From third world to first the singapore story 1965 2000

Tai Lieu Chat Luong Author’s Note to the eBook Edition I wrote my Memoirs for a younger generation of Singaporeans to know the story of the Singapore I grew up in (The Singapore Story was published in 1999 and From Third World to First in 2000.) It was to give them an understanding of the difficulties Singapore faced then in its struggle to survive in the midst of larger, newly independent nations pursuing nationalistic policies It is a different world and a different Singapore today, a world vastly changed by globalization and technology but the threats remain and the challenge to national survival is grave It is my hope that the experiences of my generation find relevance with a generation that grew up with digital literacy and technology I look forward to this digital version reaching out to that generation of online readers Lee Kuan Yew August 2014 About the author and his memoirs “The title of this book, From Third World to First, expresses an aspiration of all developing countries but so far, alas, an achievement of very few Singapore is one of those few This account of its first years of independence written by its founding father, Lee Kuan Yew, will therefore be of great interest to people of other developing countries and to all those who are interested in their fate It is also told with great clarity, in a refreshingly direct style.” — Kofi A Annan, UN Secretary-General “More than forty years ago, Lee Kuan Yew transformed what was a poor, decrepit colony into a shining, rich and modern metropolis – all the time surrounded by hostile powers With his brilliant, incisive intellect, he is one of the world’s most outspoken and respected statesmen This book is a ‘must read’ for any student of modern Asia.” — Rupert Murdoch, Chairman and Chief Executive, News Corporation “Lee Kuan Yew is one of the brightest, ablest men I have ever met The Singapore Story is a must read for people interested in a true Asian success story From this book we also learn a lot about the thinking of one of this century’s truly visionary statesmen.” — George Bush, US President, 1989–93 “In office, I read and analysed every speech of Harry’s He had a way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our times and the way to tackle them He was never wrong …” — Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister, 1979–90 “For a country to rise from the threshold of subsistence to one of the highest living standards in the world in 30 years is no common achievement … Mr Lee has gathered around himself the most brilliant minds, transforming the most exacting standards into a system of government.” — Jacques Chirac, French President since 1995 “Candid, informed, forceful, brilliant: these attributes explain why leaders throughout the world have sought out Lee Kuan Yew – and the words apply to his great memoir You can learn how to think about power and politics in the world, how to analyse intricate problems, how to lead a people.” — George P Shultz, US Secretary of State, 1982–89 “Lee Kuan Yew, one of the Pacific Basin’s great statesmen, has written a challenging and fascinating memoir.” — Gerald R Ford, US President, 1974–77 “Lee Kuan Yew has become a valued friend and counsellor His resoluteness, energy and vision have left a deep impression on Singapore, making it a political and economic powerhouse whose influence extends far beyond its own region … Lee Kuan Yew is not only a remarkable political figure but a challenging thinker He has much of moment to say to us as we steer our course into the future.” — Helmut Kohl, German Chancellor since 1992 “Lee Kuan Yew is fascinating due to his grasp of the world’s political and economic fabric Many American and European leaders have profited from his wisdom, particularly by his evaluation of China as a world power and by his analysis and explanation of Asian values.” — Helmut Schmidt, German Chancellor, 1974–82 “This is a personal history of a man who, almost single-handedly, built a great nation from a small island Mr Lee has also been a great friend and often an astute observer of Japan Japanese readers will learn in this book not only about their present image but also about their future portrait as seen through the penetrating eyes of this great political leader.” — Kiichi Miyazawa, Japanese Prime Minister, 1991–93 and Finance Minister since July 1998 “Whenever I met Mr Lee Kuan Yew, I was deeply impressed by his intellect, his vision and the depth of his understanding on history and society No matter where you stand on the political spectrum, you will see in this book how a political leader of insight has led a tiny country to a prosperous modern society amid the tidal waves of world politics.” — Kim Dae Jung, President of the Republic of Korea “Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew is one of the pivotal figures in the modern history of Southeast Asia His actions have shaped the course of events in this region.” — Prem Tinsulanonda, Thai Prime Minister, 1980–88 “How to turn a crisis into positive benefit distinguishes an able statesman from the ordinary The Singapore Story reflects this great leader’s life and vision.” — Siddhi Savetsila, Thai Foreign Minister, 1980–90 “He has done much to help promote closer economic ties between the countries of Southeast Asia as a whole His latest memoir provides a thought-provoking insight and a new interpretation of the region’s history and politics.” — Chuan Leekpai, Prime Minister of Thailand “The treatment of events is refreshing No one can accuse you of unfairness to your adversaries.” — Dr Goh Keng Swee, Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, 1973–84 “Lee’s vision, astute political judgement and strategy turned Singapore from a trading post into the successful thriving nation that it is today, respected by others.” — Tun Daim Zainuddin, Malaysian Finance Minister, 1984–91 Special Functions Minister since June 1998 and Finance Minister since January 1999 “These memoirs provide a unique insight into the history of modern Singapore and the thinking of one of the great Asian leaders of the 20th century.” —Tony Blair, British Prime Minister since 1997 “His judgments of those in high places with whom he had to deal during his long period in office, in particular with British Prime Ministers and American Presidents, are fascinating.” — Edward Heath, British Prime Minister, 1970–74 “He always commands an attentive audience amongst Western leaders.” — James Callaghan, British Prime Minister, 1976–79 “Harry Lee has been and remains one of the most distinguished leaders of the last half century He was fortunate in being supported by a group of ministers of extraordinary ability who would have graced the cabinet room of any major country.” — Malcolm Fraser, Australian Prime Minister, 1975–83 “Combining what is best in the Chinese and British traditions, his penetrating intellect gives political pragmatism a unique edge which has made the city state of Singapore a model far beyond Asia.” — Denis Healey, British Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1974–79 “This book is a must for anyone who wants to understand the mind-set of Asia.” — Bob Hawke, Australian Prime Minister, 1983–91 “This is a work every bit as insightful, astringent, opinionated and intelligent as we would have hoped for from its distinguished author.” — Paul Keating, Australian Prime Minister, 1991–96 “This is the story of a man and his country He returned to it when it was the rump of empire He and it are now critical geopolitical pivots These writings are as economic, modest and understated as he is.” — David Lange, New Zealand Prime Minister, 1984–89 “He rightly makes the point that there is no book on ‘how to build a nation state’ but his own story sets out how he fashioned a new nation on the tiny island of Singapore The writing is rich with insights about the author himself and the other world leaders who have sought his counsel on the great questions of the day.” — James Bolger, New Zealand Prime Minister, 1990–97 “… his memoirs, replete with examples of his sagacity and wisdom, are a critical component of the unfolding history of this unique and important nation.” — James A Baker, III, US Secretary of State, 1989–92 “He and Dr Kissinger are probably the only two world statesmen who, after leaving office, find an open door to every head of state and government anywhere in the world.” — Peter Carrington, British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 1979–82 “Lee Kuan Yew is a statesman who created a successful nation He has known everybody He has achieved impossible things and his memoirs tell the truth.” — William Rees-Mogg, Editor of The Times of London, 1967–81 “His memoirs are the reflections on the international scene of one of the clearest political minds of our time.” — Percy Cradock, Foreign Policy Adviser to the British Prime Minister, 1984– 92 “… his story of a turbulent half-century in Asia … are chronicled in the trenchant style which is his hallmark, and many of his judgments will be controversial, even explosive.” — Charles Powell, Private Secretary to the British Prime Minister, 1984–91 “He won a notable victory over the communists in Singapore and has created the most remarkable city state since Athens.” — Philip Moore, Deputy British High Commissioner to Singapore, 1963–65 “Lee Kuan Yew deserves recognition for – among other things – spurring Singapore’s rapid adoption of information technology Under his leadership, Singapore moved its government payroll from cash to direct deposit, equipped schools with one computer for every two students, and connected every home to a broadband network.” — Scott McNealy, CEO, Sun Microsystems, Inc “There are two equalisers in life: the Internet and education Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew is a world leader who understands this and is using the power of the Internet to position Singapore for survival and success in the Internet economy.” —John Chambers, President and CEO, Cisco Systems Other titles published: A Selection of Lee Kuan Yew’s Speeches Over 40 Years (Chinese edition) Federal Publications and Lianhe Zaobao, 1993 Han Fook Kwang, Warren Fernandez & Sumiko Tan Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas Singapore Press Holdings and Times Editions, 1997 Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Biography (Chinese-English edition) Federal Publications and Lianhe Zaobao, 1994 The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew Singapore Press Holdings and Marshall Cavendish Editions First published in 1998 The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew (abridged student’s edition) Federal Publications, 2000 FROM THIRD WORLD TO FIRST THE SINGAPORE STORY: 1965–2000 Memoirs of LEE KUAN YEW FROM THIRD WORLD TO FIRST THE SINGAPORE STORY: 1965–2000 Memoirs of LEE KUAN YEW English-educated and Chinese-educated Singaporeans, the cultural gulf between, 546–7 Europe, building ties with, 471–2 European Community’s protectionist policies, the, 471–2 First World standards, establishing, 76–7, 199–201 foreign investors’ confidence in the Singapore government, 87–8 French leaders, 487 garden city, the 201–5 German and Japanese attitudes to their war records, 573–4 Goh Keng Swee, 227, 741, 743 good men for good government, 735–6 government savings to finance unprofitable industries, 391 Great Marriage Debate, the, 158–65 HDB architectural designs, 119 his children, 169, 177, 748–55 his colleagues in the early years, 757–8 his grandchildren, 751–2, 755 home ownership, 116–17 Hong Kong and Singapore, 603–6 Hong Kong people’s resilience, 605 how China’s government works, 690–1 how Japan should deal with anti-Japanese sentiments in Asia, 567 human rights and democracy issues, 542–56 India in the 1960s and 1970s, 451–2 information technology, 225, 244–5 Japan re-arming, the danger of, 574–5 Japanese and British shipyards, 581 Japanese, learning from the, 579–89 Japanese protocol, 560, 568 Japanese, the, 391, 557–8 Jimmy Carter’s book, 524–5 jury system, the 241 Koreans, the, 391, 590–2 Koreans and Taiwanese during World War II, 590 language obstacle to European cohesion, the, 487–8 leaders, selecting, 739–41 Malaysian Malaysia, a, 285–6 Malaysia-Singapore defence cooperation, 62–3 Malta dockyard after closure of Suez Canal, 69–70 Marcos and the Philippines, 535–6 media in Singapore, role of the, 217–18 media influencing people’s attitudes and behaviour, the, 717 ministerial pay, 193–6 Moscow, 489–90 multilingualism, 148 Myanmar, tourism for, 362 New Zealand, 444 no abiding natural source for US-China enmity, 515 “no begging bowl”, 70–1, 74 North-South Korea relations, 600 opposition walkabouts, 143, 145 Paris and London, 476 Russian card, playing the, 517 Russian courage, 493 Singapore banking practices, 98–9 Singapore real estate bubble, the 121 Singapore River project, the 205–7 Singapore savings, protecting the value of, 97 Singapore’s Third World status to gain concessions, preserving, 407 Soviets, the, 489–90, 492, 663 “Speak Mandarin” campaign, the, 179–80, 306 Sri Lanka, 1956, 460 Suharto’s choice of vice-president, 315 Taiwan and Hong Kong, economic progress in, 623 Thailand’s interests with China, pursues, 662, 668 Thais in Thailand’s foreign service, 329 Tokyo, 1962, 558–9 trade union practices, 103–5, 107 US intervention in Vietnam, 298, 302–3, 503–5, 509–10, 513, 516, 520–1, 553 US policy changes, the unpredictability of, 554–5, 590 US presence in Asia, support for, 331, 553, 595, 663 US rhetoric against China, the danger of, 541 Vietnam, 348, 399–400 war the result of no free trade, 480, 534–5, 563 White House ritual, 518–19 Lee Kuan Yew speaks at/to: American Society of Newspaper Editors, 222–3 Asahi Shimbun forum on human rights and democracy, 544–5 Australian Financial Review conference, 1994, 433 Australian National Press Club, 433 civil servants and businessmen in India, 456–7 Commonwealth leaders’ meetings, 394–6 Foreign Affairs on Confucian values, 545–6, 596–7 Hong Kong Policy Research Institute on Hong Kong’s transition problems, 617–19 Korean business groups, 593–4, 598–9 Labour backbenchers on the Afro-Asian scene, 1967, 54 Labour Party conference, 1967, 56 US Congress on US protectionism, 534–5 World Chinese Entrepreneurs’ Convention, to overseas Chinese, 612 Lee Mau Seng, 172 Lee Siew Choh, 132, 135 Lee Teng-hui, 625–34, 710–13 Lee Wei Ling, 243, 539, 621, 644, 651, 654–7, 683, 685, 749–50, 752, 754 Lee Yiok Seng, 175 Lee Yock Suan, 78, 745 Lennox-Boyd, Alan, 85, 420 Leong Mun Kwai, 273 Levin, Bernard, 224 Li Changchun, 725–6 Li, K.T., 623–4, 627 Li Lanqing, 711, 720–1 Li Peng, 381, 613, 630, 692, 695, 699–703, 707, 720–1 Li Ruihuan, 718 Lien Chan, 632 Lim Boon Heng, 112 Lim Chee Onn, 110–11, 113 Lim Chin Beng, 228–9 Lim Chin Siong, 131, 135–6, 141–2, 147, 714 Lim Guan Teik, 287 Lim Hng Kiang, 45 Lim Ho Kee, 98 Lim Kim San, 23, 39–40, 63, 67, 87, 175, 186, 262, 265, 741–2, 758 Lim Kit Siang, 286 Lim Suet Fern, 754 Lim Yew Hock, 182, 191, 460 Lingle, Christopher, 154–5 Lon Nol, 368, 375 Low Thia Khiang, 156–7 Lugar, Richard, 537 Ly Singko, 172 MacLehose, Murray, 607, 110 MacLeod, Iain, 48, 61 Macmillan, Harold, 412–13, 420, 471 Mah Bow Tan, 320–1, 434 Mahathir Mohamad, 190–1, 203–4, 265, 274–82, 284–7, 289–90, 373, 375–6, 384, 386, 436, 441, 445, 538 Major, John, 417–18, 427 Makarios, Archbishop, 392–3, 408 Malayan Airways, 186 Malayan (Malaysian) armed forces, 26, 32 Malayan Communist Party (MCP), 134, 136, 138, 301, 621, 635, 639, 647–8, 658, 665–6, 756 Malayan Railway issue, 282–4 Malaysia, 257–91 and Cambodia, 378–9 and China, 636, 638–9, 673–5, 679 and East Timor, 436–7 and Singapore, 257–91 communism, 271–2 currency, 29, 261–2, 386 defence arrangements, regional, 62–3 Democratic Action Party (DAP), 263, 276 economic imbalance between the races, redressing the, 286–7 elections, 264, 290 Indonesia-Singapore relations, on, 258–60 language policy, 263 Malay special rights, 260 “money politics”, 190–1 Multi-media Super Corridor, 289–90 national ideology, 267–8 New Economic Policy, 267–8, 286 race riots, 29, 38, 63, 144, 201, 247, 264–6, 430, 442, 757 “S” committee, 269 stock exchange rules, change of, 386 Straits of Malacca concerns, 564, 568 The Singapore Story (first volume), reactions to, 285–6 US military presence in Singapore, reaction to, 537–8 United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), 215, 236, 259, 263–5, 270–5, 281, 286, 288 Malaysia Airline System (MAS), 229, 373 Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA), 227–8, 247 Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), 263, 270, 281 Malaysian Special Branch, 272–3 Mandelson, Peter, 428 “Manglapus, Raul, 537 Manley, Michael, 407 Mansfield, Mike, 506, 508 Mao Zedong, 54, 514–15, 517, 530, 637–8, 644–5, 649, 651–3, 683, 688, 694–5, 738 Mara, Kamisese, 404 Marcos, Ferdinand, 46, 193, 204, 304, 314, 318, 336–9, 342–3, 535–7 Marcos, Imelda, 337, 339 Marshall, David, 146, 241–2 Marzuki Darusman, 325 Maudling, Reginald, 61 Maung Maung Kha, 361–2 Mauroy, Pierre, 475, 477 McCarthy, John, 434 McEwen, 63 McMahon, William, 430 McNamara, Robert, 55, 507, 509, 517–18 media: “black operations”, 215–16 British press, 224 Philippine press, 222–3 press laws in Singapore, 218–19 pressure on China to democratise through Hong Kong, 612, 616 Singapore English-language press, 212 vernacular presses, 213 Western perception of medias role, 192, 220 Megawati Sukarnoputri, 3235, 3278 Mendaki (Council on Education for Muslim Children), 23941 Menzies, Robert, 413, 443 Michiko, Princess, 561 Miki, Takeo, 560, 563, 5656, 572, 575 Mitterrand, Franỗois, 4759, 485, 487 Miyazawa, Kiichi, 564, 573–6 Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, 374, 376 Moerdani, Benny, 308, 318, 340 Moertopo, Ali, 370 Mondale, Walter, 314, 525, 552 Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), 90, 93–7, 100–2, 219–20, 384, 743 Moore, Philip, 414 Morita, Akio: on British engineers, 417 Mountbatten, Louis, 414 Mujibur Rahman, 406 Muldoon, Robert, 445–6, 448 Mulroney, Brian, 426 Munoz-Palma, Cecilia, 340 Murayama, Tomiichi, 577 Musa Hitam, 279 Myanmar, 359–64 Nagulendran, R., 250–1, 253 Nair, Devan, 109–111, 113, 138, 146, 187, 229, 249–53, 275 Najib Abdul Razak, 285 Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 566–7, 570–3, 575 Nanyang Siang Pau, 172, 212–13 Nanyang Technological University, 176 Nanyang University, 490, 640, 702 graduates, 156, 172–7 language issues, 171, 702 Nasser, 30–1, 415, 503 Nathan, S.R., 114, 252, 300, 325 National Bank of Brunei, 94 National Productivity Board (NPB), 583 National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), 79, 104, 109–15, 187, 203, 716 enterprises, 110–12, 354, 495 leadership, 110–12, 114–15, 117 National University of Singapore (NUS), 72, 154, 176, 569 graduate student activists, 137 National Wages Council (NWC), 108–9, 118 Ne Win, 359–64, 672 Nehru, Pandit Jawaharlal, 54, 449–51, 454, 503 Neo Kian Hong, 436 Neptune Orient Lines (NOL), 86, 739 Neustadt, Richard, 510–11 New Straits Times, 272 New York Times, 225 New Zealand, 42, 62, 73, 165, 430, 443–4, 447 Ng Kok Song, 97 Ng Pock Too, 706 Ngee Ann College, 171 Ngiam Tong Dow, 78, 109, 229 Ngo Dinh Diem, 502, 508 Nguyen Van Linh, 353, 703 Nigeria, 392–6, 398, 406 Nixon, Richard, 302, 511, 514–20, 524, 527, 554, 638, 645 Nkrumah, Kwame, 396–8 Non-Aligned Summit: Lusaka, 229, 298 Nyerere, Julius, 402, 440 Obote, Milton, 394, 403, 409–10 Ohira, Masayoshi, 568–9 Olds, John, 99–100 Omar Ali Saifuddien (Seri Begawan), 343–6 O’Neill, Tip, 534 Ong Kah Kok, 86 Ong Pang Boon, 175, 501, 742–3, 758 Ong Teng Cheong, 111–12, 195, 242–3, 495, 719, 745 Ongpin, Bobby, 338 Onn bin Jaafar, 271 Othman Saat, 272 Othman Wok, 28, 239, 758 Owens, William, 317 Ozawa, Ichiro, 576 Pakistan, 392, 412, 466–70 and India, 452, 459, 466, 470 Panggabean, 299–300 Park Chung Hee, 415, 590–1 Patten, Chris, 428, 609, 613–15, 617, 619 Paya Lebar Airport, 228, 230–1 Peacock, Andrew, 373, 431 Pearson, Lester, 399 Pedra Branca, 278 People’s Action Party (PAP), 143, 146, 155–7, 274 People’s Association (PA), 144, 163, 716 People’s Defence Force, Singapore, 34 Pham Van Dong, 348–50, 352–3, 664–6, 703 Phan Hien, 348 Phan Van Khai, 356, 358 Phey Yew Kok, 187 Philippines, 336–43, 537 Phnom Penh, 364 Pillay, Joe, 78, 87 Pindling, Lynden, 411 Plen, the, see Fang Chuang Pi Podgorny, Nikolai, 491–2 Pol Pot, 159, 355, 366, 368, 381, 670, 673 Pompidou, Georges, 473–4 Port of Singapore Authority (PSA), 87, 107, 147 Prabowo Subianto, 312, 316–17 Prem Tinsulanonda, 334 Premadasa, Ranasinghe, 465–6 Pye, Lucien, 513 Qian Ning, 729 Qian Qichen, 631, 729 Qiao Guanhua, 639, 647–8, 650 Qiao Shi, 718 Quayle, Dan, 538 Quinn, Brian, 100 Qureshi, Saeed, 467, 469 Rahim Ishak, 239, 305 Rahmat Kenap, 236 Rais Yatim, 280–1 Rajah, A.P., 55, 246 Rajaratnam, Sinnathamby, 22, 43, 61, 163, 168, 210, 213–14, 239, 251–2, 258, 263, 333, 374–5, 393, 397, 493, 501, 505, 510, 536, 638–41, 644, 648–9, 742, 757–8 Raman, P.S., 37–8 Ramos, Fidel, 339, 341–2 Ramos-Horta, Jose, 436–7 Ramphal, Sonny, 405 Ranariddh, 367, 380–1 Rao, Narasimha, 456–7, 459 Reagan, Ronald, 341, 377–8, 519, 526–9, 594–5, 625, 678–9, 682 Reischauer, Edwin, 513 Rhodesia, 47, 392, 394–5, 400, 403, 405, 413 Rithauddeen, 269, 374, 537 Robb, John, 25, 27–8 Rockefeller, David, 216 Roh Tae Woo, 593–5, 597 Rollei, 84, 88 Romulo, Carlos, 336 Rose, Alan, 245–6 Rostow, Walt, 506 Roth, Stanley, 320, 324 Roy, Stapleton, 536 Rubin, Robert, 730 Rusk, Dean, 501–2, 507–8 Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 354, 495–6, 572–3 Sackey, Alex Quaison, 397–8 Sadat, Anwar, 525 Saddam Hussein, 539 Safire, William, 225 Samad Ismail, 138, 271–2 Samuelson, Paul, 513 Sandys, Duncan, 420 Sato, Eisaku, 559–64, 575 Schmidt, Helmut, 482–3, 486–7, 548, 663 in Die Zeit, 483, 486, 549–50 Schulz, Siegfried, 45 Scowcroft, Brent, 539 Seah Mui Kok, 108 Sembawang Shipyard, 71–2 Senanayake, Dudley, 462 Senu Abdul Rahman, 273 Seow, Francis, 149–50, 253 Shacochis, Bob, 549 Sharif, Nawaz, 467–70 Sharma, P.V., 138–9 Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 30 Shaw, Runme, 68 Sheares, Benjamin, 500 Shell: “helicopter quality”, 741 Shultz, George, 98, 341, 377, 379, 483, 531–4, 678–9, 682 Siddhi Savetsila, 334–5, 381 Sihanouk, Norodom, 159, 364–8, 375–7, 379–80, 415, 673–4 Sim Kee Boon, 87, 232 Simmons, Bill, 214–15 Sin Chew Jit Poh, 213 Singapore: and Cambodia, 366, 378–9 and China, 636–40, 642–50 and East Timor, 435–6 Anti-Pollution Unit, 208 attracting investors, 68, 74–8 Bases Economic Conversion, 71–2 “black operations”, 149 boat people, 440–1, 521 brain drain, 166 British devaluation of pound sterling, losses from, 1967, 57 British military bases, conversion for commercial use, 52–3, 71–2 campaigns, 199, 210–11 China, investments in, 699, 719–24 Commonwealth member, 392 communists, 24, 66–7, 103, 131–45, 182, 213, 404, 450, 738, 747, 757 defence after independence, 20, 22–3 defence agreements, 62–3 detention without trial, 134–5 education, changes in, 585–6 educational institutions, 158–9 elected president, 196–7 Employment Act, 108 entrepreneurs, 86–7 Eurasian Association, 241 Feedback Unit, 155–6 financial sector, liberalisation of, 552–3 firecrackers, 209 GDP, 1965 and 1997, 760 General Scheme of Preferences (GSP) status, 448, 471–3, 568 Geylang Serai Malay settlement, 235–7 government-sponsored training centres, 88, 569 greening the city, 201–5 illegal hawkers, 200 immigration, 166–7 independence, media on, 19–20 India, investments in, 456 Indochina Assistance Fund, 354 Indonesia, financial support for, 310 industrialisation, 67–9, 86 information technology, 243–5 Japanese occupation, 557–8 judiciary, 224 “jungle girl” riots, 218, 241 land resettlement, 206–7, 235–7 language policy, 170–81 leadership renewal, 736–46 long hair campaign, 268 Malay issues, 234–41 medical team in the Gulf War, 539 meritocracy, 288 merlion, 68 Michael Fay incident, 242–3, 552 national service, 35–6, 41, 44 “one China” policy, 620, 639, 641, 648 overseas education, 418 Parliamentary Pensions Act, 739 pirate taxis, 200–1 Points of Agreement (POA) with Malaysia, 282–5 pollution, 68, 205–9 Preservation of Monuments Board, 209 privatisation of state monopolies, 87 quality control circles (QCCs), 112 R&R destination for American troops during Vietnam War, 504–5 race issues, 24, 27–9, 31, 44, 158 race riots, 1969, 38–9, 218, 241, 265, 442 savings, 129–30; see also Central Provident Fund scholars, 77, 86 Separation Agreement with Malaysia, 276 Social Development Section (SDS), 163 Social Development Unit (SDU), 162–3 social problems, 716 Suntec City, 607 taxes, 129–30 Tiananmen, reaction to, 693–4, 696–7 tourism, 68, 72 traffic management, 232–4 UN Assembly vote to condemn Israel, abstains from, 43 UN membership, 22 unemployment, 23, 62, 66–7, 81–2, 103, 145, 257 unions, 103–15 United States, pre-and post-Cold War relations with the, 541 Vietnam, investments in, 356–8 water issues, 205 Western criticism, 547–8 World Trade Organisation conference, 607 Singapore Airlines, 78, 86–7, 229, 277, 281–2, 354, 440, 464 Singapore Armed Forces, 23, 26–7, 29–31, 33–4, 41–6, 276, 280, 308, 422, 521, 620, 622 Singapore Bus Services (SBS), 124 Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 171, 174 Singapore citizens’ consultative committees (CCCs), 144–5 Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), 147, 156–7 Singapore elections: 1959, 182, 213 1966 Bukit Merah by-election, 133 1968, 133, 145, 738 1972, 145–6 1976, 145, 173 1980, 146, 742 1981 by-election, 146 1984, 147 1991, 156 election laws, 237–8 group representation constituencies (GRCs), 238 Singapore Herald, 216–17 Singapore Indian Development Association (SINDA), 241 Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX), 95–6, 101 Singapore Law Society, 149–50 Singapore mass rapid transit (MRT), 234 Singapore Parliament: Nominated MPs (NMPs), 155 Singapore ranking: Business Environment Risk Index (BERI), 706 Institute of Management Development World Competitiveness Yearbook, 189 Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, 547 Transparency International, 189, 547 World Competitiveness Yearbook, 249 World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report, 243 Singapore River, 205–7 Singapore Standard, 214–15, 218 Singapore Technologies, 86, 307, 754 Singapore Telecom, 87, 125, 357–8, 754 Singapore Tourist Promotion Board, 68 Singh, Manmohan, 456–7 Singh, Natwar, 455 Singh, Swaran, 452 Slater Walker incident, 92–2 Smith, Arnold, 392, 405 Smith, Chris, 428 Smith, Ian, 394–5 Soemitro, 299 Sofyan Wanandi, 318–9 Solarz, Stephen, 380 Son Sann, 375–6, 379, 673 Soong, James, 632 Soros, George, 384, 386 South Africa, 401, 403–4, 426, 446 South Korea, 590–602 and Asean, 590 and East Timor, 600–1 and the United States, 516, 519, 523, 526, 553, 590, 593, 602 chaebols, 598–9 corruption, 594–7 currency devaluation, 388, 598 Japanese influence, 591–2 local media on Singapore’s anti-corruption law and enforcement system, 595 martial law to democracy, from 601–2 riots and demonstrations, 592, 594 Soviet Union, 489–99 Afghanistan, invasion of, 375, 379, 453, 483, 493–4, 525–6 and Kurile islands, 572 and Singapore, 331, 403, 440, 490–2, 494, 498 and Vietnam, 493–4, 661 cessation of aid programmes, 379–80 espionage activities, 494 Spratlys, claims to the, 538 Sri Lanka, 460–6 Jaffna Tamils, 456, 460–2, 464–5 language and religion issues, 460, 462–3 Singapore models, 464–5 Stamford Raffles, 67 Stephens, Donald (Fuad), 216–17 Stewart, Michael, 48–9 Stock Exchange of Singapore (SES), 95, 101 Straits Times, 212–15, 242 Subandrio, 294–5 Sudjono Hoemardani, 298–9 Sugita, Ichiji, 571 Suharto, 25, 37, 191, 204, 295–6, 298–319, 327–8, 340, 345, 363, 369–71, 375, 384, 415, 437, 521, 538, 552 views on China/Chinese, 301–8, 374, 674 Suharto’s children, 309–18 Sukarno, 54, 292–3, 295–6, 327, 359, 503 Sumitomo Chemical Corporation, 565–6 Summers, Lawrence, 311–13, 552 Sun, Y.S., 627 Suppiah, K., 105–6 Sutupo Juwono, 300 Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP), 719–24 Suzuki, Zenko, 569–70 Swan & Hunter, 52, 54, 71–2, 581 Syed Hamid Albar, 285–6 Syed Ja’afar Albar, 31, 151, 286 Syed Mohamed bin Syed Ahmad Alsagoff, 26, 31, 32 Taiwan, 620–34 “2-28” incident, 627 and China relations, 626–7, 629–34, 710, 731 and the United States, 519, 527–34, 604, 625 balloons from Jinmen to Gulangyu, China, 687 brain drain, 623 computer industry, 624 corruption (“black gold politics”), 190, 628 elections, 2000, 632 entrepreneurs, 75, 612 Japanese influence, 629–30 Legislative Yuan, 549 mainlanders, 624 Min-nan dialect, 624, 627, 631 Singapore, compared to, 547–8 Singapore military training, 45, 620, 622, 648, 702 talent from China, 604, 624 Tiananmen, reaction to, 693–4 trade mission in Singapore, 620 triads, 627–8 “Wang-Koo (China-Taiwan reunification) Talks”, 629, 709 Takeshita, Noboru, 572–3 Tambyah, J.A., 250 Tan Kia Gan, 186 Tan Koon Swan, 95 Tan Lark Sye, 174 Tan Siew Sin, 29, 85, 261–2 Tan Teck Chwee, 741 Tan Teck Khim, 36 Tan, Tony, 164, 195, 739, 745 Tan Wah Piow, 137 Tanaka, Kakuei, 563, 566–7 Tang Liang Hong, 153 Teh Cheang Wan, 121, 152, 187–9, 205–6 Teh Kok Peng, 97 Teo Chee Hean, 45, 244, 319–20 Thailand, 329–35 and Cambodia, 379 and China, 332–3, 662, 668 and Vietnam, 332, 334–5, 381 anti-Japanese demonstrations, 567 communist guerrilla activity, 134 corruption, 190, 335 currency devaluation, 101, 384–5 repercussions from US intervention in Vietnam, 329, 331 Than Shwe, 363 Thanom Kittikachorn, 329–30 Thatcher, Margaret, 345, 410–11, 417–18, 423–7, 446, 454, 476, 485, 679 Thomson, George, 58, 422, 445 Thomson, Roy, 217 Time magazine, 219 Times, London, 224 Titiek (Siti Hediati Hariyadi Prabowo), 312 Todai (University of Tokyo, former Tokyo Imperial University), 566 Toh Chin Chye, 22, 61, 123, 161, 168, 175, 258, 501, 741–3, 758 Tojo, Hideki, 577–8 Trudeau, Pierre, 404, 406, 440, 511 Truong Tan Sang, 358 Tung Chee-hwa, 613–15, 617 Tung Tao Chang, Shamsuddin, 172 Tunku Abdul Rahman, 22, 30, 31, 41, 228, 234, 257–9, 263–7, 275–6, 287, 329, 343, 392, 636, 747 Tutut (Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana), 310–11, 313, 316 U Nu, 359–60 Uganda, 394, 403, 409–10 Ultras, 22, 24, 41, 134, 147, 738, 757 unions: Industrial Relations (Amendment) Act, 108 Public Daily Rated Employees’ Unions Federation, 105–6 Trade Unions Act, 108 United Kingdom: see Britain United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 66, 75, 77 United Nations Security Council missions to East Timor, 435 United States, 500–56 aid to Cambodia, 379 aid to the Philippines, 341 and East Timor, 434–5 and instant democracy in Haiti, 549 and Japan, 579, 700–1 and South Korea, 516, 519, 523, 526, 553, 590, 593, 602 and Taiwan, 519, 527–34, 604, 625, 633, 678, 682, 708–10 and the Singapore Special Branch officer, 500–2 and Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia, 375, 377–80 arms sale to Singapore, 523–4 Asian involvement, avoiding, 377, 523–4 British military presence east of Suez, favours, 48, 59, 504, 509 China policy, 531, 540–51, 633, 708, 730–1 Chinese embassy in Belgrade, bombs, 551, 730 comment on Singapore legal rulings, 220 communism in Asia, countering, 502–3 Cox Report, 551 Francis Seow affair, 149–50, 543–4 Gulf War, 539 human rights and democracy issues, 523, 540–50, 612, 630, 730 immigration policies, 165 Korea policy, 526 Michael Fay incident, 242–3, 552 military bases in Asia, 537–9 on Singapore and Lee Kuan Yew, 506 on Suharto’s motivations, 313–14 Singapore as regional interlocutor, 552 Singapore, investments in, 75, 80–2, 145 Singapore military training, 46 stabilising role in Asia, 520 testing Singapore shipyard facilities, 72 see also Vietnam War Utusan Melayu, 151, 213, 259–60, 266, 268, 750 Vajpayee, 470 Van Oenen, 89, 93 Vance, Cyrus, 377 Ver, Fabian, 342–3 Vernon, Ray, 73–4, 513 Vietnam, 347–59 and Asean, 347–8 and Cambodia, 333, 350, 366–7, 374–7, 380, 453, 478, 525, 661–2, 666–70, 673, 677, 679–80 and China, 348–9, 355, 669–70 and Singapore, 352 and Thailand, 331–2 and the Soviet Union, 493–4, 661–2, 667, 669, 679 Heng Samrin regime in Cambodia, 374–5, 376, 378, 673 hijacked plane incident, 347 Hoa people, 349, 661, 664 leadership, 357–8 on Singapore’s duty to help Vietnam, 349–50 privatisation, 354 Soviet support, 348, 375, 441 Vietnam War, 20, 42, 48, 54, 59, 350, 356, 369, 430, 445, 511, 663 Virata, Cesar, 338–9 Wang Daohan, 629 Watson, Neville, 72 Wee Chong Jin, 246 Wee Toon Boon, 186–7 Weinberger, Caspar, 528, 678–9 Whitlam, Gough, 430, 437, 439–41 Wilson, David, 608–10 Wilson, Harold, 20, 25, 46, 47–51, 53–61, 394–6, 400–2, 420–2, 471, 520 Winsemius, Albert, 66–7, 72, 74–9, 89, 109, 207 Wiranto, 316, 320, 322, 324, 327 Wolfensohn, John, 97 Wolfowitz, Paul, 532 Wong Chooi Sen, 21 Wong Kan Seng, 496, 745 Wong Kwei Cheong, 583 Wong Meng Quang, 565 Wong Ming Yang, 751, 755 Wong Yew Kwan, 204 Woon, Walter, 155 Workers’ Party (WP), 137, 146, 156, 173, 193 Xu Wei-cheng, 715–18 Yaacob Mohamed, 239 Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 571 Yang Shangkun, 540 Yangon (Rangoon), 359, 361 Yazhou Zhoukan (Asian Weekly), 153 Yeltsin, Boris, 541, 699 Yeo Cheow Tong, 78, 745 Yeo, George, 45, 327, 537, 745 Yeo Ning Hong, 745 Yeo, Philip, 85–6 Yong, Edward, 40 Yong Nyuk Lin, 758 Yong Pung How, 41, 97, 168, 246–9 Yu Kuo-hwa, 627, 631 Zambia, 394, 396, 403, 408–9 Zhang Xinsheng, 719 Zhao Ziyang, 377–8, 531–2, 670–1, 675–7, 680–1, 691–2, 698–9, 705, 707, 744 Zhou Enlai, 332–3, 636, 638, 640, 642, 649, 651, 699 Zhu Rongji, 497, 551, 632, 711, 720, 730–1 Zia ul-Haq, 466–7