into South, 636; reaction to landing of American troops, 638; diplomats recalled to receive instructions, 661; begins official conversations with United States, 674; position stated on discussing political settlement, 675; reports American bombing halt, 695; elections of 1971, 713; obtains offer of unilateral American troop withdrawal (1971), 765–766; advances proposals for military and political settlement in South Vietnam, 793–795, 798–801; achievement of Paris Agreement, 849– 853; testing American intentions, 866; Index takeover of South Vietnam following military victory, 942–950, 952–953; nationalist parties abolished, 942; elections of 1976 and reunification, 952–953; renamed Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 953 Vietnam Revolutionary League (Viet Nam Cach Mang Dong Minh Hoi), 94, 115, 134–135, 163; founding of, 73–74; in coalition government (1946), 148–149; eliminated, 153–154 Vietnam Socialist Party, 137 Vietnam, Socialist Republic of: religious policy, 955–959; policy toward highlanders, 959–960; boat people and other refugees, 961–962; propaganda portrayal of American defeat, 970; opens talks with United States, 971– 972; incursion into Kampuchea, 973; expropriation of Chinese residents, 974; further talks with United States, 975; signs treaty with Soviet Union, 975; invasion of Kampuchea, 976–977 Vietnam, South (Republic of Vietnam), 563, 706–707; proclaimed (1955), 298; elections of 1956, 298; constitution elaborated, 298–299; diplomatic relations of, 299; position on reunification elections, 343–346; 10–59 law, 408; elections of 1959, 409; coup attempt of 1960, 418–420; reaction to Kennedy’s election, 427; presidential election of 1961, 470; Buddhist incident in Hue and aftermath, 508– 528; trial of 1960 coup plotters, 522; proclamation of martial law, 523–526; martial law lifted, 528; elections of 1963, 528; official relations with foreign countries, 529; coup d’état of 1963, 547–549; constitution suspended, Assembly dissolved, 565; coup d’état of 1964, 620–621; provisional constitution promulgated, 625; reaction to landing of American troops, 638; new provisional charter vests sovereignty in armed forces, 641; revolt among highlanders, 650–651; elections of 1966, 656; constitution promulgated, 656–657; elections of 1967, 657–658; Tet offensive, 664– 668; position on negotiations explained to Americans, 673–674; position stated on representation of South Vietnam, 675; National 1171 Assembly debates negotiations, 676– 677; National Assembly on bombing halt, 690; proposals for procedures at Paris conference, 707–708; elections of 1970, 767; elections of 1971, 779; Nguyên Hue offensive, 787–789; memorandum pointing out illogicalities in DRV proposals for settlement, 795–796; memorandum sets out fundamental principles of settlement, 802–803; rejects DRV proposal made through Kissinger’s good offices, 815; National Assembly supports Thieu’s stand, 817; suggests separate accords on military, political matters, refused by Nixon, 821–822; summing up, 822; initial implementation of Paris Agreement of 1973, 844–849, 856– 858; talks with PRG in Paris, 847; talks with PRG at La Celle– St.-Cloud, 859–862, 869, 873–874, 879; political parties constrained, 864– 865; objects to discussion by Kissinger and Tho of political matters affecting South Vietnam, 869–873; elections of 1973, 891 Vietnam, State of, 563, 705–706; treaties of independence and association with France, 240; diplomacy at Geneva in 1954, 228–250; cooperation with ICC, 268; referendum (1955), 298; diplomatic relations of, 1036n151 Vietnam Workers’ Party, 234, 261, 293, 342, 409, 475, 478, 617–618, 633; successor to ICP, 203; establishes COSVN, 206; calls for creation of revolutionary parties in Laos and Cambodia (1954), 312; establishes Commission on Lao and Cambodian Affairs (1955), 316–317; Fifteenth Plenum (1959), 406; Third Congress (1960), 408, 428; Ninth Plenum (1963), 572–574; strategy decision of May 1971, 773; reviews situation at 1973 ceasefire, 854–855; “special relationship” among parties revealed, 855, 929; politburo meeting December 18, 1974–January 8, 1975, 898; politburo meeting March 31, 1975, 904; changes name to Vietnam Communist Party, 942 Vildieu, Auguste-Henri, architect, 28 Vinh Thuy, Prince See Bao Dai, Emperor 1172 Index Vogt, John W., 821, 863 Vong Thua Vu, 177 Vo Lang, 288 Vo Nguyên Giap, 34, 44–45, 54, 73–74, 93, 96–98, 104, 116–119, 133, 136, 146–149, 164–165, 185, 346, 531, 580– 581, 705, 711, 1002, 1004; founding of Vietnam People’s Army, 94; explains Preliminary Convention, 152; as interior minister eliminates opposition parties, 153–154; at first Dalat conference, 155; as defense minister, 161; preparations for war, 175–176; receives credit for Dien Bien Phu victory, 233–234; article on strategy, 661–662, 663–664 Vo Van Kiet, 1001–1002 Vo Van Sung, 771, 785 Vu Dinh Chi, 160 Vu Dinh Dy, 56, 105 Vu Dinh Hoe, 117 Vu Dinh Huyen, 116 Vu Duc Nhuan, 894 Vu Hong Khanh, 73–74, 148–149, 153– 154 Vu Huu Binh, 92, 140, 156 Vu Ky, 767 Vuong Van Bac, 753, 853, 864, 879, 897– 898 Vuong Van Dong, 418–420, 567 Vu Trong Khanh, 117, 119 Vu Van An, 56 Vu Van Hien, 101, 109 Vu Van Mau, 344, 454, 518, 527, 767, 786, 813, 916 Vu Van Thai, 305 Vu Van Thu, 104 Walkinshaw, R L., 858 Walters, Vernon A., 757, 759, 771, 785, 921, 941 Warner, Denis, 609 war reparations, payment of, 804, 820, 838, 938, 971–972; Nixon pledge, 859, 971–972 Watanabe, Taizo, 83, 92 Watson, Arthur, 790 Wedemeyer, Albert, 96 Weede, Richard G., 532 Wei Guoqing, 200 Werner, Susan, 36 Werth, Alexander, 243 Westmoreland, William C., 634, 636 Weyand, Frederick, 940 White, Frank M., Jr., 127–128 Whitehouse, Charles S., 811, 869–873, 886, 955, 975 Wiley, Alexander, 463 Williams, Samuel T., 411, 420 Wilson, Henry Lane, 564 Wilson, Jasper, 608, 620 Wilson, Woodrow, 37 Wood, 401 Wood, Chalmers B., 414, 460, 516–517, 519, 539 Woodcock, Leonard, 970–971 Woodward, Gilbert H., 844–846, 849 Worker-Farmer Party (South Vietnam), 865 Workers’ and Peasants’ Party (Cong Nong Chanh Dang), 409 Workers’ Party of Kampuchea (Pak Polakor Kampuchea), 611 Xieng Mao, 91, 140–141, 144, 207 Xuan Thuy, 117, 479, 948, 956, 965; as head of DRV delegation to official conversations with United States, 674, 676, 678, 687–691, 695, 704, 753, 756–758, 760–763, 768, 770, 774, 780, 783, 792–795, 805–806, 816, 819, 850, 853 Yared, Tony, 485 Y Bham Enuol, 650–651, 927 Y Bih Aleo, 650, 959 Y Peng Ayun, 985 Yem Sambaur, 724, 742–743, 746 Yen Bay mutiny (1930), 40, 55 Yersin, Alexandre, 30 Yokoyama, Masayuki, 83–84, 92, 101 Yoshizawa, Kenkichi, 60, 62, 69 Yos Por, 974 Yost, Charles W., 321–322, 325, 327, 329, 351, 971 Yosuke, Matsuoka, 50 You Hockry, 991 Youi, Prince, 19, 142 Young, David, 957 Young, Earl, 533 Young, Kenneth T., 275, 304, 325, 329, 376, 450, 472 Yueh Nan (Viêt Nam), Zablocki, Clement J., 551 Zakarine, King, 19 Zasloff, Joseph J., 997 Zielski, William, 98 Zorin, Valerian, 678 Zorthian, Barry, 628 Index 1173 Arthur J Dommen was born in Mexico City in 1934 and educated at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich, Connecticut; the Institut Le Rosey, Rolle, Switzerland; and Cornell University, where he graduated in 1955 He served in the U.S Army from 1955 until 1957 and became a U.S citizen in 1958 He was Saigon Bureau Chief for United Press International in 1959– 1961 and for the Los Angeles Times in 1969–1971 He covered the first year of the Paris negotiations on Vietnam (1968–1969) He is the author of Conflict in Laos: The Politics of Neutralization, Laos: Keystone of Indochina, and numerous articles on the countries and peoples of Indochina He gave up journalism in 1971 and earned a Ph.D in agricultural economics at the University of Maryland in 1975 He retired from twenty years of government service in 1996 He lives with his wife Loan in Bethesda, Maryland