The road to war france and vietnam, 1944–1947

Tai Lieu Chat Luong Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page i THE ROAD TO WAR Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page ii Contemporary France General Editor: Jolyon Howorth, University of Bath Volume Humanity’s Soldier: France and International Security, 1919–2001 David Chuter Volume The Road to War: France and Vietnam, 1944–1947 Martin Shipway Volume France at War in the Twentieth Century: Propaganda, Myth and Metaphor Edited by Valerie Holman and Deborah Kelly Volume Recollections of France: The Past, Heritage and Memories Edited by Sarah Blowen, Marion Demossier and Jeanine Picard Volume Party, Society and Government: Republican Democracy in France David Hanley Volume The Shaping of Environmental Policy in France Joseph Szarka Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page iii THE ROAD TO WAR France and Vietnam, 1944–1947 ; Martin Shipway Berghahn Books New York Oxford Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page iv First published in 1996 Second printing 1999 Paperback edition in 2003 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 1996,1999, 2003 Martin Shipway All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of Berghahn Books Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shipway, Martin The road to war : France and Vietnam, 1944–1947 / by Martin Shipway p cm (Contemporary France) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 1-57181-894-4 (alk paper) Indochina History 1945– France Colonies I Title II Series DS550.S54 1996 959.7'03 dc20 96-24310 CIP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Printed in the United States on acid-free paper Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page v For my mother and father Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page vi Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page vii CONTENTS ; Acknowledgements ix Note on Text Abbreviations xi Map of Indochina, 1945 Introduction Part I xiii The External and Domestic Parameters of Colonial Policy Making The Brazzaville Conference and Its Origins, 1940–1944: Policy Formulation and Myth Making on the Congo 11 The Republic Strikes Back, 1944–1945: Brazzaville Policy and the Metropolitan Critique 41 ‘We Are in the Midst of Colonial Crisis’: The Response to International and Colonial Change 64 The Domestic Parameters of Colonial Policy Making After the Liberation, 1944–1946 84 Part II Policy Making in Indochina and Its Breakdown, 1945–1947 Calculating the Stakes: Brazzaville Policy and the ‘Return’ to Indochina, December 1943– September 1945 115 Prelims 11/15/02 viii | 5:39 PM Page viii Contents The Primacy of Action: From the ‘Return’ to Saigon, October 1945, to the Signing of the Accords of March 1946 150 Who Rules: Paris or Saigon? The Dalat Conference and the Cochinchina Policy, March–June 1946 177 ‘A Round of the Battle We Are Fighting’: The Fontainebleau Conference, June–September 1946 200 The Narrowing of French Policy Options, Autumn 1946: The Accords Policy Abandoned? 222 10 ‘The Tonkin Vespers’, December 1946: Burying the Accords Policy 248 Conclusion 273 Appendix I: The Administrative Structure of the French Empire, 1945 280 Appendix II: Chronology of Events in France and Indochina, 1944–1947 282 Bibliography 287 Index 296 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ; S ince I began the research which has found its way into this book, I have accumulated many debts, and been at the receiving end of much kindness and hospitality I hope that over time I may be able to repay at least a fair proportion of these debts; my benefactors may be assured that I am a grateful debtor My most particular thanks go to my two successive doctoral supervisors, John Darwin and Vincent Wright, both of Nuffield College Their advice, interest, and support kept me going throughout the somewhat prolonged gestation of my doctoral thesis, and I am grateful for their continuing encouragement My work has benefited enormously from their wisdom and expertise, though I have no doubt I could have learnt far more from their example I am also grateful to my examiners, Professor Douglas Johnson and, especially, David Goldey, for their sympathetic treatment of the work which lies behind the present volume I have greatly appreciated the interest shown in my work, in the shape of invitations to give papers, by Robert Holland, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London; Ralph Smith, School of Oriental and African Studies, London; Marc Michel, Institut d’Histoire Comparée de Civilisations, Aix-en-Provence; and Tony Chafer, Amanda Sackur, et al., University of Portsmouth I have received much help from the staff of libraries and archives in Oxford, Paris, London, and Bath; but I am especially grateful to the staff of the Centre des Archives d’Outre-Mer in Aix-en-Provence, who have contributed to a number of highly productive and enjoyable research trips Many friends have helped and supported me with this project I must particularly mention Stein Tønnesson, a far more serious scholar of Vietnam than I could aspire to be, to whom I owe my initial interest in Indochina He most generously shared with me some of his finds from the nether reaches of the archives; my debt 13 Biblio 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 292 292 | Bibliography ——— ‘Les aspects politiques, constitutionnels et administratifs des Recommandations’ In Brazzaville, aux sources de la décolonisation, Institut Charles-deGaulle, q.v., 90–96 Jeffrey, Robin Asia – the winning of independence London: Macmillan, 1981 Johnson, Harry M ‘Ideology and the Social System’ In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed D.L Sills, vol VII, 76–85 New York, NY: Macmillan and The Free Press, 1979 Julien, Charles-André L’Afrique du nord en marche 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1973 Marsot, Alain-Gérard ‘The Crucial Year: Indochina 1946’ In Journal of Contemporary History, vol 19, 1984, 337–54 Mérat, Louis Fictions … et réalités coloniales Paris: Sirey, 1946 Michel, Marc ‘Decolonisation, French Attitudes and Policies, 1944–46’ In France in the World, Peter Morris and S.Williams, eds, 81–86 London: Pinter, 1985 Miège, Jean-Louis Expansion européenne et décolonisation De 1870 nos jours Paris: PUF, 1973 Moneta, Jakob La politique du Parti communiste franỗais dans la question coloniale, 19201963 Paris: Maspộro, 1971 Morgenthau, Ruth Schachter Political Parties in French-speaking West Africa London: Oxford University Press, 1964 Morlat, Patrice La répression coloniale au Vietnam (1908–1940) Paris: L’Harmattan, 1990 Mortimer, Edward France and the Africans, 1944–1960 A Political History London: Faber, 1969 Mus, Paul Viêt Nam – Sociologie d’une Guerre Paris: Le Seuil, 1952 Nguyen Quoc Dinh and Nguyen Dac Khê Le futur statut de l’Indochine (Commentaire de la Déclaration Gouvernementale du 24 mars 1945) Paris: Dalloz, 1945 Novick, Peter The Resistance versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France London: Chatto and Windus, 1968 Pedroncini, Guy, and Général Philippe Duplay, eds Leclerc et l’Indochine, 1945–1947, quand se noua le destin d’un empire Paris: Albin Michel, 1992 Pervillé, Guy ‘La commission des réformes musulmanes de 1944 et l’élaboration d’une nouvelle politique algérienne de la France’ In Les chemins de la décolonisation de l’empire franỗais, I.H.T.P., q.v., 35765 Quilliot, Roger La SFIO et lexercice du pouvoir, 1944–1958 Paris: Fayard, 1972 Renaissances Numéro spécial: ‘Le problème colonial’ Algiers, 1944 Renouvin, Pierre, and René Rémond, eds Léon Blum Chef de Gouvernement Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1967 Rice-Maximin, Edward The French Left, Indochina and the Cold War New York, NY: Greenwood, 1986 Richard-Molard, Jacques Afrique occidentale franỗaise Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1949 Ridley, F., and J Blondel Public Administration in France London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964 Rioux, Jean-Pierre La France de la Quatrième République T 1: L’ardeur et la nécessité, 1944–1952 T 2: L’expansion et l’impuissance, 1952–1958 Paris: Le Seuil, 1980, 1983 ——— ‘A Changing of the Guard? Old and New Elites at the Liberation’ In Elites in France: Origins, Reproduction and Power, J Howorth and P Cerny, eds London: Pinter, 1981 Robinson, Ronald ‘Non-European foundations of European imperialism: a sketch for a theory of collaboration’ In Studies in the Theory of Imperialism Ed Roger Owen and Bob Sutcliffe London: Longman, 1972, 117–40 ——— ‘Imperial Theory and the Question of Imperialism after Empire’ In Perspectives on Imperialism and Decolonization R.F Holland and G Rizvi, eds., q.v., 42–54 13 Biblio 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 294 294 | Bibliography Rous, Jean Chronique de la dộcolonisation Paris: Prộsence Africaine, 1965 Ruscio, Alain Les communistes franỗais et la guerre d’Indochine, 1944–1954 Paris: L’Harmattan, 1985 ——— Dien Bien Phu La fin d’une illusion Paris: L’Harmattan, 1986 ——— La dộcolonisation tragique: une histoire de la dộcolonisation franỗaise Paris: Messidor/Editions sociales, 1987 Sarraut, Albert La mise en valeur des colonies franỗaises Paris: Payot, 1923 Schoenbrun, David As France Goes London: Gollancz, 1957 Shennan, Andrew Rethinking France Plans for Renewal, 1940–1946 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989 Shipway, Martin James ‘The Brazzaville Conference, 1944: Colonial and Imperial Planning in a Wartime Setting’ Unpubl M.Phil thesis, University of Oxford, 1986 ——— ‘The Brazzaville Conference, 1944: Origins of a Policy … and a Myth’ In Quinquereme, 13 (1990–91), 53–70 ——— ‘France’s “Crise coloniale” and the Breakdown of Policy Making in Indochina, 1944–1947’ Unpubl D Phil thesis, University of Oxford, 1992 ——— ‘Creating an Emergency: Metropolitan Constraints on French Colonial Policy and its Breakdown in Indochina, 1945–1947’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol 21, no 3, September 1993, 1–16 Also published in Emergencies and Disorder in the European Empires after 1945, ed R.F Holland, Frank Cass and Co, London, 1994, 1–16 ——— ‘British perceptions of French policy in Indochina from the March 1946 Accords to the inception of the Bao Dai régime, 1946–1949: a meeting of “Official Minds”?’ In Ageron and Michel, eds, 1995, q.v., 83–96 ——— ‘Nous sommes en pleine crise coloniale: French decolonisation, state violence and the limits of liberal reformism’, in Violence and Conflict in the Politics and Society of Modern France, J Windebank and R Günther, eds Lewiston, NY, Queenston, Ontario and Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 1995, 73–87 ——— ‘Madagascar on the eve of insurrection, 1944–1947: the impasse of a liberal colonial policy’, Journal of Commonwealth History, vol 24, no 1, January 1996, 72–100 Siriex, Paul-Henri Félix Houphouet-Boigny Paris and Dakar/Abidjan: Seghers and novelles Editions Africaines, 1975 Smith, Ralph B ‘The Vietnamese Elite of French Cochinchina, 1943’, Modern Asian Studies, vol 6, 1972, no 4, 459–82 ——— ‘The Japanese Period in Indochina and the Coup of 9th March 1945’ In Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, vol 9, 1978, 268–301 ——— ‘The Work of the Provisional Government of Vietnam, August–December 1945’, Modern Asian Studies, vol 12, 1978, no 4, 571–609 Smith, Tony The Pattern of Imperialism The United States, Great Britain and the late-industrializing World since 1815 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981 Sorum, Paul Clay Intellectuals and Decolonization in France Chapel Hill, NC: University of Nrth Carolina Press, 1977 Suleiman, Ezra N Politics, Power and Bureaucracy in France Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974 Suret-Canale, Jean Afrique noire occidentale et centrale L’ère coloniale (1900–1945) Paris: Editions Sociales, 1964 13 Biblio 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 295 Bibliography | 295 ——— Afrique noire, de la colonisation aux indépendances, 1945–1960 t 1: Crise du système colonial et capitalisme monopoliste d’état Paris: Editions Sociales, 1977 Thorne, Christopher ‘Indochina and Anglo-American Relations, 1942–1945’ In Pacific Historical Review, vol XLV, 1976, 73–96 ——— Allies of a Kind The United States, Britain and the War Against Japan, 1941–1945 New York: Oxford University Press, 1979 ——— The Issue of War States, Societies and the Far Eastern Conflict of 1941–1945 London: Hamish Hamilton, 1985 Tønnesson, Stein ‘The Outbreak of the War in Indochina, 1946’ P.R.I.O.-Report 3/84 (unpubl.), Oslo, 1983 ——— ‘The Longest Wars: Indochina 1945–75’ In Journal of Peace Research, vol 22, no 1, 1985, 1–25 ——— 1946: Déclenchement de la Guerre d’Indochine Paris: l’Harmattan, 1987 Touchard, Jean Le gaullisme, 1940–1969 Paris: Le Seuil, 1972 Tronchon, Jacques L’insurrection malgache de 1947 Paris and Fianarantsoa: Karthala and Ambozontany, 1974/1986 Valette, Jacques ‘La Conférence de Fontainebleau (1946)’ In Les chemins de la dộcolonisation de lempire franỗais, I.H.T.P., q.v., 23150 Viard, Paul-Emile Essai dune organisation constitutionnelle de la Communautộ franỗaise In Renaissances, numéro spécial, q.v., 21–41 Viard, René La fin de lEmpire colonial franỗais Paris: Maisonneuve and Larose, 1963 Weinstein, Brian Eboué New York: Oxford University Press, 1972 White, Dorothy Shipley Black Africa and de Gaulle From the French Empire to Independence University Park, PA, and London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1979 Williams, Philip M Crisis and Compromise: Politics in the Fourth Republic London: 3rd edn Longman, 1964 Wright, Gordon The Reshaping of French Democracy London: Methuen, 1950 Zieglé, Henri Afrique ộquatoriale franỗaise Collection LUnion franỗaise Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1952 14 Index 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 296 INDEX ; AEF (Afrique Equatoriale Franỗaise): 15, 22, 33, 44, 71, 72 Brazzaville, capital of Free France, 1940–1943: 15 Gabon: 15 Oubangui-Chari: 24 Tchad: 15, 22, 23 Algeria: 2, 16, 17, 27, 36, 44, 46, 51, 56, 62, 70, 72, 73, 74, 102, 110, 269, 278 Algiers: 3, 11, 15, 16, 19, 28, 29, 38, 40–42, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56–58, 61, 62, 76, 82, 85, 87, 93, 95, 100, 115, 118, 120, 125, 189 Mers-el-Kébir, bombing of French fleet at, Jul 1940: 13, 14 Sétif crisis, May 1945: 2, 62, 65, 67, 72, 74, 77, 92, 101, 104, 234 André, Max (MRP): 93, 183, 184, 204, 208, 218 Annamite (people, language, nationalism, etc; see also Vietnam): 122, 126, 139, 140, 156, 157, 160, 161, 168, 174, 192, 195, 206, 231, 261, 270 anti-Communism: 4, 86, 96, 107–9, 159, 166, 202, 247, 271, 275 AOF (Afrique Occidentale Franỗaise): 14, 15, 17, 23, 24, 44, 70, 71 Dakar: 14, 17, 20, 68, 71, 99 Guinée: 23 Ivory Coast (Côte-d’Ivoire): 35, 71 Niger: 18 Senegal: 27, 35, 44, 45 Thiaroye, ‘massacre’ at, 1944: 71 Argenlieu, Admiral Georges Thierry d’: 104, 105, 145, 146, 148–51, 153–64, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176, 179–84, 186– 88, 190–92, 196–203, 206–9, 211–16, 219– 22, 226, 228, 234–36, 238, 239, 244, 245, 250, 252, 257, 263, 264–66, 269–71, 273 Assemblies, French: Provisional Consultative Assembly, 1943–45 (Assemblée Consultative Provisoire): 28, 30, 54, 56, 74, 87, 89, 91, 100, 189 National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée Nationale Constituante), 1945–46: 35, 42, 48, 49, 57, 58, 60, 61, 92, 93, 108, 109, 129, 148, 196, 198, 201, 203, 213 colonial representation in: 92 adopts principle of Assimilation: 107 Intergroup of colonial députés: 109 National Assembly: 37, 47, 94, 259, 265 assimilation, assimilationism: 25, 28, 33, 34, 37, 38, 43, 45, 50, 57, 84, 92– 94, 96, 106, 107, 275 Aujoulat, Dr Louis (MRP): 93, 94 Bao Dai (see also Vinh Thuy): 62, 122, 124, 136, 140, 143, 161, 162, 195, 230, 231, 249, 270, 271 Barjot, Admiral Pierre: 144, 225, 226, 250, 251, 256–58, 267 Baudet, Philippe: 123, 175, 176, 180, 183–85, 209, 214, 216, 250 Bayardelle, Governor-General Aimé: 82 Belgium: 29, 69 Benoist, Joseph-Roger: 71 Bey of Tunis: 27, 72 Biarritz: 201, 202 14 Index 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 297 Index | 297 Bidault, Georges (MRP): 94, 107, 164, 175, 176, 183, 184, 186, 201, 207, 208, 209, 212, 217, 236, 240, 245, 251, 255 Biéchy, Monsignor: 30 Blaizot, General: 138 Blum, Léon (SFIO): 92, 94, 198, 240, 249, 250, 257, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 267, 269, 271 Boisson, Governor-General Pierre: 17 Bollaert, Emile (MRP): 271 Bolshevik Revolution: 137 Bourguiba, Habib (Neo-Destour): 279 Brazzaville Conference, Jan.-Feb 1944: 2, 8, 11, 19, 21–23, 26, 28, 31, 37, 41, 59, 62, 64, 65, 72, 75, 76, 92, 115, 117, 120, 124, 127, 189, 275 évolués: 24, 33, 79 and Indochina: 30, 115, 117, 127 North African officials at: 30 recommendations: 31, 55, 58 endorses assimilation: 33 rejects Laurentie’s policy: 34 declaration rejecting self-government: 35 comparison with metropolitan wartime planning: 37 propaganda value of: 38 Brazzaville policy: 2–4, 8, 11, 25, 38–41, 43, 64, 65, 78, 80, 82–84, 86, 87, 89–92, 95, 97, 98, 100, 104–6, 111, 115–17, 119, 124, 132, 144, 145, 164, 247, 268, 272, 274, 275 Brazzaville myth: 12, 21, 39 Expert Commission, Algiers, 1944: 34, 39, 41, 44, 46, 48, 53, 59, 62, 64, 93 Working Party (Bureau d’Etudes), Mar 1945: 41, 45, 46, 51, 58, 64 FIDES (Fonds d’Investissement pour le Développement Economique et Social): 99 Britain: 7, 13–15, 17–20, 28, 29, 31, 38, 51, 53, 56, 66, 67, 68, 71, 73, 74, 118, 128, 135–37, 145, 154, 163, 164, 171, 174, 181, 185, 189, 215, 238, 257, 258, 266, 273, 277 Royal Navy: 13 Labour Party influence on colonial policy: 20, 92 Commonwealth: 20, 50, 51, 56, 118, 128, 258, 277 Colonial Welfare and Development Act, 1945: 20, 51 plan for ‘regional commissions’, Jul 1943: 21, 28 Anglo-French colonial cooperation: 67 and Iraq: 17 and India: 19, 174 and Gold Coast: 67, 74 and Indochina: 164, 189, 238, 266 and Egypt: 257 and Indonesia: 277 and Ceylon: 277 Bunche, Ralph: 38 Cassin, René: 44, 46, 49, 52–55 Catherine II, Empress of Russia: 243 Catroux, General Georges: 14 Cédile, Governor Jean: 189, 191, 194, 195, 197, 205, 234 CFLN (Comitộ Franỗais de la Libộration Nationale), 194344: 11, 15, 19, 21, 23, 30, 70–72, 95, 108, 118, 120, 135 Commissariat aux Colonies: 40, 42, 44, 120 Chamberlain, Neville: 213 Chan, Prefect: 195 Chauvel, Jean: 123 Chevance-Bertin, Maurice: 273 Chevigné, High-Commissioner Pierre de: 93 Chiang Kaishek: 20, 136, 158 China, Chinese: 19, 69, 118, 119, 121, 124, 126, 127, 130, 133–37, 142, 151, 152, 158–60, 164–68, 170, 171, 179, 181, 193, 207, 208, 215, 227, 228, 241, 263 likely post-war role in Asia: 69 occupation of northern Indochina: 136, 158, 159, 166 French extra-territorial concessions in: 158 Yunnan railway: 158 500-piastre note crisis: 159 Franco-Chinese Treaty: 170 Chungking: 119, 158, 159, 165, 170 Churchill, Winston: 15, 20, 28, 104 Clarac, Pierre: 183, 184, 214 Cold War: 5, 7, 96, 107, 109, 249, 274 Colombey-les-Deux-Eglises: Colonial Corps: 23 Colonial lobby: 109, 203 14 Index 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 298 298 | Index Academy of Colonial Sciences: 58 Committee of the French Empire: 58 Estates-General of French Colonisation: 109 Cominindo (Comité Interministériel de l’Indochine): 103, 105, 138, 149, 151, 161, 165, 169, 175, 176, 180–83, 185, 190, 191, 197, 198, 201, 204, 207, 208, 213–15, 238, 244, 245, 250, 251, 255, 256, 260 Communism, Communists: French (see also PCF): 5, 52, 74, 88, 93, 95, 107–9, 201, 202, 240 Indochinese (see also Viet Minh): 121, 122, 142, 157, 159, 165, 166 international: 273 Constitution (see also Assembly, National Constituent; France, Fourth Republic, etc.): 5, 31, 34, 35, 47–49, 52, 85, 90, 92, 104, 105, 106, 109, 123, 125, 178, 179, 184, 189, 190, 196, 198, 240, 275 Coppet, High-Commissioner Marcel de: 14 Cornford, F.M.: 64 Corsica: 100, 210 Cournarie, Governor-General Pierre: 23, 99 Dèbes, Colonel: 241–43, 261 Decoux, Admiral Jean: 18, 61, 115, 117, 120, 122, 124, 130 Defferre, Gaston (SFIO): 268, 271, 278 Delavignette, Governor-General Robert: 271, 272 Delmas, Administrator: 34, 35, 38 Dentz, General: 73 Devillers, Philippe: 6, 105, 135, 158, 184, 189, 254, 269 Dien Bien Phu, battle of, 1954: 278 Digo, Governor: 234 DGER (Direction Général des Etudes et Recherches): 103 Dong Minh Hoi: 108, 122, 158–60, 165, 170 Duff Cooper, Sir Alfred: 38, 74 Eboué, Governor-General Félix: 15, 21–25, 27–29, 33, 34, 98 Elgey, Georgette: 278 EMGDN (Etat-Major Général de la Défense Nationale): 225, 257 ENFOM (Ecole Nationale de la France d’Outre-Mer): 75 Fashoda: 74 Federation, principle of imperial (see also Brazzaville Policy, French Union, etc.): outline: 25–27, 43, 44, 46–48 concept of ‘personnalité politique’ in: 44 Associated States: 44, 45, 47, 48, 59, 80 DOM (départements d’outremer): 44, 175 institutional structure of: 46, 47 metropolitan critique: 49, 52–57 problems of terminology: 50 officially named French Union: 51 compared with British Commonwealth: 51, 56 compared with Soviet Union: 52, 56 clash with republicanism: 57 policy’s emphasis on external parameters: 84 interpreted by Bidault: 107 Ferhat Abbas: 72 France (see also Assemblies, French Empire, GPRF, Paris, Vichy, etc): 1, 2, 5–8, 12–16, 19, 21, 26–29, 34, 36–39, 42, 43, 46–61, 64–66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75–82, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91–94, 96, 99, 101, 103, 105–7, 110, 115, 117–20, 123–26, 128, 131, 132–37, 140, 142, 143, 146–48, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 160–62, 164, 165, 167, 168–70, 172, 174–76, 178, 184, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 194, 196, 198–202, 204, 205, 207–11, 213–24, 228, 231–33, 237, 238, 240, 247–49, 251–53, 255–59, 264, 267, 268, 271, 273–76, 278, 279 Popular Front, 1936–37: 18, 22, 91, 92, 95, 272 defeat, 1940: 12, 13 Paris Protocols, 28 May 1941: 17 German occupation of ‘Free Zone’, 1942: 15 Resistance, 1940–44: 3, 11, 15, 21, 22, 29, 37, 88, 93, 124, 136, 153, 162, 167, 187, 238, 263, 276 Liberation, 1944: 5, 58, 87, 120, 273 ‘tripartite’ coalition, 1946–47: 105, 164, 201, 204, 240 14 Index 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 299 Index | 299 referendum on first constitutional draft, May 1946: 106, 184, 196, 198, 201 elections of Jun 1946: 201 referendum on second constitutional draft, Oct 1946: 5, 231, 247 election results, Nov 1946: 240, 247 Fourth Republic: 1, 5, 7, 34, 37, 48, 128, 240, 247, 267, 271, 278 French airforce (Armée de l’Air): 72, 75, 242 French Empire (see also AEF, Algeria, AOF, Federation, French Union, Indochina, Madagascar, etc.): 12, 13, 18, 19, 30, 39, 55, 58, 83, 174 Protectorates: Morocco: 16, 19, 20, 24, 27, 44, 45, 47, 72, 251 Rabat: 30 Casablanca: 19 Tunisia: 16, 44, 45, 47, 72, 251 Tunis: 27, 30, 72 A-Class Mandates: Syria: 2, 15–17, 23, 62, 72, 73, 80, 143 Damascus: 73, 234 Syrian crisis, May 1945: 2, 62, 65, 67, 72, 73, 77, 90–92, 101, 104, 143, 162, 176 Lebanon: 17 B-Class Mandates: Cameroun: 15, 23, 44, 93, 99, 189 Togo: 73 Other dependencies: Antilles 27, 44, 78, 175 Martinique: 21 Guadeloupe: 22 Guiana (Guyane): 22 Indian settlements (Etablissements Franỗais de l’Inde) 15, 44, 45, 79, 108 Réunion: 44, 161, 175 Somali Coast (Cụte Franỗaise des Somalis): 44 New Caledonia (Nouvelle-Calédonie): 15, 20, 27, 36, 44, 45, 79, 278 Noumea: 68, 145 Oceania (Etablissements Franỗais de lOcộanie): 15, 44, 123, 176, 180 French Navy: 13, 14, 72, 76, 170, 241 Le Triomphant: 150 Richelieu: 171 Emile Bertin: 182 Dumont d’Urville: 219, 236 Savorgnan de Brazza: 242 French Union: 1, 2, 12, 25, 35, 42, 47, 49, 51, 59–61, 78, 81, 90, 92, 102, 107–9, 111, 123, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 135, 141, 150, 152, 153–55, 168, 169, 172, 174, 177, 183, 184, 185, 186, 192, 198, 202, 203, 209–11, 213, 251, 258, 265, 278, 279 Gaulle, General Charles de: 2–4, 11–17, 19, 21–23, 29, 37, 39, 44, 50, 52, 58, 66, 67, 70–72, 76, 77, 82, 85–92, 98, 100, 101, 103–9, 111, 116, 119, 120, 124, 127, 128, 132– 34, 136, 137, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 148–54, 156, 161–65, 175, 179, 189, 195, 198, 201, 202, 213, 229, 231, 234, 239, 260, 266, 267, 269, 270, 273, 275, 276, 278, 279 member of Reynaud government: 13 ‘Appel’ of 18 June 1940: 13 strategy, 1940–1944: 13, 14 head of the CFLN at Algiers, 1943–44: 15 Man of Brazzaville: 11, 29, 90 endorses Brazzaville policy: 39, 145 signs Franco-Soviet Treaty, Dec 1944: 52 on Indochina: 106, 124, 133, 269 mistrust of Anglo-Saxons: 67, 90, 145, 162 and Syria: 90, 145 visits Washington, Jul 1945: 66, 137, 141, 145 promises of ‘national renewal’: 82 resignation as President, GPRF: 85, 104, 164, 179 and Communism: 88 Bayeux speech, Jul 1946: 106, 107, 201 and decolonisation: 90, 279 African policy after 1958: 278 and Algeria: 279 Gaullism, Gaullist: 3, 4, 11, 15–18, 21–24, 28, 29, 32, 37, 48, 65, 67, 70–73, 75–77, 82, 84, 86, 89–91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 103, 104, 107, 115, 117–20, 122, 134, 144, 148, 151, 164, 201, 233, 247, 271, 275, 277 Gaullist policy war effort in colonies: 12, 21, 70–72 expedition to Dakar, 1940: 14 14 Index 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 300 300 | Index AEF rallies to Free France: 15 Anglo-Gaullist invasion of Syria: 15, 17 anti-Vichy purges: 23, 97 ‘The New Native Policy’, 1941: 24 in North Africa, 1943–45: 72 in Syria, 1941–45: 73 occupation of Valle d’Aosta, 1945: 77 towards Communism: 107 on Indochina: 117 GEC (Groupe d’Etudes Communistes): 108 Geneva Conference, 1954: 219, 278 Germany: 14, 15, 17, 144, 161, 192, 203, 216, 259 Giacobbi, Paul (Rad.): 51, 74, 88, 100, 101, 123, 134, 144, 147, 148, 153, 198 Giap: see Vo Nguyen Giap Giraud, General Henri: 15, 19 Gordon-Walker, Patrick: 277 Gouin, Félix (SFIO): 164, 181, 195, 198, 201 GPRF (Gouvernement Provisoire de la Rộpublique Franỗaise), 1944 46: 1, 3, 5, 42, 58, 64, 66, 71, 72, 85, 87, 91, 95, 97, 104, 107, 108, 111, 115, 116, 119, 124, 127, 132, 133, 135, 137, 142, 144, 147, 148, 150, 158, 161, 164, 165, 169, 170, 175, 177, 179, 180, 182, 183, 190, 196– 98, 199–201, 203, 207, 212, 213, 215, 220, 223, 224, 225, 230, 233 Gracey, General: 164, 189 Grosser, Alfred: 7, 107 Guomindang: 134, 158, 159 Herriot, Edouard (Rad.): 107 Hitler, Adolf: 13, 192 Ho Chi Minh, President: 1, 96, 106, 108–10, 122, 136, 137, 143, 147, 155, 157, 158–61, 165–71, 173, 174, 178, 179, 181, 182–85, 190, 197, 200, 202, 204, 207, 208, 209–11, 214–22, 225–29, 231, 233, 236, 239, 246–48, 253, 254, 256, 258–69, 271, 274, 279 identified as Nguyen Ai Quoc: 122 declares independence, Sep 1945: 137 campaigns for international recognition: 181 leaves Hanoi for France: 197 in Paris, 1946: 110, 202, 204 returns to Vietnam, Oct 1946: 236 Hoang Minh Giam: 254 Hoang Xuan Han: 188 Hot Springs Conference, 1945: 66, 67 Houphouët-Boigny, Félix (RDA): 35, 71 Humbert, General: 251 ILO (International Labor Organization): 31 India: 19, 44, 108, 174, 185, 228 indigénat: 17, 31, 79 Indochina (see also Indochina policy, Vietnam, etc.) French concept of Indochina: 130 Cambodia: 80, 121, 124, 129, 130, 147, 155, 156, 163, 168, 181, 192, 204–6, 209, 212, 227, 237, 268 Phnom Penh: 62, 124, 163, 265, 271 Battambang and Siam-Reap, provinces annexed by Thailand, 1940: 176, 213, 227, 228 Laos: 80, 121, 129, 130, 147, 155, 156, 163, 168, 192, 204, 205, 206, 209, 212, 227, 268 Luang Prabang: 124 Vientiane: 265 Cochinchina: 44, 82, 106, 130, 155–57, 160, 162, 163, 168, 169, 170, 173, 177, 178, 181, 187–99, 204–6, 208– 10, 212, 214, 215, 217, 218, 224–29, 234, 236, 238–40, 245, 246, 250, 256, 259, 261, 268 Saigon: 4, 5, 8, 34, 116, 138, 145, 147, 150, 163, 164, 167, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177–82, 184, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195– 203, 205, 206, 208, 209, 211, 212, 214, 217, 219, 220, 222–24, 226, 229, 232, 233, 237–41, 244, 247, 248–50, 256–61, 263–67, 269, 276 Mekong river: 147, 192, 211 Annam (N.B often synonymous with Vietnam, q.v.): 121, 124, 130, 131, 143, 154–57, 163, 168, 170, 181, 192, 203, 204, 206, 212, 227, 229, 235, 237, 239, 268 North-Annam: 134, 147, 151, 229 South-Annam: 163, 229, 239 Hué: 124, 236 Ban Me Thuot: 208 14 Index 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 301 Index | 301 Cam Ranh Bay: 236 Moi plateaux: 156, 203, 208, 227, 257 Tonkin: 121, 130, 134, 136, 139, 147, 151, 154–57, 165, 166, 168, 170, 173, 181, 190, 192, 227, 229, 241, 243, 248, 250, 255, 256, 258, 261, 263, 267, 276 famine in Tonkin, 1945: 134, 139, 173 Hanoi: 4, 8, 62, 78, 99, 124, 137, 138, 142, 150, 156, 157, 160, 161, 164–68, 170–72, 176, 178, 179, 180–82, 186, 187, 190–97, 200, 203, 207, 211, 214, 215, 218–20, 222, 225, 227, 229, 230, 232, 235–39, 241, 242, 244, 245, 248, 249, 250, 252–55, 258–68, 274, 276, 277 Haiphong: 165, 170, 171, 218, 222, 223, 240–45, 247, 248, 249– 56, 258, 260, 261, 263, 265, 268, 276 Langson: 138, 214, 223, 240, 242, 244, 247, 250, 252, 253, 254, 257, 265 Bac Ninh: 214 Bay of Along: 182, 190, 207 Sixteenth Parallel: 135, 181, 187, 188, 222, 227, 238 Indochina, French institutions in (see also Cominindo, Ministry of Colonies, Indochina policy, etc.) High Commission, Saigon (Norodom Palace): 4, 150, 184, 225, 234, 240 Government-General, Hanoi: 99, 137, 142, 203, 207, 208, 252, 253, 262, 263 administrative structure: 103 Comité d’Action: 103 French Expeditionary Corps in the Far East (CEFEO): 116, 126, 138, 143, 147, 150, 152, 153, 171, 213, 235, 236 French Military Mission, Kandy: 119 French Colonial Mission in Calcutta: 119, 131 French Mission at Kunming: 134, 135 Groupement Massu, 2nd Armoured Division (2e DB): 163, 227 9e DIC (9th Division of Colonial Infantry): 165, 227, 236 Pasteur Institute, Hanoi University, French School in the Far East, Hanoi: 186 Sûreté: 241, 262 Indochina policy Declaration, Dec 1943: 30, 115, 116, 118–21 French Resistance, response to: 120 French missions to Indochina, 1944–45: 121 Japanese coup in Indochina, Mar 1945, French response to: 61, 62, 68, 78, 115, 119, 120, 132 Declaration, 24 Mar 1945: 39, 42, 43, 47, 51, 59, 61, 62, 79, 80, 91, 101, 103, 115, 117, 118, 123–29, 132, 141, 145, 146, 148, 150, 153, 178, 204, 213, 223, 275 Vietnamese partition, issue of three ky: 60, 80, 82, 128–31, 143, 155–57, 170, 172, 173, 176–78, 181, 188, 192, 204, 209, 225, 251, 261 proposed referendum to settle issue of ky: 135, 172, 173, 188, 191–93, 195–97, 204, 205, 209, 210, 215, 217, 218, 224 Vietnamese independence and sovereignty, issue of: 132, 135, 140, 141, 153–55, 167, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122–24, 137, 146, 148, 151, 153, 162, 168, 175, 178, 185, 186, 191, 215, 217 proposed Dominion status for Indochina: 140, 141, 154, 185 ‘protection’ of ethnic minorities: 156, 192, 208, 257 Vinh San ‘solution’, Dec 1945: 160–62, 270 ‘Doc Lap’, as a substitute for independence: 155 modus vivendi with Cambodia, Jan 1946: 163, 181 negotiation of Accords, Feb 1946: 157–59, 167, 169 French landings at Haiphong, Mar 1946: 171, 255 Accords, Mar 1946: 59, 62, 76, 90, 101, 103, 105, 110, 111, 116, 117, 119, 124, 134, 139, 140, 147, 150, 151, 157, 164, 172–77, 179–82, 185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 193, 197, 198, 14 Index 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 302 302 | Index 201–4, 212, 213, 215, 216, 220, 222–24, 228, 229, 240, 243, 256, 270, 276 Preliminary Convention: 171, 173, 174, 177, 212, 218, 220 Annex Accord: 66, 77, 172, 173, 175, 180, 186, 198 Accords policy: 147, 152, 161, 162, 177, 197, 200, 203, 207, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222–24, 226, 229, 232, 234, 235, 237, 242, 244–49, 259, 267, 270, 274, 276, 278 d’Argenlieu/Ho Chi Min meeting, Bay of Along, Apr 1946: 182, 190, 207 promotion of Cochinchinese separatism, from Mar 1946: 157, 162, 178, 187–91, 193–97, 199, 206, 210, 226, 230, 234, 235, 239, 247 Dalat, first Conference at, Apr– May 1946: 179, 183, 185–88, 204, 218 Moi plateaux, occupation of, Jun 1946: 203, 208, 257 Government-General, Hanoi, reoccupation of: 203, 207, 208, 252, 253, 262, 263 Fontainebleau Conference, Jul.Sep 1946: 8, 96, 110, 178, 197, 198, 200–210, 212, 213, 215–19, 221, 224, 226, 229, 247, 257, 276 Dalat, second Conference at, Aug 1946: 200, 209, 211–13, 215 modus vivendi, 14 Sep 1946: 200, 217–20, 222–24, 226, 236, 238, 241, 243, 245, 253, 276 ceasefire, 30 Oct 1946: 218, 219, 238, 242 Cochinchina policy, failure of, Nov 1946: 239 Haiphong incident, Nov 1946: 223, 240–44, 247–49, 254, 276 Langson incident, Nov 1946: 223, 242, 244, 247, 254 proposed French ‘coup d’état’: 199, 235, 263, 267 ‘Tonkin Vespers’, 19 Dec 1946: 248, 262, 263, 267, 276 Bao Dai ‘solution’: 230, 249, 270, 271 Indochinese in France: 126, 134 International Court of Justice: 213 Irving, R.E.M.: 93, 94 Islam: 30, 70 Isoart, Paul: 116, 124, 126, 145, 166 Japan, Japanese: 1, 8, 14, 17–19, 59, 61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 78, 80, 88, 115–17, 119, 120, 122–24, 130, 132–36, 156, 159, 172, 216, 227, 231, 242, 271 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: 18, 124 coup in Indochina, Mar 1945: 61, 62, 68, 78, 115, 119, 120, 132 Juglas, Jean-Jacques (MRP): 93 Juin, General Alphonse: 105, 236, 237, 250, 257, 264 Kim: see Tran Trong Kim Kitchener, Lord: 74 Labrouquère (SFIO): 191, 193, 195, 198 Langlade, Franỗois de: 103, 121, 122, 134, 140, 144, 161, 198 Lanne, Bernard: 86 Lapie, Pierre-Olivier (SFIO): 93, 94 Latrille, Governor André: 71 Laurentie, Governor Henri: 2, 3, 6–8, 22–27, 30–37, 41–50, 52, 55–59, 61–65, 67–70, 74–83, 86, 88–93, 95–104, 106, 108–10, 115, 118, 120, 123, 131, 132, 133, 136–45, 147–49, 151–55, 157, 161–63, 169, 174, 189, 191, 193–98, 204–7, 209, 210, 215, 217, 222, 223, 224, 226, 228–35, 237–40, 245–47, 250, 251, 252, 257–59, 261, 267–74, 276, 277, 278 career up to 1943: 22 critique of administration: 23, 100, 133 imperial Federation, conception of: 26 analysis of crises, May 1945: 74–77, 101, 132, 194, 234 analysis of Brazzaville Conference: 76 role as Director of Political Affairs: 2, 23, 43, 64, 98, 99, 101, 144, 223, critique of North African administrations: 102 anti-communism: 108, 246 critique of French politics: 110, 231 role in drawing up Declaration on Indochina: 123 urges independence for Indochina, Aug 1945: 138, 139, 142 press conferences, Sep 1945: 142–45 14 Index 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 303 Index | 303 passed over for appointment in Indochina: 145 instructions to d’Argenlieu, Sep 1945: 153 condemns Viet Minh: 196, 246 instructions to Valluy, Oct 1946: 228–30 contemplates use of force in Indochina: 233, 234 transferred to UN Trusteeship Council: 272 Laurentie, Madame: 23, 98, 144 interned and deported as a ‘dissident’: 98 Lawrence, T.E.: 74 Le Van Hoach: 239 League of Nations: 44, 74 Leclerc, General (Philippe de Hauteclocque): 15, 138, 145–47, 150, 151, 156, 162–64, 167, 168, 169, 171, 173, 176, 181, 215, 235, 256, 257, 258, 265, 267–69 role in AEF, 1940: 15 appointed Supreme Commander of French Forces in the Far East: 145 occupation of Cochinchina, 1945: 162, 163 entry into Hanoi, 18 Mar 1946: 171 advocates maintaining Accords Policy, Dec 1946: 256, 257 mission to Indochina, Dec 1946: 265 refuses appointment as High Commissioner: 269 Lecomte, Colonel: 171 Legentilhomme, General: 71 London: 15, 24, 67, 73, 118, 277 Louis, Wm Roger: 74, 93, 98 Lozeray, Henri (PCF): 95, 96 Lu Han, General: 158, 165, 168, 169, 171 Luang Prabang, king of: 124, 180, 212 Luftwaffe: 17 Lyautey, Marshal Hubert: 24, 78, 86 Machiavelli, Niccolò: 139, 232 Madagascar (see also nationalism, Malagasy): 5, 14, 15, 17, 22, 23, 44, 46, 70, 71, 78, 80, 82, 93, 102 Tananarive: 99, 161 British invasion, 1942: 15, 17, 71 Merina: 80, 82 Malagasy députés in Constituent Assembly: 109, 202 insurrection, 1947: 5, 93, 272 Madjarian, Grégoire: 96 Mao Zedong: 159 Marseille: 218 Marseille, Jacques: 18, 32 Massigli, René: 30, 72 Massu, Colonel Jacques: 163, 227 MDRM (Mouvement Démocratique pour la Rénovation Malgache): 110, 202 Mendès-France, Pierre (Rad.): 93, 278 Mérat, Louis (SFIO): 98, 273 Mercier, André (PCF): 93 Messali Hadj (PPA): 17 Messmer, Governor Pierre: 250, 257, 260 Michelet, Edmond (MRP): 164, 183, 250, 255 Ministry of Colonies (Rue Oudinot), Ministry of Overseas France from Jan 1946: 1, 2, 4, 5, 40, 42, 58, 59, 61, 64, 73, 74, 86–88, 92–95, 97–100, 103, 104, 107, 111, 116, 123, 128, 131, 140, 144, 146, 147, 151, 161, 164, 174, 178, 191, 193, 198, 234, 271 Political Affairs Division (Direction des Affaires Politiques, DAP): 7, 46, 58, 99, 103, 271 Economic Affairs Division (Direction des Affaires Economiques, DAE): 99 Planning Division (Direction du Plan): 99 Indochina Division (Direction d’Indochine): 120, 126, 127, 130, 131, 145 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Quai d’Orsay): 27, 30, 44, 53, 59, 72, 102, 103, 123, 164, 176, 180, 181, 183, 184, 197, 202, 217, 260 Africa-Levant Division: 102 Asia-Oceania Division: 123, 176, 180 Ministry of Interior: 27, 102, 260, 278 Mitterrand, Franỗois (UDSR): 278 Moch, Jules (SFIO): 43, 50, 53–57, 92, 95 Monnerville, Gaston (Rad.): 41, 64, 87, 89, 100, 102 Mordant, General: 120 Morlière, General Louis: 241–45, 254, 261, 262, 264, 265 14 Index 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 304 304 | Index Mountbatten, Admiral Lord Louis: 119 Moutet, Marius (SFIO): 92, 94, 95, 98, 100, 101, 106, 108, 164, 175, 176, 182, 190, 191, 193, 196–98, 200, 201, 211, 212, 214–18, 220, 222, 224–26, 228, 229, 230, 235–38, 243, 245, 249, 255, 259, 260, 262, 265, 266, 268, 271, 273 MRP (Mouvement Républicain Populaire): 93, 94, 105, 107, 164, 183, 184, 196, 201, 240, 273 Munich Conference, 1938: 213 Murphy, Robert: 19, 20 Mus, Captain Paul: 132–34, 138–40, 145, 147, 162, 163 Orwell, George: 88, 89, 92, 104, 133 Paris: 1, 4–8, 17, 26, 27, 35, 38, 40–42, 49, 53, 55, 58, 61, 64, 70, 71, 74, 76, 82, 85–88, 90, 98, 99, 100, 104, 105, 109–11, 115, 117, 120, 125, 131, 140, 141, 144, 152, 153, 161, 165, 167, 172, 173, 175–84, 186–93, 195, 197, 198, 200–204, 206, 211, 213, 214, 218, 220, 222–24, 226, 228, 231, 233–35, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242–45, 247–50, 252–55, 257, 259, 260, 264, 266–69, 271, 275, 276 Passy, Colonel: 144 Patti, Colonel Archimedes: 137 PCF (Parti Communiste Franỗais): 52, 93, 95, 96, 105, 10710, 164, 196, 202, 240, 257, 260 Perestroika: 81 Pétain, Marshal Philippe: 14, 100, 120 Péter, Georges: 99 Pham Van Bach: 239 Pham Van Dong: 202, 208, 212, 218, 226 Pignon, Léon: 34, 97, 120–23, 125–27, 129, 131, 134–36, 140, 142, 159, 160, 166, 167, 173, 179, 184, 193, 194, 196, 205–7, 210, 214, 216, 217, 220, 222, 223, 226–35, 237, 241, 247, 252, 261, 269–71, 274 at Brazzaville: 34, 189 in Algiers: 120 role in drawing up Declaration on Indochina: 123 Political Counsellor to Alessandri, Calcutta: 126 in Paris for Fontainebleau Conference: 205–7 reports on situation in Indochina, Sep 1946: 226, 228, 229 identified as the ‘Machiavelli’ of Indochina policy: 232 appointed High Commissioner in Indochina, Oct 1948: 271 Pleven, René (UDSR): 23, 30, 31, 33, 37, 38, 49, 51, 55, 71, 87, 88, 100, 141, 144, 189 Polytechnique, Ecole: 195 Potsdam Conference, 1945: 132, 135, 158, 165, 228 PRL (Parti Républicain de la Liberté): 273 public opinion and empire: 12, 85, 88, 89 Paget, General: 73 Quwatli, President: 73 Napoleon III: 35 Napoleonic Code: 25 nationalism: Asian (Japanese, Chinese, Indian): 69, 228 colonial: 1–3, 48, 58, 65, 75–79, 82–84, 96, 107–10, 145, 202, 205, 273–78 French: 82, 95, 129, 277 Indochinese (see also Annamite, Vietnamese nationalism): 59, 62, 115, 116, 118, 120, 132, 138 Malagasy: 46, 78, 202 Middle Eastern: 69, 70, 72 North African: 17, 18, 20, 46, 54, 72, 110, 278 Syrian/Lebanese: 73, 91, 131–34, 136, 140, 143, 147 Neo-Destour: 17 Netherlands defeat in Far East, 1941–42: 68 colonial policy: 20, 28, 51, 273 Dutch East Indies, Indonesia: 20, 51, 174, 185, 277 Surinam, Curaỗao: 20 Linggadjati Treaty, 1947: 277 Nguyen Binh: 187, 219, 238 Nguyen Quoc Dinh: 126, 128–30 Nguyen Van Thinh: 189, 190, 196, 225, 226, 229, 230, 239, 240, 245, 247 Nguyen Van Xuan, Colonel: 195, 197, 267 14 Index 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 305 Index | 305 Rabemananjara, Jacques (MDRM): 202 Ramadier, Paul (SFIO): 5, 109, 271 Raymond, Administrator Jean de: 131, 135, 141, 161 republicanism: 3–5, 31, 34, 37, 43, 49, 50, 56–58, 86, 89, 91–94, 107, 125, 275 Reynaud, Paul: 13 Richard Lionheart: 74 Rif War, 1925: 251 Robinson, Ronald: 68, 275 Rocard, Michel (PS): 278 Roche, Jean de la: 67 Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano: 19, 20, 65, 66, 72, 118, 119 Sainteny, Jean: 134, 135, 137, 142, 144, 147, 154, 155, 158, 160, 162, 167–71, 173, 179, 181, 182, 199, 208, 215, 219, 241, 243, 252–54, 258, 259, 261, 262–64 Saint-Mart, Governor-General Pierre de: 23 Salan, General Raoul: 167, 168, 171, 173, 184, 197 Saller, Governor Raphaël: 33, 35, 36, 99 San Francisco Conference, April 1945: 67–69, 73 Schoenbrun, David: 219 SEAC (South-East Asia Command): 119, 135, 136 Senghor, Léopold Sộdar (SFIO): 35, 93, 279 SFIO (Section Franỗaise de lInternationale Ouvrière): 91, 93, 94, 98, 105, 164, 191, 196, 198, 201, 240, 250, 259, 271 Shennan, Andrew: 22, 37, 58, 92, 111 Siam: see Thailand Sihanouk, Norodom: 62, 124, 163 Solus, Professor: 51, 58 Soustelle, Jacques: 101 Spanish Civil War: 215 Spears, Major-General Edward: 74 Stalingrad: 28 Stanley, Colonel Oliver: 21 Suez Canal: 257 Sultan of Morocco: 20, 27, 72 Thailand: 176, 213, 227, 228 Thorez, Maurice (PCF): 202, 240 Tønnesson, Stein: 6, 234, 244, 262 Torel, Albert: 184, 187, 220, 234 Tran Trong Kim: 124, 130, 134, 136, 141 Tronchon, Jacques: 82 Truman, President Harry S: 109, 271 United Nations Organization: 73, 135, 169, 181, 185, 209, 228, 272 United States: 7, 14–16, 19, 20, 30, 38, 53, 62, 65–69, 77, 79, 88, 89, 95, 99, 104, 118, 119, 122, 124, 132, 135–37, 138, 140–43, 158, 166, 168, 171, 175, 181, 190, 194, 195, 205, 206, 217, 220, 228, 243, 246, 258, 268, 271 Havana Convention, Jul 1940: 14 relations with Vichy: 19 international trusteeship: 19, 21, 68, 118 State Department: 19, 38 anti-colonialism: 19, 66, 67, 69, 148 and Indochina: 20, 59, 119, 137, 141, 142, 228, 271 Atlantic Charter, Nov 1941: 28 and Brazzaville: 38 Washington: 39, 66, 137, 141, 145 bases at Dakar and Noumea: 68 policy in Philippines: 95 Truman doctrine: 109, 271 OSS (Office for Strategic Services): 119, 135–37 Revolution: 137 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics): 52, 56, 67–69, 95, 137, 148, 181, 185, 228, 258 policy towards colonial empires: 67, 69, 148 Vallat, Marcel: 30 Valluy, General Jean: 165, 199, 228, 229, 234–38, 240, 242–45, 251, 252, 253–56, 258–64 Varenne, Governor-General Alexandre (SFIO): 195 Viard, Paul-Emile (MRP): 93, 94 Vichy regime: 14, 16–19, 22, 23, 31, 61, 72, 73, 88, 97, 98, 115, 120, 122, 134 colonial policy: 16–18 Crémieux decree, repeal of, in Algeria: 17 in Indochina: 18, 115, 120, 122, 134 in Tunisia: 72 in Syria: 73 Viénot, Mme Pierre: 91 14 Index 11/15/02 6:18 PM Page 306 306 | Index Viet Minh (Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi): 96, 108–10, 122, 132, 134–37, 140–44, 147, 150, 157–60, 162–67, 178, 181, 186, 188, 189, 214, 215, 227–30, 237–39, 245, 246, 248, 258, 261, 266, 269–71, 276 recognised as Communist-dominated by French: 122, 142, 157 Communist Party dissolved within Viet Minh: 159 August Revolution, 1945: 8, 132, 136, 150, 157 Central Committee, Hanoi: 261, 262 Vietnam, Vietnamese (see also Annamite, Indochina, etc.): 1, 8, 18, 80, 82, 111, 115, 122, 126, 128–34, 136, 137, 139, 140, 143, 147, 151–53, 155, 156–60, 165, 167–79, 184–88, 190–92, 195–202, 204–6, 208, 209–12, 214–16, 218–24, 226–29, 231, 232, 236–38, 240–43, 246–48, 250, 252, 254–56, 260–63, 265, 266, 270, 277, 279 Democratic Republic of Vietnam: 1, 8, 111, 137, 172, 174, 175, 177, 202 National Assembly: 166, 170 Militia (Tu Ve): 262 Vietnamese nationalism (see also Annamite): 62, 115, 121–24, 126, 129, 130–36, 140, 143, 147, 150, 155–59, 174, 178, 184, 189, 194–97, 215, 230, 245, 249, 252, 253, 256, 258, 261, 268–70, 277 French analogy with Nazi Germany: 156, 165, 213 contrasted with Cochinchinese separatism (see also Indochina policy): 194, 197, 230, 245, 249 Vinh San: 161, 162, 270 Vinh Thuy (see also Bao Dai): 136, 161, 170 VNQDD (Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang): 158–60, 165, 170, 173, 262 Vo Nguyen Giap: 173, 186, 187, 219, 262, 263 Vu Hong Khanh: 173 Wedemeyer, General: 136, 137, 141 Weinstein, Brian: 23 Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands: 20, 51 World War, First: 13, 145 World War, Second: 1, 2, 8, 12, 274, 279 impact on colonial empires: 68 Nazi-Soviet pact, 1939–41: 95 Pearl Harbor, Dec 1941: 19 invasion of North Africa, ‘Operation Torch’, 1942: 15 El Alamein, battle of, 1942: 28 Stalingrad, battle of, 1942–43: 28 Iwo Jima, battle of, 1945: 124 Rhine, allied crossing of, 1945: 124 VE-Day, May 1945: 2, 64, 72 Nagasaki, Aug 1945: 132, 136 War in the Pacific ends: 137