This page intentionally left blank Argument and Authority in Early Modern England Conal Condren offers a radical reappraisal of the nature of moral and political theory in early modern England through an examination of widespread arguments about office The vocabulary of office-holding and abuse was sufficiently supple and pervasive for us to infer a general presupposition of office cohering the whole spectrum of social discourse, from conceptualising the soul to understanding the responsibilities of the philosopher, poet, parent and priest The exploration of this vocabulary involves a reconsideration of the nature of early modern social debate, challenging fashionable preoccupations with emerging ideologies and with liberalism, liberty, republicanism, a public sphere, and reason of state theory, through which study of seventeenth-century political theory has been organised Indeed, the very idea of early modern political theory is called into question Professor Condren reconsiders the importance of oath-taking, and analyses anew the three great crises of oath-taking that punctuated English history in the seventeenth century Again, his conclusions challenge widely held beliefs about early modern political argument, the process of secularisation, and the rise of de facto theory Argument and Authority is a major new work from a senior scholar of early modern political thought, of interest to a wide range of historians, philosophers and literary scholars C O N A L C O N D R E N is Scientia Professor in Politics and International Relations at the University of New South Wales, Australia Argument and Authority in Early Modern England The Presupposition of Oaths and Offices Conal Condren The University of New South Wales cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521859080 © Conal Condren 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-511-16838-3 eBook (EBL) 0-511-16838-1 eBook (EBL) isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-521-85908-0 hardback 0-521-85908-5 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate To Averil Contents Preface Introduction page ix Part I: The liquid empire of office An overview 15 Ceremonies of office: The kiss of the tutti-man 36 Institutionalised office: a sense of the scavenger 54 The vocabulary of office 80 Offices of the intellect: player, poet and philosopher 105 Soul and conscience 125 Part II: The authority and insolence of office The cases of patriot and counsellor 149 Casuistry as the mediation of office 172 The case of resistance to superior power 186 Metaphor and political autonomy 209 10 Part III: ‘I, A B.’ 11 An overview of the oath in seventeenth-century argument 233 12 Coronation oaths 254 13 The oath of allegiance of 1606 269 vii viii Contents 14 Engagement with a free state 290 15 The oath of allegiance and the Revolution of 1688–9 314 Epilogue 343 Bibliography Index 353 391 Bibliography 385 Glazov-Corrigan, Elena (1991), ‘The New Function of Language in Shakespeare’s Pericles: Oath versus “Holy Word”’, in Stanley Wells, ed., Shakespeare Survey, vol XLIII (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp 131–40 Goldie, Mark (1980), ‘The Revolution of 1689 and the Structure of Political Argument’, Bulletin of Research in the Humanities, 83, pp 473–564 (1980), ‘The Roots of True Whiggism’, History of Political Thought, 1, pp 195– 236 (1991), ‘The Political Thought of the Anglican Revolution’ in Robert Beddard, ed., The Revolution of 1688 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp 102–36 (1993), ‘James II and the Dissenters’ Revenge: The Commission of Enquiry of 1688’, Historical Research, 66, 159, pp 53–88 (1999), ‘Introduction’, in The Reception of Locke’s Politics (London: Pickering and Chatto), pp xvii–lxxxiv (2001), ‘The Unacknowledged Republic: Office-Holding in Early Modern England’, in Tim Harris, ed., The Politics of the Excluded, c.1500–1850 (London: Palgrave), pp 153–94 Goodin, Robert, E (1997), ‘Utilitarianism as Public Philosophy’, in Andrew Vincent, ed., Political Theory: Tradition and Diversity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp 67–88 Grace, Damian (1988), ‘Subjects or Citizens? 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‘Shakespeare, James I and the Matter of Britain’, English, 97, 45, pp 97–122 Zwicker, Steven (1990), ‘Virgins and Whores: The Politics of Sexual Misconduct in the 1660s’, in C Condren and A D Cousins, eds., The Political Identity of Andrew Marvell (Aldershot: Scolar Press), pp 85–110 Index Note The index is comprehensive but not exhaustive We have not indexed footnotes, passing references or passages which allude to, or foreshadow, extensive argument elsewhere Titled persons appear under the style in which they are referred to in the text and (m) indicates a modern author Abjuration Oath, see allegiance, oath of absolutism, see sovereignty theory Accursius, 28 active/contemplative life, 17, 18, 74–76, 117–18, 123 actor, see player, office of adiaphora, 39, 241, 303 allegiance, oath of (1606), 270–6, 281–5, 295; oath of allegiance and supremacy (1689), 294, 331–3; Oath of Abjuration (1702), 237, 249, 333; see also oaths Allegiance controversy (1688–90), 320–42; Friendly Debate (Anon.), 334–7; see also Locke, John; oaths; spiritual/ temporal authority Allen, Cardinal William, 155, 190, 276 Althusius, Johannes, 192 Americas, 154–5, 197, 264, 389 Ames, William, 73, 156, 176 Ammirato, Scipione, 223–5 Anderton, W., 323 Andrewes, Bishop Lancelot, 282 Antichrist, 151, 190, 202, 283–4 Apology (1604), 101, 169, 170 Aquinas, St Thomas, 117, 130, 178 arbitrary rule, see prerogative Arbuthnot, Dr John, 150, 206–8, 226–7 Archer, Ian (m), 58, 62 Argyll, Archibald Campbell, ninth Earl of, 242, 255 aristocrat, office of, 28, 56, 65–71, 170; as courtier, 86, 106–9; revenge and duelling, 68, 120; virtues of, 47, 67–69, 120, 194–5; see also counsel, office of Aristotle, 16, 97, 117, 172, 174, 178; De Anima, 125, 132; Poetics, 111–12, 116; Rhetoric, 16, 212 Armitage, David (m), 339 Arnisaeus, Henning, 156, 311 Ascham, Anthony, 192, 265, 292, 304–8, 328, 339 Association, Bonds of (Elizabethan), 61, 151, 152, 242–3; (of 1681), 152, 243–4; (of 1696), 244; see also oaths, associative Aubrey, John, 22, 71, 118 Augustine, of Hippo, St, 24, 151, 181, 198, 304, 307 Austin, John (m), 285 Azpilcueta, Martin, 286 Bacon, Sir Francis, 70, 83, 119–20; Advancement of Learning, 75–76, 87, 113, 117–118, 151; Essays, 164 Bacon, Nathaniel, 158 Baker, Sir Richard, 110–11 Bakhtin, Mikhail (m), 49, 52 Baldus de Ubaldus, 28, 101, 102 Baldwin, William, 20 baptism, see ceremonies of office Barbon, Nicholas, 63 Barclay, William, 189, 199 Baxter, Richard, 65, 152, 182, 199, 249 Beacon, Richard, 74, 176, 225 Bellarmine, Cardinal Robert, 272, 274–5, 276, 281, 282–3, 313 Bentham, Jeremy, 184 Bergeron, David (m), 47 391 392 Index Berkeley, Bishop George, 154, 204 Berlin, Isaiah (m), 91 Bethel, Slingsby, 248 Beza, Theodore, 192 Bilson, Thomas, 190, 198–9 Blackwell, George, 271, 275 Bodin, Jean, 278, 310 Bohun, Edward de, 54, 74, 86 Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Viscount, 154 Boniface VIII, Pope, 273 Book(e) of Oath(e)s, 40, 233, 238, 243, 258, 260, 261 Boswell, James, 23 Bourdieu, Pierre (m), Boyle, Sir Robert, 117, 119, 120–1, 173, 235, 251 Bracton, Henry de, 167, 191 Braddick, Michael (m), 213–14, 218 Bradley, F H (m), 24 Brathwaite, Richard, 65 Brown, Meg Lota (m), 182 Browne, Sir Thomas, 9, 85, 101, 129, 132, 144, 181, 224, 248 Buchanan, George, 202, 205, 265, 276 Burckardt, Jacob, 122, 146, 220 bureaucrat, office of, 347 Burgess, Glenn (m), 278, 310 Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, 225 Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, 96, 156, 175, 177, 196, 237, 241, 314–15, 316, 317, 322–3 Burton, Robert, 87 Butler, Samuel, 62, 67, 74, 83, 107–8, 108–9, 110, 118, 244 Calvin, John, 191 Caputo, John (m), 34, 94 Cardano, Girolamo, 140 Carneades, 16, 17, 29, 85, 117, 179 carnivals, see office, inversion of Caryl, Joseph, 296, 298 Case, Stephen, 197, 199 Castiglione, Baldesar, 69, 106–7 casuistry, 28, 172–85, 186–90, 206–8, 220, 222, 278, 306, 346–7, 348; exceptional/extensive, 176–8; modal, 30, 178–85, 191, 224–7, 273, 289; presumptive, 31, 178–85, 190–1, 302; see also ethics of office Catholicism/anti-Catholicism, 50, 112, 152, 174, 189, 192, 243–4, 269–72, 275–6, 281–4, 315–17; ‘popery’, 38, 41, 42, 271, 274, 275, 318, 322–3; see also Jesuits Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, 67, 223 Cavendish, William, Duke of Newcastle, 36, 55, 61, 64–65, 66, 67, 161, 223–4, 344 ceremonies of office, 25, 36, 53, affirmative/ transformative, 40, 43–46, 47–48; rites of passage (birth, marriage, death), 39–43, 215, 216, 256; witnesses to, 43–44; see also coronations Chambers, Ephraim, 88 Champion, Justin (m), 159 Charles I, 102–4, 132–3, 158, 166–71, 202–3, 258, 260–3, Eikon Basilike, 160, 166 Charles II, 43–44, 108, 162, 171, 211, 223, 241, 243, 258, 291 Charleton, Walter, 80, 82, 87, 213 Charron, Pierre, 128–9 childbirth, see ceremonies of office Chiver, Robert, 76 Christ, see God Christendom, 162–3, 190, 273–4, 282, 283–4; conciliarism in, 283 church and state relations, see spiritual/ temporal authority Church of England, 189, 206–8, 241–2, 269, 276, 281–5, 316–18, 319 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 15–20, 74, 82, 106, 114, 128, 151, 180 circles, symbolism of, 41–42, 44–45 citizen, office of, 17, 63–65, 104, 155 Civil Wars, 35, 67, 92, 102, 150, 166–71, 187–8, 195, 202–3 Clapmarius, Arnoldus, 223, 224–5 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, 76 Clubmen, 150, 243 coffee-houses, 77–78 Coke, Sir Edward, 63, 240 Collier, Jeremy, 89 Collingwood, R G (m), Collinson, Patrick (m), 60 Colyngbourne, William (‘The Cat, the Rat…’), 112–13 Coltman, Irene (m), 306 Comber, Thomas, 70, 251 Commonwealth, see republic, English Condren, Charles de, 289 conscience, 130–4, 172, 307; as duty of office, 132–3, 279; as judge, 131–2; mind as synonym for, 131; see also soul consent/contract, 52, 146, 206, 242, 264–7, 304–5, 309, 324–6, 328–31, 333–4; see also coronation oath constable, parish office of, 56–57, 59, 62, 245 Constant, Benjamin, 93 Convention parliament of 1689, 319–20, 328–31; debates in, 329–31 Index Cornwallis, Sir William, 99–100 coronations, 43, 52, 255–6, 315; coronation oath, 254–67, 315, as contract, 255, 257, 326; and laws of Edward the Confessor, 102, 255, 257, 259, 263; and laws of God, 259, 260; and oath text of Edwards II and III, 260, 263 Cotta, John, 5, 6, 98, 127, 129 counsel, office of, 27, 123, 149, 149, 162–71, 183–4, 191, 199, 213, 262, 316; evil counsel, 163, 166–71, 188; and Privy Council, 164, 167; see also aristocrat courtier, office of, see aristocrat, office of Cousins, A D (m), 128 Coverdale, Miles, 239, 240 Cranmer, Archbishop Thomas, 255 Craven, W (m), 122 Cressy, David (m), 39, 41 Croce, Benedetto (m), 219 Cromwell, Oliver, 161, 177, 203, 258, 300; see also Protector, office of Crosse, Henry, 20 cuckoldom, rights of, 206–8, 345 Curtis, Catherine (m), 123 Cusacke, John, 76 Dalton, Michael, 73 Daniel, Gabriel, 179 Daniel, Samuel, 89, 111, 119 Dante Alighieri, 163, 236, 273 Darlington, Robert, 176 David, king of Israel, 108, 112, 187, 198, 266 de facto theory, 295–8, 327–8; see also Engagement controversy death, see ceremonies of office; soul, office of Decker, Thomas, 46, 47 Declarations: (1649), 300; (1689), 331 defence of office, see casuistry definition, nominal, 26–28, 198, 256–7; real, 26 Defoe, Daniel, 98, 191, 326 democracy, 60, 67, 193; see also extension of office Derrida, Jacques (m), 287 Descartes, Rene´, 141, 144 Devonshire, William Cavendish, third Earl of, 204, 205 Digby, Sir Kenelm, 275 Dingley, Robert, 9, 10 dissolution, 196–7, 205–6, 330, 334; see also rebellion; Revolution, ‘Glorious’ Dominis, Antonio de, 271, 283 domino effect, 197, 234 393 Donne, John, 8, 129, 275; Biathanatos, 172, 173, 174, 179, 182; ‘The Sunne Rising’, 8, 182–3 dress/costume, symbolism of, 23, 107–8, 108–9, 110 Dryden, John, 108 Dury, John, 299–300 Dutch republic, see republic, Dutch Eachard, John, 111 Earle, John, 110 economy, 211 Edward I, 256 Edward II, 260, 297 Edward III, 257–8 Edward IV, 64 Edward VI, 262 Edward the Confessor, laws of, see coronations Eliot, Sir John, 156 Elizabeth I, 50, 64, 151, 155, 158, 190, 242–3, 269, 271, 276; progresses of, 45–46 Ellesmere, Thomas Egerton, Lord, 135, 206 Elyot, Sir Thomas, 65 Engagement, 1, 324, 330; Engagement controversy, 290, 331 entia moralia, see identity Epictetus, 128 Epicurus, 125 equivocation/lying, see Jesuits Essex, Robert Devereux, second Earl of, 66, 71 Essex, Robert Devereux, third Earl of, 193 ethics, 6, 12, 28; consequentialist, 184–5, 343, 346; deontological, 16, 85–86, 184, 185, 346; of office, 17–18, 23–24, 26, 30–31, 85–104, 216–25, 250, 280, 286, 346–7; prudence in, 173, 181, 179, 221, 224; and virtue ethics, 347; see also casuistry Evan, Enock ap, 42–43 Evelyn, John, 215–16 executions, see ceremonies of office extension of office, 18–19, 345; horizontal, 296–7, 302, 304, 310; vertical 26, 155–6, 157, 163, 244; lesser magistracy as, 191–3; see also military office; rule, office of Ferne, Henry, 187, 202 Ficino, Marsilio, 114 Field, Richard, 283 Finch, Heneage, 133 Fisher, Samuel, 131, 251 394 Index FitzHerbert, Thomas, 176 FitzJames, Sir John, 68 flattery, see counsel Forbes, Duncan (m), 186 Fortescue, Sir John, 259 Foscarini, Antonio, Venetian ambassador, 281 Foucault, Michel (m), 139 Foxe, John, 155, 282 France, 254–5 freedom, see liberty Friendly Debate, see Allegiance controversy Fullwood, Francis, 331 Galileo Galilei, 111 Gallicans of the Sorbonne, 272 Garnet, Henry, 269, 285, 286 Gawen, Katharine, 269 Gaynsford, Elizabeth (midwife), 40 Gee, Edward, 217, 294, 300, 308 gift-giving, see aristocrat Gilby, Anthony, 192 Gillespie, George, 41 God, 76; and appeal to Heaven, 195–6, 279, 318; concept of, 101, 98–99, 114, 126–7, 200, 280; as counsellor, 163; fear of, 9, 307; and Heaven, 161–2; love of, 151; office as duty to, 89, 190, 191, 266, 296–8, 328; office of, 10, 19, 101, 115, 117, 127–8, 129–30, 212, 279–80; and Christ, office of, 100, 130–4, 181, 275; and revenge, 194; as source of all authority, 18, 83, 196, 274, 276, 277, 301–3, 324; and truth-telling, 285, 289; see also presuppositions; soul, office of Goffman, Erving (m), 6, 137 Goldie, Mark (m), 58, 59, 60, 317, 333 Goodman, Christopher, 190, 198 Goodwin, John, 192, 204 Goslicius (Laurentius Grimalius), 59, 76, 89, 164, 165, 180 Gosson, Stephen, 106, 108, 110, 111 Gouge, William, 61, 74–75 Grand Case for Conscience, The (Anon.), 302–3 Greenberg, Janelle (m), 263 Greenblatt, Stephen (m), 136, 139 Greville, Fulke, 85 Griffith, Matthew, 45 Grimalde, Nicholas, 20, 74, 215 Grotius, Hugo, 33, 134–5, 195, 308 Guicciardini, Francesco, 222 Gunpowder Plot, 156, 191, 269–70, 278, 285 Haakonssen, Knud (m), 23, 134 Habermas, Juărgen (m), 22, 34, 77 Hakluyt, Richard, 155 Hale, Sir Matthew, 21, 22, 68, 129, 261 Halifax, George Savile, Marquess of, 108, 153 Hall, John, 96 Hammond, Henry, 297 Harcourt, Sir Simon, 175 Harington, Sir John, 19 Harrington, James, 74, 133, 159 Harvey, Christopher, 188 Harvey, William, 118 Hawke, Michael, 203 Haworth, Samuel, 127 Henry II, 256 Henry IV, 256 Henry VIII, 164, 241, 258, 318 Herbert, Rev George, 86, 129, 139 Herle, Charles, 202 Herod, king of Judea, 245 Hesiod, 21 Heylyn, Peter, 72, 188, 192, 311 Heywood, Thomas, 20, 22, 46 Hickeringill, Edmund, 42, 246 Hickeringill, Philip, 318 Hickes, George, 154, 324, 333–4 Hindle, Steve (m), 56 historiography, see intellectual history Hitchcock, John, 180 Hoadley, Benjamin, 196 Hobbes, Thomas, 88, 97, 99, 121, 140, 196, 294; contract theory of, 266–7; reputation and persona of, 118–19, 145, 324; Works: Answer to … Gondibert, 96, 119; De cive, 65, 98, 134, 205, 341; Elements, 68, 98, 134; Letters, 70, 127; Leviathan, 49, 66, 72, 76, 84, 93, 130, 165, 205; and Engagement, 304, 308–13, natural condition, 146, 288, priests in, 95, 212, 312–13, 322, sovereign in, 84, 205 honestas/utilitas, 26, 88, 124, 184–5, 200, 295, 301–3, 312, 344; see also rhetoric Hooker, Richard, 282, 2823 Hoăpfl, Harro (m), 222 house of office, 22 Hugh of St Victor, 217 Hume, David, 57, 92, 142, 197 Humfrey, John, 59, 199, 237, 241 humours, theory of, 87–88, 211 Hungerford, 44, 58 Hunter, Michael (m), 173 Hunton, Philip, 188, 189, 196–7, 201, 236, 279, 280 Index husbandry, office of, 21, 76, 215–16 Hutchinson, Colonel John, 73 identity, corporeal/nominal, 100–2, 128–9, 138, 140–2, 201, 279; and autonomy, 105, 140, 142–4, 144–5; and role-play, 6–7, 26, 38, 111, 136–8, 227; and self, 18, 23–24, 69, 120–1, 122–4, 220; and ‘self-fashioning’, 33, 137–40, 222; see also soul ideology, 149, 157–8, 185, 228–9, 277, 278–9, 281, 345, 348–9 Ihalainen, Pasi (m), 153, 154 individual, see identity intellectual history, 1, 3, 5, 7, 159; and conceptualisation, 2, 4–5 interest theory, 344 see also identity Ireton, Henry, 262 395 king’s two bodies, 80, 100–4, 168; see also rule, office of Knox, John, 198 Koselleck, Reinhart (m), 5, James II, 10, 152, 208, 252, 258–9, 260, 314, 319, 325–6, 333–4 James VI&I, 157, 169, 191, 258, 269–72, 275–6, 305, 313, 332; and conscience, 132; Basilicon Doron, 66, 100–1; Daemonologie, 98; Discourse … of the Powder Treason, 156; Praemonition, 189, 284–5; Speeches, 216, 280–1; Trew Law of Free Monarchy, 151–2, 186, 266, 276–7, 279–281, 311, 341; see also prerogative; sovereignty theory Jeakes, Samuel, 214 jesters, 51, 164; see also office, inversion of Jesuits, 105, 172, 174, 175, 251–2, 270, 344; English, 189, 248, 271, 283, 285– NaN; and equivocation/lying, 181, 248–50, 253, 270–1, 285–9, 292, 293, 299, 332–3; and poetry, 112; and probabilism, 174; see also Catholicism; oaths John of Salisbury 101, 199–200, 322 John XXII, Pope, 102 John, king of England, 256 Johnson, Richard (m), 135 Johnson, Dr Samuel, 154–5 Jolliffe, J E A (m), 60 Jones, David Martin (m), 260 Jones, Inigo, 209–10 Jonson, Ben, 113–14, 116 justice, 15, 42–43 Latimer, Bishop Hugh, 64, 81, 244, 274, 299 Laud, Archbishop William, 261, 322 law, 30, 280, 279; divine, 134–5; natural, 16, 23; and casuistry, 175, 177; and ethics of office, 89, 346; and rule, 309, 335; and priesthood, 274, 307–8; and rights, 33–34, 173, 176–7, 225 Lawes and Ordinances of Warre (1639), 250 Lawson, George, 97, 99, 103, 130, 157, 187, 188, 196, 224, 261, 264, 335 lawyer, office of, 23, 30, 118, 172, 178, 179, 299, 346 Lee, Sir Henry, 46 legislation, see sovereignty Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 23, 141 Lessius, Leonhard, 70 L’Estrange, Roger, 90, 98, 152–3 Letter from a Person of Quality, 246–7 Levellers, 84, 152, 158 Lewis of Bavaria, 102 Lewis, C S (m), 29 liberalism, 33–34, 90, 94, 228 liberty, of office, 59, 73, 77, 80, 89–94, 113, 164–5, 279–80, 305; and licence, 92–94, 167; positive/negative, 90–91, 227; and slavery, 93, 99; as service to God, 129 Lilbourne, John, 293 Locke, John, 349; Essay, 121–2, 134, 141–2; Two Treatises, 57, 83, 157, 205–6, 280, 304, and Allegiance controversy, 337–42 London, 63–65, 78, 150, 314, 315, 318, 319; offices in, 20, 46–47, 50, 56, 58, 59, 192, 238; pageantry of, 20, 45, 46–47 Longinus, 114 Louis VI of France, 151, 158 Louis XIV of France, 316 Lovejoy, A O (m), Lucian, 17, 118, 123 Lucifer, see Satan Lucretius, 125 Kant, Immanuel, 18, 22, 24, 28, 33, 143, 184 Kantorowicz, Ernst (m), 1, 100 Kelly, M R L L (m), 261–2 Kennett, White, 233, 248 King’s Answer to the Nineteen Propositions, see Nineteen Propositions McCallum, Gerald (m), 90 Machiavelli, Niccolo`, 86, 124, 151, 164, 166; Prince, 176, 177, 218, 219–22, 224 McKeon, Michael (m), 214 Mandeville, Bernard de, 23, 88, 140 396 Index Marian question, see rebellion marital office, 206–8, 215, 216, 217, 302–3; and flitching, 48; see also ceremonies of office Marlowe, Christopher, 88, 143; Dr Faustus, 145 Marshall, William, 274 Marsilio, Giovanni, 275 Marsilius of Padua, 127, 273–4 Marvell, Andrew, 38, 171, 294 Mary I, 151, 198 Mason, Henry, 86, 131, 288 masques, 48, 49, 108; see also ceremonies of office mathematics, 111–12, 120 May, Tom (Lucan’s Pharsalia), 96 mayor, see London Medici, Lorenzo de’, 165 Medina, Bartolomeo, 174 Melanchthon, Philipp, 126, 194 Mendle, M (m), 170, 173 Merbury, Charles, 158 merchant, office of, 61–62, 82 Meriton, George, 66, 71 metaphor, 2, 31–32, 37, 52, 110, 209–18; autochthonous and analytic, 210–11 Meyer, Thomas (m), 63 Middleton, Thomas, 47 midwife, office of, 40–41, 61 military office, 88, 144, 184, 220–2; as lesser magistracy, 192–3, 203; see also extension of office Milton, John, 74, 87, 93, 98, 159, 168; Eikonoklastes, 161, 160; Paradise Lost, 115, 161–2, 202–3 mob, see London models/explanatory modelling, 2–3, 10, 54, 77, 213–16, 228–9, 281, 349–50; see also ideology Monod, Paul (m), 333 Montaigne, Michel de, 29, 128–9 moral discourse, see ethics More, Richard, the Younger, 161, 214, 218 More, Sir Thomas, 63, 128, 335; Utopia, 65, 123–4, 163–4 Morice, James, 240 Morrill, John (m), 202 Morton, Thomas, 272, 288 motivation, 32, 87, 187; see also humours, theory of Mous, Katherine Eisaman (m), 138 Muggletonians, 141 Muir, Edwin (m), 38 Mulcaster, Richard, 72, 111 Muldrew, Craig (m), 62 Mun, Thomas, 61–62, 72 Musculus, Wolfgang, 200 Nashe, Thomas, nationalism, see patriot, office of natural condition/state of war, see consent; Hobbes, Thomas Nedham, Marchamont, 299, 308, 310 Nelson, Eric (m), 123 Neville, Henry, 219, 344 Newton, Sir Isaac, 119, Nineteen Propositions, 168–71 non-jurors, 323–4, 326, 327–8 Norbrook, David (m), 96 North, Justice Francis, 224 Northampton, Henry Howard, Earl of, 69, 70 Noy, William, 89 oaths, 9, 12, 233–53, 301–2, 303, 306, 309–10; abuse of, 240, 244–6, 247; breaking, 265; and God, 235–7, 271; and hostility to swearing, 250–2; and perjury, 248; and subscription, 247, 293, 294–5; as symbolic, 270; synonyms for, 233–4; typology: of allegiance, 263–4, 318; assertory/promissory, 233–4, 237, 247, 255–6, 270, 285, 291; associative, 242–4; circumstantial, 241–2; diurnal, 239–40; of explication, 239; of passage, 25, 238–9, 252, 255, 256, 263–4; proclamatory/transformative, 238–9, 255–6, 258; state, 237, 241, 242, 256; see also Allegiance controversy; casuistry; consent; coronations; Engagement controversy; Jesuits; vocabulary of office oath-text (Edward II), see coronations obedience, 188, 189, 190–1, 199, 204–5, 206–8, 259, 316–17 office, 1–2, 25, 29, 343–5; abuse of, 6, 10, 17, 48, 57, 74, 99–100, 162, 223, see also tyranny; defence of, 194, see also selfdefence; institutionalised, 54, 56–62, 150, 213–14; intellectual, 122, 145; inversion of, 37, 49–51; neglect or alienation of, 198–9; rationale and limit of, 26–27, 28–29, 83, 176, 263–4, 297–8; see also ceremonies of; ethics of; extension of; liberty of; presuppositions of; vocabulary of; see also specific offices under name of office originality, 143–4 Otway, Thomas, 245 Overbury, Sir Thomas, 107 Index Overton, Richard, 103 Owen, David, 63, 189, 191 Pace, Richard, 114 pageants, see London; ceremonies of office Palmer, Roger, Lord Castlemaine, 153, 233 parental office, 31–32, 41, 61, 75, 210, 216; see also ceremonies of office Parker, Henry, 165, 166, 173, 195, 202, 262 Parker, Samuel, 72 parliament, office of, 89, 101, 103, 166–7, 169–71, 195, 202, 260–3; see also sovereignty; counsel parody and satire, 26–52, 142, 208, 226, 347; see also cuckoldom Parsons, Robert, 252, 255, 263, 265, 272, 285, 287, 288 party/faction, 153–4, 207, 208 patriot, office of, 28, 149–58, 193, 244–6 Patterson, W Brown (m), 270 Paul V, Pope, 272, 274, 275 Pearl, Valerie (m), 58 Peel, George, 46 Peltonen, Markku (m), 1, 61, 67–68, 106, 107 Pepys, Samuel, 22 Perkins, William, 81, 129 persona, 6–7, 89–90, 101–4, 179, 183–4, 237, 286, 299, 300–3; Ciceronian typology of, 17; natural philosopher, 120–1; and private conduct, 73–74, 91; as ruling council, 163; as role play, 23–24; social and temporal continuity of, 25–26, 28–29; as subject, 191; 204–5; see also identity; soul; for specific personae see under name of office Petrarch, 111, 116 Pettie, George, 113 Pettit, Philip (m), 91 Philodemius (pseud.), 192 philosophy/philosopher, office of, 3, 16–17, 17–18, 75–76, 116–24; natural philosophy, 119–21; as relationship to God, 128–9, 131; see also active/ contemplative life physician, office of, 23, 131, 346 Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 122–3, 211 Plato, 3, 66, 113, 114, 116; Republic, 15–20, 27, 120, imagery in, 19–20, 31, 66, 132, philosopher in, 17–18, 114; and Gyges, 199, 201; and Socrates, 15, 22, 118; Timaeus, 125, 140 player, office of, 86, 109–11, 181 Plume, Thomas (Plume Library), 56 397 Pocock, J G A (m), 159 poet, office of, 110, 111–16; decorum of 115–16 Pole, Cardinal Reginald, 274 political autonomy, 35, 219–27; domain, 37, 52–53, 95–97, 218, 343; see also ethics; casuistry political theory, 3, 10, 22, 34, 146, 216–19, 348; lineage of, 349, 350; and science, 345 Pomponazzi, Pietro, 181 Ponet, John, 151, 157, 198, 217, 283 pope, see priest, office of; spiritual/temporal authority Pope, Alexander, 150 Porter, Roy (m), 23, 24, 42, 94, 142, 144 Powell, Sumner Chilton (m), 59 power, 83; see also office, synonyms for prerogative/arbitrary rule, 89, 160, 173, 257–8, 261–2, 278–81; see also tyranny Prest, Wilf (m), 68 presuppositions, 3–4, 211–14; of God, 9, 211; of office, 2, 3, 6–10, 12, 24–25, 30, 215–18, 329; semiotic, 8–9, 37, 211–12 Price, Dr Richard, 157 priest, office of, 21–22, 37–38, 129, 178–9, 246, 318, 321; assumption of, 39–40, 241–2, 344–5; scope of, 89, 133, 134, 226, 272, 280, 286–7, 298–300, 318, 321–4, 345; and papal and episcopal office, 273–4, 282, 321, 332; as shape shifter, 105; see also soul print culture, 155, 334 probability, see Jesuit property, 177, 305, 339–40; see also Locke, John Protector, office of, 258, 260; see also Cromwell, Oliver Protestation, The, 156, 235, 293 providence, 298, 321; see also God and appeal to Heaven Prynne, William, 41, 110, 167, 236, 237, 260–2, 298 public/private, 26, 34, 71–77, 123, 132–3, 201, 203–4, 225–6, 227–8; and oaths, 246 public sphere, 34, 54, 77–79, 91, 94, 227 Pufendorf, Samuel, 8, 23, 27–28, 173, 225 Puttenham, George, 115, 116 Pym, John, 164–5, 178 Pythagoras, 19 Quakers, 109, 251–2 Quintilian, 16, 109, 124 398 Index Racken, Phyllis (m), 139 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 88, 158, 165–6, 180 reason of state, see state rebellion/resistance, 9, 31, 150, 167, 187–208, 333–4; see also self-defence; office, defence of; tyranny redescription, 95–100, 154–5, 155–6, 170–1, 187, 191, 256, 320, 327–31, 344; and amphibologia 285–6; antonymity in, 96; decorum of, 97; metaphor/allegory in, 96; moral/ethical, 198, 201; radical, 97–98; as repredication, 95, 150; softening of, 95, 96; see also equivocation; vocabulary of office Reeves, Dr William, 181 Reformation, 37–38, 39, 114–16, 151, 247, 345; and citizenship, 155; ecumenicalism in, 58–59 representation, 83–84, 330, 331 republic/republicanism, 35, 54, 60–61, 91; Dutch, 318; English, 35, 152, 162, 259, 260, 290–1, 310; see also Engagement controversy resistance theory, 187, 188; see also rebellion Revolution, French, 35, 135, 157 Revolution, ‘Glorious’ (1688/9), 191, 207, 333 rhetoric, 16–17, 72, 109, 113, 114–20, 124, 209; as protean, 97, 98, 145; and skiagraphia, 254–5, 286; see also honestas/utilitas; poet, office of Richard II, 256 Richard III, 99, 112, 256, 262 rights, 23, 33–34, 89, 135; see also law rites of passage, see ceremonies of office rituals, see ceremonies of office Rocket, John, 83, 296, 300 Rohan, Henri, duc du, 344 Rome (Ancient), 64, 192, 282, 303 Rous, Francis, 293, 300–3, 313 Royal Society, 97, 119–20, 251 rule, office of, 18, 27, 32, 52–53, 89–90, 101–2, 179, 180, 182–3, 191, 275–6, 279, 295–8; abuse of, 192; and coronation, 256–9; and counsel, 165–71; purpose of, 266–7; see also counsel; king’s two bodies; sovereignty; monarchs under individual names Rutherford, Samuel, 132–3, 175, 201, 216, 265 Ryle, Gilbert (m), 139 Sacheverell, Dr Henry, 153, 175, 196, 206, 207 Sacred Vow and Covenant, The (1643), 249 Sadler, Sir Ralph, 73, 151, 164 Sanderson, Robert, 76, 81, 234, 235, 244, 290, 292–3, 309, 334 Sarpi, Paolo, 283, 284 Satan, 98, 101, 110, 115; as evil counsellor, 163; in Paradise Lost, 161–2; as rebel, 87, 187, 202–3; as tyrant, 9, 10, 200 Scheibler, Christoph, 127 Schmitt, Carl (m), 278 Schmitt, Charles (m), 119 Scott, Jonathan (m), 159 Scroggs, Lord Chief Justice, 82 secularisation, 307–8, 350 Selden, John, 28, 36, 85, 248, 252, 344–5 self, see identity self-defence, 89, 177, 194, 204, 205–6, 302; see also office, defence of Settle, Elkanah, 50 Sexby, Edward, 203 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, first Earl of, 108, 152, 171, 317 Shakespeare, William, works cited: Hamlet, 107, 109–10, 142, 245; Henriad (Henry IV and V ), 92, 136–8, 175, 183–4; Julius Caesar, 9, 10; Love’s Labour’s Lost, 245; Macbeth, 253; Measure for Measure, 199; Merchant of Venice, 245; Othello, 144–5, 181, 208; Richard II, 82, 137; Tempest, 102; Troilus and Cressida, 55; Twelfth Night, 80, 233, Wars of the Roses (Henry VI and Richard III), 144 Shapin, Steven (m), 120 Sharp, Bishop John, 84, 93, 133, 134, 244, 245, 322, 324 Sharpe, Kevin (m), 215 Sheldon, Richard, 272, 275, 299 shepherd, office of, and wolf, 15, 18, 19–20, 22, 46, 47, 279; see also tyranny Shepherd’s Calendar, The (Anon.), 21 sheriff, office of, 59; see also London Sherlock, William, 197, 317, 317–28 Sidney, Algernon, 74, 90, 159, 263, 264 Sidney, Sir Philip, 111, 113–14, 115–16, 116 Skinner, Quentin (m), 91, 288, 310 slavery, see liberty Smith, Adam, 157 Smith, David (m), 168 Smith, Henry, 211 Smith, Sir Thomas, 163 soldier, see military office Solemn League and Covenant, 235, 243, 292–3, 299, 300, 302, 303 Index soul, office of, 19, 38, 42, 81, 86, 127–35, 146; equivocation and, 286; as everyman in office 193; as general principle of life, 125–30, 140–2; and persona, 134, 140–2; secularisation of, 34, 135, 138–9, 211, 306; study of (psychologia), 126; see also conscience; identity Southwell, Robert, 112, 285 sovereignty theory, 167, 168–71, 188, 217, 261–3, 267, 275–81, 310; see also rule, office of spiritual/temporal authority, 55–59, 183–4, 270–89, 295, 298–300, 307–8, 313, 315–18, 321–4, 332–3; and two swords theory, 273–6, 310, 322 spiritual realm, 6, 98–99, 127; and witchcraft, 5, 51, 98 St German, Christopher, 130 Starkey, John, 214, 218, 219 Starkey, Thomas, 20 state, concept of, 218, 219–27; formation, In.1, In.2–3, 54–58, 213–14, 343; reason of, 222–7, 307: see also oaths; political autonomy Steel, Richard, 153 Stillingfleet, Edward, 237 Stow, John, 45, 46, 48, 64, 150 Strafford, William Wentworth, Earl of, 164, 168, 177 Strawson, P F (m), 7, Stuart, Richard, 37 Suarez, Francisco de, 174, 201, 272, 281, 283 swearing, see oaths Swift, Jonathan, 94 Tacitus, 107 Taylor, Jeremy, 70, 131, 174, 188, 201, 249 Thomas, Keith (m), 44 Tillotson, Archbishop John, 81, 236 Toland, John, 133 Toănnies, Ferdinand, 57 Tooke, Andrew, 173, 225, 311 Toulmin, S and Jonsen, A R., 180 trade, see merchant tradition, 30, 38–39 Tuck, Richard (m), 308 Tuve, Rosamund (m), 115 Tuvill, Daniel, 69, 72, 87, 105, 176, 178, 225–6 Tyndale, Mathew, 72 tyranny, 31, 87, 112–13, 199–208, 216, 280–281, 305–6, 325–6; of acquisition and exercise, 197–8, 294–8, 301, 302, 317; as affront to God, 190–1; legal, 399 160, 199; obedience owed to, 190–1, 196, 198; as redundant classifier, 205, 312; and tyrannicide, 199–205, 276, 325–6; see also office, abuse of; rule, office of; rebellion Ullmann, Walter (m), 277 Underdown, David (m), 49 universities, 46, 109, 111–12, 210, 252 Van Gennep, Arnold (m), 39–40 Vane, Sir Harry, the Younger, 130 Venice, 158, 262, 271, 274–275, 277, 283, 284 Vermigli, Peter Martyr, 192, 194–5, 196, 198 Vico, Gianbatista, 210–11 Vienne, Philibert de, 107 Virgil, 19 Viroli, Maurizio (m) 217, 223 Vitoria, Francisco, 274 vocabulary of office, 2, 10, 12, 22, 24–25, 80–104, 161–2, 281, 321–4, 345; registers of, 84, 149, 150, 159–63, 167–8; negative, 29, 32, 87–88, 92–94, 94–95, 143, 160, 161, 187–8, 344; positive, 84–87, 88–92, 143, 160; synonyms for, 25, 80, 83; see also equivocation; redescription Wallace, John (m), 293 Walpole, Sir Robert, 154 Warner, Walter, 127 Warren, Albertus, 66, 299 Washbourne, Thomas, 290–1 Weber, Max (m), 24, 213, 346 Wentworth, Peter, 73 White, Thomas, 275 Willett, Andrew, 90, 108, 164, 166, 190, 198, 201 William I, 64, 254 William III, 259, 260, 314–15, 318–20; and Mary II, 326–7 William of Malmesbury, 63 Willis, Thomas, 88, 140–1 Willymat, William, 72, 311 Wilson, Thomas, 114, 116 Wing, John, 216 Winstanley, Gerard, 61, 82 Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas, 87 Wood, Neal (m), 220–1 Worden, Blair (m), 291 Wright, Leonard, 181, 190 Zagorin, Perez (m), 286, 295 ... Wales, Australia Argument and Authority in Early Modern England The Presupposition of Oaths and Offices Conal Condren The University of New South Wales cambridge university press Cambridge, New... than the well-being of its subject Therefore, the art of ruling considers the interests of the ruled Pleonexia is injustice In the Homeric and Pindaric senses of the term, the way (dike) of the. ..This page intentionally left blank Argument and Authority in Early Modern England Conal Condren offers a radical reappraisal of the nature of moral and political theory in early modern England through