Tai Lieu Chat Luong t h e c a m b r i d g e h i sto ry o f RU S S I A This first volume of the Cambridge History of Russia covers the period from early (‘Kievan’) Rus’ to the start of Peter the Great’s reign in 1689 It surveys the development of Russia through the Mongol invasions to the expansion of the Muscovite state in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and deals with political, social, economic and cultural issues under the Riurikid and early Romanov rulers The volume is organised on a primarily chronological basis, but a number of general themes are also addressed, including the bases of political legitimacy; law and society; the interactions of Russians and non-Russians; and the relationship of the state with the Orthodox Church The international team of authors incorporates the latest Russian and Western scholarship and offers an authoritative new account of the formative ‘pre-Petrine’ period of Russian history, before the process of Europeanisation had made a significant impact on society and culture M au r e e n P e r r i e is Emeritus Professor of Russian History at the University of Birmingham She has published extensively on Russian history from the sixteenth to the twentieth century Her publications include Pretenders and Popular Monarchism in Early Modern Russia: The False Tsars of the Time of Troubles (1995) and The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin’s Russia (2001) Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 t h e c a m b r i d g e h i sto ry o f RU S S I A This is a definitive new history of Russia from early Rus’ to the successor states that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union Volume I encompasses developments before the reign of Peter I; volume II covers the ‘imperial era’, from Peter’s time to the fall of the monarchy in March 1917; and volume III continues the story through to the end of the twentieth century At the core of all three volumes are the Russians, the lands which they have inhabited and the polities that ruled them while other peoples and territories have also been given generous coverage for the periods when they came under Riurikid, Romanov and Soviet rule The distinct voices of individual contributors provide a multitude of perspectives on Russia’s diverse and controversial millennial history Volumes in the series Volume I From Early Rus’ to 1689 Edited by Maureen Perrie Volume II Imperial Russia, 1689–191 Edited by Dominic Lieven Volume III The Twentieth Century Edited by Ronald Grigor Suny Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE H I S TO RY O F RU S S I A * VO LU M E I From Early Rus’ to 1689 * Edited by M AU R E E N P E R R I E University of Birmingham Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 c a m b r i d g e u n i v e r s i ty p r e s s Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S˜ao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521812276 C Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library isbn-13 978-0-521-81227-6 hardback isbn-10 0-521-81227-5 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents List of plates viii List of maps ix List of figures x List of genealogical tables xi Notes on contributors xii Acknowledgements xv Note on dates and transliteration xvi Chronology xvii List of abbreviations xxii · Introduction m au r e e n pe r r i e · Russia’s geographical environment d e n i s j b s h aw 19 pa rt i E A R LY RU S ’ A N D T H E R I S E O F M U S C OV Y ( c 0 – ) · The origins of Rus’ (c.900–1015) j onat h a n s h e pa r d · Kievan Rus’ (1015–1125) s i m on f r a n k l i n 47 73 · The Rus’ principalities (1125–1246) m a rt i n d i m n i k 98 v Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents 27 · North-eastern Russia and the Golden Horde (1246–1359) ja n et m a rt i n · The emergence of Moscow (1359–1462) ja n et m a rt i n · Medieval Novgorod v l i a n i n 158 88 pa rt i i T H E E X PA N S I O N, C O N S O L I DAT I O N A N D C R I S I S O F M U S C OV Y ( – ) · The growth of Muscovy (1462–1533) d ona l d o st ro ws k i 21 10 · Ivan IV (1533–1584) 240 s e rg e i b o gaty r e v 11 · Fedor Ivanovich and Boris Godunov (1584–1605) a p pav lov 264 12 · The peasantry 286 richard hellie 13 · Towns and commerce d e n i s j b s h aw 298 14 · The non-Christian peoples on the Muscovite frontiers m i c h a e l k h o da r kov s k y 15 · The Orthodox Church dav i d b m i l l e r 338 16 · The law 360 richard hellie 17 · Political ideas and rituals m i c h a e l s fl i e r 387 vi Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 31 Contents 409 18 · The Time of Troubles (1603–1613) m au r e e n pe r r i e pa rt i i i RU S S I A U N D E R T H E F I R S T R O M A N OV S ( – ) 435 19 · The central government and its institutions marshall poe 464 20 · Local government and administration b r i a n dav i e s 21 · Muscovy at war and peace b r i a n dav i e s 486 22 · Non-Russian subjects 20 m i c h a e l k h o da r kov s k y 39 23 · The economy, trade and serfdom richard hellie 24 · Law and society 5 na n c y s h i e l d s ko l l m a n n 25 · Urban developments d e n i s j b s h aw 79 26 · Popular revolts 600 m au r e e n pe r r i e 27 · The Orthodox Church and the schism ro b e rt o c ru m m ey 28 · Cultural and intellectual life l i n d s ey h u g h e s 61 640 Bibliography 663 Index 722 vii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plates The plates can be found after the Index Warrior and woman (chamber-grave burial) Image courtesy of Kirill Mikhailov, St Petersburg Coins of Vladimir I Courtesy of Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge Mosaic of the Mother of God, in St Sophia, Kiev St Luke the Evangelist, from the Ostromir Gospel Mosaic of St Mark, in St Sophia, Kiev Icon of Saints Boris and Gleb The defeat of Prince Igor’: miniatures from the Radzivil Chronicle The church of St Paraskeva Piatnitsa, Chernigov Photograph by Martin Dimnik The ‘Novgorod psalter’ Reproduced by permission of V L Ianin 10 Grand Prince Vasilii III 11 Russian cavalrymen 12 Royal helmets Courtesy of the Royal Armoury, Stockholm (12a) and Helsinki University Library (12b) 13 The Great Banner of Ivan IV 14 A Russian merchant 15 Cathedral of the Dormition, Moscow Photograph by William Brumfield 16 Ceremony in front of St Basil’s cathedral 17 Anointing of Tsar Michael 18 Palm Sunday ritual 19 Tsar Michael 20 Tsar Alexis 21 Corporal punishments 22 Seventeenth-century dress 23 Popular entertainments 24 Church of the Holy Trinity at Nikitniki Photograph by Lindsey Hughes 25 Church of the Intercession at Fili Photograph by Lindsey Hughes 26 Wooden palace at Kolomenskoe Engraving from Lindsey Hughes’s collection 27 Print: The Mice Bury the Cat By courtesy of E V Anisimov 28 Tsarevna Sophia Alekseevna Engraving from Lindsey Hughes’s collection viii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Maps 2.1 5.1 9.1 11.1 21.1 21.2 22.1 25.1 The East European plain at the close of the medieval period The Rus’ principalities by 1246 The expansion of Muscovy, 1462–1533 Russia in 1598 Russia’s western borders, 1618 Russia’s western borders, 1689 Russian expansion in Siberia to 1689 Towns in mid-seventeenth-century European Russia ix Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 page 22 124 214 271 489 515 526 584 Plate 10 Grand Prince Vasilii III From the first (Latin) edition of Baron Sigismund von Herberstein’s account of Russia, published in Basel in 1556 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 11a 11b Plate 11a and 11b Russian cavalrymen From the 1556 edition of Herberstein See p 218 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 12a 12b Plate 12 Royal helmets in the sixteenth century Plate 12a Helmet of Ivan IV (c.1533) Inscribed: ‘Helmet of Prince Ivan Vasil’evich, son of Grand Prince Vasilii Ivanovich, Sovereign of All Russia and Autocrat’ See p 243 Plate 12b Helmet of Ivan Ivanovich, son of Ivan IV, decorated with images of double-headed eagles and lions (1557) Inscribed: ‘This helmet was made on the order of the faithful and Christ-loving Tsar, Great Sovereign Ivan Vasil’evich of All Russia, Autocrat, for his faithful son, Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich in the fourth year after his birth, in the glorious ruling city of Moscow on the 8th day of July, in the year 7065’ See p 251 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plate 13 The Great Banner of Ivan IV, with apocalyptic images and quotations from Revelation (1559/60) The central mounted figure is Jesus Christ; the winged horseman on the right is the Archangel Michael See pp 259–60 Plate 14 A Russian merchant From a sixteenth-century German engraving in the collection of P Ia Dashkov, reproduced in the 1908 Russian translation of Herberstein Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plate 15 Cathedral of the Dormition (1475–9), north and east fac¸ades Moscow Kremlin Photograph by William Brumfield See p 343 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plate 16 A ceremony in front of St Basil’s cathedral in Moscow (built 1555–61), as witnessed by the Holstein envoys on October 1634 On the left, the patriarch extends a cross to the tsar From the second (1656) edition of Adam Olearius’s account of the embassy Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plate 17 Anointing of Tsar Michael during the coronation ritual in the cathedral of the Dormition, 1613 The regalia seen on gold plates are the Cap of Monomakh, the sceptre and the orb From a 1672 account See p 400 Plate 18 Palm Sunday ritual in Moscow, 1662 The procession returns to the Kremlin from Golgotha (foreground) The church of the Intercession (St Basil’s) is at the left Engraving from Baron von Meyerberg’s account of the embassy of the Holy Roman Emperor to Moscow in 1661–2 See p 405 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plate 19 Tsar Michael Romanov at the age of forty-two (i.e in 1638) Portrait from the first (1647) edition of Adam Olearius’s account of Russia Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plate 20 Engraved portrait of Tsar Alexis Vienna (1660s–1670s) Plate 21 Various types of corporal punishment, depicted against the background of the Moscow Kremlin From the 1656 edition of Olearius See p 571 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plate 22 Russian dress in the seventeenth century A variety of types of costumes, reflecting differences in gender and social status From the second (1656) edition of Olearius’s account of Russia Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 23a 23b Plate 23 Popular entertainments The Church disapproved of such entertainments, and skomorokhi were banned in 1648 See p 626 Plate 23a Skomorokhi (folk minstrels) singing and dancing to amuse the envoys from Holstein at Ladoga in 1634 From Adam Olearius’s account of the embassy, first published in 1647 Plate 23b In the foreground, a showman wrapped in a blanket operates a puppet theatre above his head From the second (1656) edition of Olearius’s account Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plate 24 Church of the Holy Trinity at Nikitniki, Moscow (1631–53) Detail of the facáade See p 644 Cambridge Histories Online â Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plate 25 ‘Moscow Baroque’ church of the Intercession at Fili (1690s) See p 645 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plate 26 The wooden palace at Kolomenskoe (1660s–1670s) Anonymous eighteenth-century engraving See p 646 Plate 27 Lubok (wood block print): The Mice Bury the Cat Late seventeenth century See p 649 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plate 28 Engraved portrait of Tsarevna Sophia Alekseevna, Amsterdam, 1680s Anonymous nineteenth-century copy See p 652 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008