Tai Lieu Chat Luong FARRAR, STRAUS AND GIROUX 18 West 18th Street, New York 1001 Copyright 20 1 by Francis Fukuyama Maps copyright 201 by Mark Nugent All rights reserved Distributed in Canada by D&M Publishers, Inc Printed in the United States of America First edition, 20 1 GratefuJ acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint the following material: Excerpts from Islamfrom the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople I: Politics and Gov ernment, edited and translated by Bernard Lewis, copyright© 1987 by Bernard Lewis Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press Excerpts from Sources of Chinese Tradition, 2d ed., edited by William Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom, copyright e 1999 by Columbia Univer sity Press Reprinted with permission of the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fukuyama, Francis The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution I Francis Fukuyama.- Lst ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-374-22734-0 (allc paper) I State, The-History History Comparative government Order-History I Title Democracy-History )Cl I F85 201 320.9-dc22 201 0038534 Designed by Abby Kagan www.fsgbooks.com IO IN MEMORY OF Samuel Huntington CO NTENTS PREFACE ix PART I: BEFORE THE STATE THE NECESSITY OF POLITICS THE STATE OF NATURE 26 THE TYRANNY OF COUSINS 49 TRIBAL SOCIETIES: PROPERTY, JUSTICE , WAR 64 THE COMING OF THE LEVIATHAN 80 PART II: STATE BUILDING CHINESE TRIBALISM WAR AND THE RISE OF THE CHINESE STATE 97 110 THE GREAT HAN SYSTEM 128 POLITICAL DECAY AND THE RETURN OF PATRIMONIAL GOVERNMENT 139 10 THE INDIAN DETOUR 151 11 VARNAS AND JATIS 162 12 WEAKNESSES OF INDIAN POLITIES 175 13 SLAVERY AND THE MUSLIM EXIT FROM TRIBALISM 189 14 THE MAMLUKS SAVE ISLAM 202 15 THE FUNCTIONING AND DECLINE OF THE OTIOMAN STATE 214 16 CHRISTIANITY UNDERMINES THE FAMILY 229 CONTENTS viii PART Ill: THE RULE OF LAW 17 THE ORIGINS OF THE RULE OF LAW 245 18 THE CHURCH BECOMES A STATE 262 19 THE STATE BECOMES A CHURCH 276 20 ORIENTAL DESPOTISM 290 21 STATIONARY BANDITS 303 PART IV: ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT 22 THE RISE OF POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY 321 23 RENTE SEEKERS 336 24 PATRIMONIALISM CROSSES THE ATLANTIC 355 25 EAST OF THE ELBE 373 26 TOWARD A MORE PERFECT ABSOLUTISM 386 27 TAXATION AND REPRESENTATION 402 28 WHY ACCOUNTABILITY? WHY ABSOLUTISM? 422 PART V: TOWARD A THEORY OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 29 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL DECAY 437 30 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, THEN AND NOW 458 NOTES 485 BIBLIOGRAPHY 535 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 557 INDEX 559 P R E FAC E This book has two origins The first arose when my mentor, Samuel Hun tington of Harvard University, asked me to write a foreword to a reprint edition of his 1968 classic, Political Order in Changing Societies.1 Hunting ton's work represented one of the last efforts to write a broad study of po litical development and was one I assigned frequently in my own teaching It established many key ideas in comparative politics, including a theory of political decay, the concept of authoritarian modernization, and the notion that political development was a phenomenon separate from other aspects of modernization As I proceeded with the foreword, it seemed to me that, illuminating as Political Order was, the book needed some serious updating It was written only a decade or so after the start of the big wave of decolonization that swept the post-World War II world, and many of its conclusions re flected the extreme instability of that period with all of its coups and civil wars In the years since its publication, many momentous changes have occurred, like the economic rise of East Asia, the collapse of global com munism, the acceleration of globalization, and what Huntington himself labeled the "third wave" of democratization that started in the 1970s Politi cal order had yet to be achieved in many places, but it had emerged suc cessfully in many parts of the developing world It seemed appropriate to go back to the themes of that book and to try to apply them to the world as it existed now PREFACE In contemplating how Huntington's ideas might be revised, it further struck me that there was still more fundamental work to be done in expli cating the origins of political development and political decay Political Order in Changing Societies took for granted the political world of a fairly late stage in human history, where such institutions as the state, political parties, law, military organizations, and the like all exist It confronted the problem of developing countries trying to modernize their political sys tems but didn't give an account of where those systems came from in the first place in societies where they were long established Countries are not trapped by their pasts But in many cases, things that happened hundreds or even thousands of years ago continue to exert major influence on the nature of politics If we are seeking to understand the functioning of con temporary institutions, it is necessary to look at their origins and the often accidental and contingent forces that brought them into being The concern over the origin of institutions dovetailed with a second preoccupation, which was the real-world problems ofweak and failed states For much of the period since September 11, 2001, I have been working on the problems of state and nation building in countries with collapsed or unstable governments; an early effort to think through this problem was a book I published in 2004 titled State-Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-first Century The United States, as well as the inter national donor community more broadly, has invested a great deal in nation building projects around the world, including Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Haiti, Timor-Leste, Sierra Leone, and Liberia I myself consulted with the World Bank and the Australian aid agency AusAid in looking at the prob lems of state building in Melanesia, including Timor-Leste, Papua New Guinea, Indonesian Papua, and the Solomon Islands, all of which have en countered serious difficulties in trying to construct modern states Consider, for example, the problem of implanting modern institutions in Melanesian societies like Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands Melanesian society is organized tribally, into what anthropologists call seg mentary lineages, groups of people who trace their descent to a common ancestor Numbering anywhere from a few dozen to a few thousand kins men, these tribes are locally known as wantoks, a pidgin corruption of the English words "one talk;' or people who speak the same language The social fragmentation that exists in Melanesia is extraordinary Papua New Guinea hosts more than nine hundred mutually incomprehensible languages, nearly PREFACE Cora xi Se• ·- Melanesia one-sixth of all of the world's extant tongues The Solomon Islands, with a population of only five hundred thousand, nonetheless has over seventy dis tinct languages Most residents of the PNG highlands have never left the small mountain valleys in which they were born; their lives are lived within the wantok and in competition with neighboring wantoks The wantoks are led by a Big Man No one is born a Big Man, nor can a Big Man hand that title down to his son Rather, the position has to be earned in each generation It falls not necessarily to those who are physically dominant but to those who have earned the community's trust, usually on the basis of ability to distribute pigs, shell money, and other resources to members of the tribe In traditional Melanesian society, the Big Man must constantly be looking over his shoulder, because a competitor for authority may be coming up behind him Without resources to distribute, he loses his status as leader.3 When Australia granted independence to Papua New Guinea and Brit ain to the Solomons in the 1970s, they established modern "Westminster"style governments, in which citizens vote for members of parliament in regular multiparty elections In Australia and Britain, political choices re volve around a left-of-center Labour Party and a conservative party (the Liberal Party in Australia, the Tories in Britain) Voters by and large make XII PREFACE decisions based on ideology and policy (for example, whether they want more government protections or more market-oriented policies) When this political system was transplanted to Melanesia, however, the result was chaos The reason was that most voters in Melanesia not vote for political programs; rather, they support their Big Man and their wantok If the Big Man (and an occasional Big Woman) can get elected to parliament, the new MP will use his or her influence to direct government resources back to the wantok, to help supporters with things like school fees, burial costs, and construction projects Despite the existence of a na tional government with all of the trappings of sovereignty, like a flag and an army, few residents of Melanesia have a sense of belonging to a larger nation, or being part of a social world much beyond their wantok The parliaments of PNG and the Solomons have no coherent political parties; they are full of individual leaders, each striving to bring back as much pork as possible to his or her narrow base of supporters.4 Melanesia's tribal social system limits economic development because it prevents the emergence of modern property rights Jn both Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, upward of 95 percent of all land is held in what is known as customary land tenure Under customary rules, prop erty is private but held informally (that is, with no legal documentation) by groups of kinfolk, who have both individual and collective rights to different strips ofland Property has not only an economic but also a spiri tual significance, since dead relatives are buried in certain spots on the wantok's land, and their spirits continue to inhabit that place No one in the wantok, including the Big Man, has the exclusive right to alienate title to the land to an outsider.5 A mining or palm oil company seeking a concession has to negotiate with hundreds or sometimes thousands of landowners, and there is no statute oflimitations on land claims under tra ditional rules.6 From the standpoint of many foreigners, the behavior of Melanesian politicians looks like political corruption But from the standpoint of the islands' traditional tribal social system, the Big Men are simply doing what Big Men have always done, which is to redistribute resources to their kins men Except that now they have access not just to pigs and shell money but also to revenues from mining and logging concessions It takes only a couple of hours to fly from Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea's capital, to Cairns or Brisbane in Australia, but in that flight one is PREFACE xiii in some sense traversing several thousand years of political development In thinking about Melanesia's political development challenges, I began to wonder how any society had ever made the transition from a tribal- to a state-level society, how modern property rights had evolved out of cus tomary ones, and how formal legal systems, dependent on a kind of third party enforcement that does not exist in traditional Melanesia, first made their appearance On further reflection, however, it seemed to me that it was perhaps a conceit to think that modern societies had progressed so far beyond Melanesia, since Big Men-that is, politicians who distribute re sources to their relatives and supporters-are ubiquitous in the contempo rary world, including the U.S Congress If political development implied movement beyond patrimonial relationships and personalistic politics, one also had to explain why these practices survived in many places and why seemingly modern systems often reverted to them The answers to many of these questions were not to be found in Politi cal Order in Changing Societies; in revisiting Huntington's topic, this pre history would require considerable clarification Hence the current book, which looks at the historical origins of politi cal institutions as well as the process of political decay This is the first of two volumes, and it deals with political development from prehuman times up to roughly the eve of the French and American revolutions The present volume is about the past-indeed, it starts not with recorded hu man history but with mankind's primate ancestors The first four parts deal with human prehistory, the origins of the state, the rule of law, and finally accountable government The second volume will bring the story up to the present, paying special attention to the impact that Western institutions had on institutions in non-Western societies as they sought to modernize It will then describe how political development occurs in the contemporary world It is extremely important to read this volume in anticipation of what is to come in the second As I make clear in the final chapter of this book, political development in the modern world occurs under substantially different conditions from those in the period up until the late eighteenth century Once the Industrial Revolution occurred and human societies exited the Malthusian conditions they had experienced up to then, a new dynamic was added to the process of social change that would have huge political consequences Readers of this volume might get the impression !Corea, 28, 36, 148, 293, 309 ICorean War, 470, 474 ICosaia, 75 leroeber, Alfred, 50 ICshat riyas, , 52, , 63, 66-68, 273 , 276, 503 n l ICublai Khan , 293-94 !Curds, 92, 203, 237 Kushana dynasty, 82, Kutadgu Bilig, 509n Kwakiutl Indians, 5 Kwangju massacre, 474 Labour Party, British, xi Laffer curve, 220 Laon, Aldaberon de, 271 Laos, 92 Laslett, Peter, latifundia, 39, , 146, 47, 94, 356, 368-69 Leighton , Alexander, Leon, 62, 367 Lepanto, Battle of, 364 Lesser Catechism, Lutheran, 432 levee en masse, 331 Levellers, 430 Levenson, Joseph R., 33 Leviathan (Hobbes), 26- 27, 89 - 90, 298-99, 430 levirate, 237, 238 Lewis, Mark, 108 Lewontin, Richard, 449 Lex Sa/ica, 70, 254 Li, Feng, 498n32 Liang, Empress of China, 40 Liao Empire, 293 Liberal Party, Australian, xi Liberia, x, 74, 0, 386 libertarians, 12, 3, 30, , 260 Libya, 285 Li Chi (Book of Rites), 99 Laud, Archbishop William, 409, 413, 528n29 Lincoln, Abraham, 272, 5n26 Law, John, 347 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 18, 470 Laws of Manu, , 73 Li Si, 29, 130 Lebanon, 93 Lithuania, 374, 389 LeB!anc, Steven, 32, 73, 456, 465 LeDonne, John P., 526n21 Liu Bang, l, 36, 300 Liu family, 143 Lee Kuan Yew, 3 Livonia, 374, 394 Left 487nl Livy, l l l Legalism, l l 5, 1 6, 1 9-24, 28, 32, 33, Li Yuan, 48, 291 , 82, 276, 289 Li Zicheng, 310 456, 476, , 489n30; of aristocracy, Locke, John, 26-29, 34, 82, 381, 7- 8, legitimacy, IO, 16, 42-43, 82, 423, 424, 445, 323; ceremonial, ; charismatic, ; democratic, , , 42, 7, 472-74, Lochner v New York ( 905), 251 430, 440, 44 , 445, 528n31 London, great fire of, 481 -82; dynastic, 293, 298-300; Longshan period, 97, 98 economic, 473, 474; legal, 132, 245, Louis I, King of Hungary, 380, 524n1 259-60, 262, 271 -73, 289, 3 , 407; loss of, 39, 60, 426; under Mandate Louis IX, King o f France, 204 Louis XI, King of France, 345 of Heaven, 48-49, 290, 299-300; Louis XIII, King of France, 259, 343, 409 religious, 97, 1 9, 67, 73, 221, 268, 276, 282-83, 299, 367, 392, 444, 467, Louis XIV, King of France, 124, 259, 330, 4n4; rights-based, 338; taxation and, 343, 403 336-37, 343, 344, 346, 409, 415, 9, 425, 527n25 Louis XV, King of France, 348 I N DEX Low Countries, 359, 364, 374, 410, 425; see also Netherlands Lu state of, 99, I I Lu family, 46 Luo Guanzhong, 57 Mandarins, 99, Lou is XVI, King of France, 348 Lou tribe, 58 144 132, 228, 453 Mandate of Heaven, 124, 133, 149, l60, 298-302, 441 Mao Zedong, 3, 120-2 , 357, 475 Martel, Charles, 193 Marx, Kar" 49, 50, 169, 170, 234, 471, 473, 527nl6; abolition of private property advocated by, 64; on Asiatic mode of Luther, Martin, 265, 432 Lutheranism, 432, 434, 476 Magadha, 83, 93, 94; historiography 105; modernization theory of, 17, 19, 232, 410-12, 458-60; on religion, 62, 162, 443; "withering away of the state'" predicted by, 1 Marxism, 38, 296, 492n40 Marxism-Leninism, 443, 473 Mary, Queen of Scots, 408 Masai people, 68 Masako, Princess ofJapan, 103 Magna Carta, Massachusetts Institute of Technology production, of, Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 181 Macfarlane, Alan, 233, 234, 5l lnl8 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 214, 215, 218, 227, 30 , 499n31 Madison, James, 64 Mafia, 59 175, 178-80, 183, 505n l l 17, 32, 272, 326, 378, 429, 529n l Magyars, 239, 378, 423 Mahabharata, 73 Mahdi, Caliph al-, 196-97 Mahmud 11, Sultan, 191 Maine, Henry, 19, 29, 53, 60, 71 -72, 55-56, 69, 231, 259 Maitland, Frederic, 23 1, 257, 260, 273, 405, 406 Malabar, 56 Malaysia, 473 male bonding, 32, 488n7, 495n36 Malthus, Thomas, 142, 462-63, 465 Malthusian model, xiii, 84, 412, 437, 458, 460, 474-76; Han Dynasty China and, 39, 42; political development in, 464-68; rule oflaw and, 247, 249-50 Mamdani, Mahmood 69 Mamluks, 98-2 13, 5, 218-19, 223, 226, 283, 400, 440; Egyptian sultanate of, 9, 20 - 2, 28 , 454, 516n!O; in India, 184 Ma'mun, Caliph al-, 198, 200 Manava-Dharmasastra, 161, 173 Manchus, 9, 149, 309, 312, 453 (MIT), Center for International Studies, 459 matriarchal societies, 57 matrilineal societies, 56-57, 156, 49ln28 Maupeou, Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de, 348, 455 153, 160, 173, 175, 176, 179-84, 505nn5, mawali (manumitted slaves), 196, 198 Mawardi, Abu al-Hasan al-, 279 Mazarin, Jules, 343, 344 McNeill, William, 509n l8 Mead, Margaret, 50 Mecelle, 285 Medicis, Marie de, 324, 344 Medina, Constitution of, 87 Megasthenes, 179 Megyeri, 378 Mehmed III, Ottoman Emperor, 221 Meiji, Emperor ofJapan, 103, 287, 447 Melanesia, x-xiii, 23, 47, 57, 68, 91 -92; Big Man of, xi, 32, 155; kinship structures in, 67, 78; map, xi; property rights in, 67-68; tribalism in, 18, 81 Mencius, 99, 1 5, 302 Mauryas, 574 I N DEX Merovingian dynasty, 80, 254 Mohi, Battle of, 380 Mesoamerica, ancient civilizations of, Mongke, Great Khan, Mesopotamia, 204 309, 388, 525n5 Mongols, 73-74, 76, 85, 68, 1 , 212, 464; in Afghanistan, 92; in China, 44, 49, 293, 294, 300; in Hungary, 382, 383; in Middle East, 201, 208, 215, 454; in Russia, 77, 204, 380, 387-89, 392, 427, 428, 525n5 Mon-Khmer, 502n Mongolia, 20, 55 20, 54, 83, 86, 92, 463 mestnichestvo, 391, 396, 429 metempsychosis, 60, 493 Mexico, 83, 86, 371, 46 1, 473, 15n29; 357; organized crime in, S; patronage in, 372; Spanish colonization of, 358, 367 Middle Ages, 17, 24, 222, 235, 239, 350, 351, 353, 374, 375, 407, 1 Migdal, Joel, 69 migration, 384; evolution and, 46-48; of lndo-Aryan tribe, 53-54 Mikhail !, Tsar of Russia, 394 military slavery, 21, 88, 184, 192, 198-203, 28 ; Abbasid, 192, 196, 198; Mamluk, 98-20 , 204, 206-208, 1 - 13, 226, 454; Ottoman, 189-9 1, 20 , 3-15, 8-20, 222-26, 228, 265, 400 , 451, 453, 454 Miller, Geoffrey, 35 Ming Dynasty, 101, 44, 210, 215, 29 1, 294, 300, 302, 308, 5- 6, 426; bureaucracy during, 135, 310-13; legal system during, 1 7, 276; taxation during, 9, 304-307, 309, 453 Mises, Ludwig von, 2nl3 Mobutu Sese Seko, 210 modernization, 239, 275, 332, 460, 473-75; authoritarian, 18, 3, 459, 47 1, 477; in China, 1 0, 26-27, 34, 148, 6; defensive, 447; in France, 349; in Hungary, 382; in India, 284; in Muslim world, 284-86; in Ottoman Empire, ; in Russia, 395, 398, 403, 428; theories of, 17, 19, 77-78, 139, 231 -32, 41 0- 1 , 458-59, 475; warfare and, 18, Moguls, 64 , 78, Mohacs, Battle of, 189, 327, 382 Mohe njo-Daro, 153 economy of, 356, Montesquieu, Charles Louis d e Secondat, barnn de, 347 Moors, 358, 359, 364, 366 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 49, 52, 64, 65, 502n9 Morocco, 200 Mote, Frederick, 30 , 302 Mozi, 99, 1 Mu'awiya, Caliph, 88, 94, 95 Muhammad, , 87-88, 92-95, 278, 451 multiculturalism, 17-18 Mundari, 502n l4 Muqadimmah (lbn Khaldun), 203 Murad IV, Sultan, 226 Muscovite state, 25, 375, 386, 388-94, 427 Muslims, 81, , 88-98, 241, 261, 444 , 16nn6, 14; charitable donations, 208, 21 0, 238; control of Mediterranean by, 235; geographical limitations on conquests of, ; in Hungary 378; in India, 169, 70, 84-85; military slavery system of, 190-9 , 96, 198, 202-203, 451; in Spain, 193, 200 235, 278 (see also Moors); state creation by, 192-96; see also Islam; Mamluks; Morales, Evo, Ottoman Empire Mu'tasim, Caliph al-, 198-200 16nl0 Mutawakkil lll, Caliph al-, Naipaul, V S , 17 295 73, 76 Naito, Torajiro, Nanda dynasty, I N DEX Nantes, Edict of, 338, 346 Napoleon, Emperor of France, 124, 371, 421 Napoleonic Wars, 433 Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, 103 Narva, Battle of, 395 Naryshkin family, 398, 400 Nasir Muhammad, Sultan al-, 208 Native Americans, 70, 250; see also specific tribes natural selection, SO, 52 nature, state of, 25-30, 34, 48, 65, 72, 89-90, 250, 438 Nayars, 56, Neanderthals, , 46, 47 575 North Africa, 441 ; Berber conquest of, 77; Muslims in, 88, 193, 202-203, 506n4; Roman Empire in, 93, 235 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 92, 505nl North, Douglass C., 17, 64, 489nJO ' 507nl2, 12n9, l9n27, 528n34, 529n37, 530n15 North Korea, 463 Northrup, Linda, 508nl Norway, 374, 433 Novgorod, republic of, 20 Nubia, 206 Needham, Joseph, Nuer, 57-59, 68-70, 72, 76, 85, 108, 154, 165, 255, 492n40 Nef, John, 487n27 Nueva Recopilacion, 362 Negri, Antonio, 1 neo-Confucianism, 293, 294 Neolithic period, 52, 463 Oceania, 54, 86, 90 Netherlands, 32, 334, 336, 359, 409, 42 , Ogedei, Great Khan, 204 520n14; and Glorious Revolution, 7, 528nn29, 31; military expenditures in, 332; New World colonies of, 330; rise of capitalism in, 21 l, 239; urban bourgeoisie in, 41 O New Guinea, 32, 47, 84, 86; see also Papua New Guinea New Institutional Economics, 530n 15 New Model Army, 409 - l O, New Spain, see Mexico Nicator, Seleucus, 76 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 82, 255, 445 Nigeria, , 14, , 202, 470 Nikon, Patriarch, 392, 395 Nile valley, 86, 89, 91 Nine Rank system, 145-47 Nine Years' War, Ninko, Emperor ofJapan 103 nonviolence, 58, 181, 457, 503n6 Normans: conquest of England by, 233, 257, 258, 270, 272, 404-406, 423; in Italy, 266, , 282, Norse tribes, 239; see also Vikings Old Regime and the Revolution, Ihe (Tocqueville), 351-52 oligarchy, 20, 143, 194, 374, 383-85, 507n12; in China, 299; in England, 322, 429; in France, 345, 348, 354; in Hungary, 327, 334, 373, 377, 378, 380, 383; in Mexico, 473; in Spain, 362; in United States, Olson, Mancur, 37, 303-304, 306, 419, 455, 467, l 8n3, 528n35 On the Origin ofSpecies (Darwin), SO Orange Revolution, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 356 Oriental despotism, 93, 191 Orthodox Christianity, see Eastern church Osman 215 Ostrom, Elinor, 494n1 3-30, Ottoman Empire, 9, 200, 208, 21 323, 328, 365, 427, 509nnl8, 21; 368; agrarian society in, IO, 304, 316; census in, 339; corruption in, decay of, 223-27, l0n29; 576 I N DEX Ottoman Empire (cont.) European wars of, 330, 364; Hungary conquered by, 189, 214, 224, 327, 382-84, 524nJ6; legacy of, 227-28; Mamluk sultanate defeated by, 9, 202, 1 , 440; military slavery in, 189-9 , 201, 3- 5, 18-20, 222-26, 228, 265, 400, 45 , 453, 454; rule of law in, 249, 279-83, 285, 400; Russia compared to, 387, 389, 39 399, 400; sanjaks of, 214- 16, 343, 367; state as governing institution in, 220-23; sultan's elite troops in, see Janissaries Oxford, University of, 268 92, 154, 185, 202, 505n4 52 Palestine, 204, 237 Pandyas, 183 Pakistan, Paleolithic era, 15, 47, 67, , 85, 477, 491 n28; Big Man in, 76; tribal law in, 255 Paris, University of, 268 Park Chung Hee, 3 Parlement de Paris, 344 Parliament, English, 362, 381, 403, 418, 422, 468, 51 3n34; in Civil War, 5, 417, 527n25; Enclosure Movement of, 68; solidarity in, 404, 405, 407- 10, 428-29, 445, 529n37; taxation and, 246, 344, 352, 358, 413-14, 43 1, 51 8n3 Parliament, Indian, 277 Parsons, Talcott, 459 Partido Justicialista, Argentine, 372 Pascal, Blaise, 37 Paschal II, Pope, 264 Pashtuns, 237 Passover, 42, 54 Patriarchal caliphate, 87, 197 patrilineal societies, 32, 56, 57, 102, 156, 233, 237, 49l n28; see also agnation Papua New Guinea (PNG), x-xii, 17, 89, 338-43, 350-53, 439, 450, 451, 456, 50ln14, 509n21; in Africa, 69; in China, I 09- 10, 13-14, 16-19, 26, 127, 29, 32, 34-35, 38, 140-4 , 43-46, 148, 78, 79, 229, 270, 291, 294, 296, 2, 400, 50ln14; in Catholic church, 256, 264-66; in England, 403, 4, 6; feudalism and, 06; in France, 5, 334, 336, 339, 34 , 348, 354; in Hungary, 382; i n India, 73; in Latin America, 357, 370-72; in Mamluk sultanate, 20 I, 2; of Mauryas, 80, , 505n6; i n Ottoman Empire, 201 , 5, 221 -23, 226, 509n21 ; in Prussia, 371; in Russia, 334, 398, 400, 428; in Spain, 334, 355, 357, 363-64, 368, 370; see also repatrimonialization patronage, 454, 0n2J; Catholic church and, 264; in China, 298; in England, 414, 5; in India, 6; i n Mexico, 372; in Russia, 386, 392, 398-99, 427; i n United States, 79 Pauite Indians, 54 Paulet, Charles, 52lnJ I peasants, 141 -43, 58-59, 94, 233, 324, 423, 424, 426, 480; in China, 65, 93, 10, 1 2, 1 3, 1 7, 20, 125, 27, 36, 38, 140-44, 147, 49, 52, 60, 249, 298, 300, 3, 14, 475, 499nl8, 9n 3; in Denmark, 432-33, 447, 476; in England, 68, 259, 404, 4, 432; in feudal and early modern Europe, I 05, 107, 1 7, 240, 298, 329-31, 333, 351; in France, 259, 337, 339, 340, 342, 347, 350-52, 375, 3n3J, 4n4; in Hungary, 327, 334, 374, 383-84; in India, , 168; in Mamluk state, 1 ; i n Ottoman Empire, 6, 218, 220, 225, 28 , 509nl8, 510n29; in Russia, 65, 334, 377, 386, 389, 395-99; in Scandinavia, 3, 456; uprisings of, 140, , 143, 240, 342, 384, 423, 44 , 476, 9nJJ; see also serfdom patrimonialism , I N DEX People's Liberation Army, Sudan, 58 People's Republic of China, 6, 8, 101, 1 9-2 , 27, 387; collectivization in, 65, 67; corruption in, 384; Cultural Revolution in, 3, 357; economic growth of, 0, 20, 471 , 475, 477, 48 ; legal system in, 248-49, 16, 470; progressive radicalization in, 430 Pepys, Samuel, Pfron, Juan, 372 Perry, Commodore Matthew, 447 Persia, 88, 92, 93, 196, 1 , 220, 509n21; absolutism in, 94; in Ghaznavid empire, 200; lndo-Aryan tribes in, 54; in Mauryan empire, 176; patrimonialism in, l l 4; under Safavids, 224, 226 Peru, 86, 356-58, 366, 367, 371, 515n29 Peter I (the Great), Tsar of Russia, 392, 394-96, 398-400, 428 Philip II, King of Spain, 359, 362, 370 Philip Ill, King of Spain, 370 Philip IV, King of Spain, 363, 370 Philippines, 386 Pinker, Steven, 36 Pinochet, Augusto, 471 Pipes, Daniel, Pirenne, Henri, Pizarro, Francisco, 364, 367 Pizarro, Gonzalo, 367 plagues, 1 , - 4, 225, 376, 415, 454, 464 Plato, 26, , 199-200, 250 Poitiers, Battle of, 193, 235 Poland, 332, 334, 377, 378, 382-85, 412, 520nl4 Political Order in Changing Societies (Huntington), ix-x, xiii, 139, 458, 459, 483 Pollock, Frederick, 231 257, 260 Pompey, 78, 79, 136 Pontchartrain, Louis Phetypeaux, comte de, 341 577 Pool, Ithiel de Sola, 486nl2 Portugal, 3, 210, 212, 325, 330, 447 Praetorian Guards, 137 Prince, The (Machiavelli), 214 Pritchett, Lant, 14, 487n25 private property, 27, 158; agriculture and, 28, 53, 72, 455; in communist theory, 1 , 49, 64; kinship and, 64, 66-69, 170, 233, 438, 444; offices as, 270, 339; tragedy of the commons and, 65; see also property rights property rights, 13, 64-66, 82, I BO, 454, 462, 493n5, 494nn15, 18, 5l6nl5; in China, 103, 19, 126-27, 178, 289, 315- 16, 470, 48 1, 519n27; in England, 407, 410, 418- 19, 42 1, 430, 432, 526n9, 528n34, 529n37; in France, 341, 346, 349, 353, 399; intellectual, 13, 512n9; in Malthusian economy, 142, 467; in Mexico, 473; in Muslim world, 212, 222, 280-83; in Spain, 364-65, 399; rule oflaw and, 248-51, 259, 269, 280, 283, 323, 356, 407, 470; in Russia, 392, 399-400 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber), 162 Protestantism, 241, 330, 338, 346, 359, 409, 410, 417, 432, 528n29; see also Reformation Prozac, 488nl3 Prussia, 327, 338, 371, 420, 434, 500n11; rule o f law in, 189, 334-35; serfdom in, 143, 374, 377, 384 52, 85 Puritans, 409, 413 Putin, Vladimir, IO, 247, 386, 480 Pueblo Indians, Qadisiyyah, Battle of, 193 Qaim, Caliph al-, 516nl Qalawun, Sultan, 208 211 Qansuh aJ-Ghawri, Sultan, Qiang tribe, 145 578 I N DEX Qin, state of, l l4, l25, l 79, 270, 456; l l0, 16; military success of, 1 l, l l2, 68, 499n31 ; Shang Yang's reforms in, 10, 16- 9, 122, 30; see also Qin dynasty Qin Dynasty, l l l, 126-27 129-3 , 140, 148 229, 300, 13, 50 l nl4; common culture developed by, 149; Confucian resistance to, 129-30; Great Wall of, 182; Legalism of, 129, 30, 276, 289; repatrimonialization following, 29 ; unification of China under, 98, 99, 1 , 122 128-29 144, 50, 175, 178, 150 Qing Dynasty, 120, 16, 461 Qin Shi Huangdi, 128, 30, , 78, 187, 365, 468 qiu system, 13, 1 Quakers, 409, 528n29 Quraysh tribe, 88, 192, !93, 195 kinship in, I O I , Rajasthan, gana-sangha chiefdoms of, 183 Rajputs, 84 Reagan Ronald, 64, 220, 473 Rectification of Names, 301 Red Eyebrows uprising, 143 Red Turban uprising, 300, 3, 44 Reformation, 239, 267, 275, 330, 456, 459, 460; in Denmark, 432, 476; invention of printing press and, 324; rule of law and, 289; Russia insulated from, 388, 428; Weber on economic framework based in, 162, 232 Religion ofChina (Weber), Renaissance, 324, 388 repatrirnonialization, 223-27, 229, 291, 312, 400, 453, 454 Republic, The (Plato), 120, 189, l 99, 250 republicanism, classical, 20 Republican Party, U.S., Rg Veda, 54, 58, 163 Richelieu, Cardinal, 343, 359 Rights of Man, 325, 338, 347, 370, 375, 441 473 Robertson, Graeme, 6n6 l 82 Rodrik, Dani, l 6n J Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The (Luo Guanzhong), 144, 145 Romania, 1 , 378 Romanov dynasty, 299, 393, 394 Romans, ancient, 17, , 136, 48, 292, 351, 1 , 453, 468, 476; in Britain, 14, 91, 93; Christianity becomes state religion of, 263, 467; classical republicanism of, 20; clientes of powerful leaders of, 78-79; founding myths of, 88; Indo-Aryan progenitors of, 54; kinship system of, 56, 60, , 68, 78, !03, 55, 237; law of, 275, 326, 364, 367, 491 n33 (see also Justinian Code); military forces of, 1 1, 37; overrun by Germanic tribes, 05, 23 , 432, 444 , 464; patrimonialism of, 14, 509n21 ; urban tradition of, 376; violence as driver of state formation by, 83 Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare) 235 Romulus, 61 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 26-29, 34, 49, 53, 64, 72-73, 82, 439, 44 Royal Council, French, 345 Royal Council, Spanish, 365 rule of law, 13, 15-l 7, 22, 42, 228, 240, 24 , 323, 333-35, 420, 437, 457, 467, 468, 9n27; autonomy and, 45 1; Chinese lack of, 6, 19, 94, -22, 27, 50, 187, 248-50, 276, 289, 290, 296, 2- 6, 321, 459, 470, 475, 481 ; in Denmark, 334, 434; economic growth and, 470, 475; in England, 273, 287, 322, 334, 346, 402, 407-408, 413, 420-21, 434, 460, 475, 13n34 (see also Common Law); in France, 349, 353-54, 399, 425; in India, , 22, , 52, , Rock Edicts, I N DEX 173, 251, 273, 276, 277, 283-85, 287-89, 420; in Latin America, 355-56; in Middle East, 277-82; origins of, 245-6 ; in Ottoman Empire, 249, 279-83, 285, 400; religion and, , 173, 262, 267, 272-89, 33 , 3, 438, 444 , 449, 460, 478; Roman, see Justinian Code; in Russia, 386, 387, 391 , 392, 399, 400, 427, 428; in Spain, 364, 399, 425; in United States, 250, 5, 475 Rurik dynasty, 389, 393, 423 Rurzhen, 84, 149, 293, 294, Russia, , I O , 125, 187, 299, 3 , 373, 385-404, 412, 433, 524nl4, 525n9, 529nl ; absolutism in, 18, -22, 327, 334, 362, 387-401 , 408, 422, 426-28; assembly of nobles in, 299, 381, 394, 403; Communist, see Soviet Union; democratization in, 4, 16, 247; Enlightenment in, 325; financial crisis in, 6; Inda-Aryan tribes in, 154; map of, 390; military expenditures of, 330, 332; Mongol invasion of, 77, 204, 380, 387-89, 392, 427, 428, 525n5; noble rankings in, 39 , 396, 429 ; religion in, see Russian Orthodox church; representative 393-94; rule of law in, 39 1-92; Rurik dynasty in, 423; serfdom in, 143, 374-77, 384, 395; slave markets in, 190; Varangian conquest of, 74 Russian Orthodox church, 265, 39 l -92, 395, 427 Russo-Japanese War, 394 Rwanda, 480 institutions in, 70, 171 469 Safavids, 224, 226, 516n15 Sahel, Sahlins, Marshall, 52, 72 Saberwal, Satish, Sachs, Jeffrey, Sahu!, ancient continent of, 47 Saladin (Salah al-Din), 203, 206 579 Salic Law, 70-71, 254, 491 nJJ 398-400 Samudra Gupta, 183 Sankoh, Foday, 74 Sanskrit, 154, 156, 157, 172, 284 Santo Domingo, 367 Saracens, 235 Sasanian Empire, 193, 194 Satiyaputras, 183 Satvahanas, 183 Saudi Arabia, 223, 263, 286 Saxons, 237, 254 Scandinavia, 18, 313, 334, 351, 431 -33, 456; see also Denmark; Norway; Sweden Schick, Allen, 50011 l l Schleswig, 432, 434 Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs), 228 Schurmann, Franz, 133 Science and Civilisation in China (Needham), 315 Scotland, 404 Scott, James, 18 Scythians, 182 Second Dutch War, Second Treatise o n Government (Locke), 27, 418, 528nJJ Seeing Like a State (Scott) 1 Saltykov family, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 489n34 226 226 Selim Ill, Sultan, 191 Seljuk sultanate, 215 Sen, Amartya, 10, 187 Serbia, 241 378 serfdom, 142, 143, 373-77, 410, 1 , 423; Catholic church and, 239; in China, 1 3, 295; in Denmark, 433; in Hungary, 373, 377; in Russia, 143, 375-77, 396-98, 428; in tribal societies, 80 Service, Elman, 52, 53, 57, 495nl Shakas, 182, 183 Shakers, 443 Selim I (the Grim), Sultan, Selim II, Sultan, 580 I N DEX Shakespeare, William, Socinians, Shang Dynasty, 88-89, , 00 , 04, Socrates, , 99, 250 06 - 08, 133, 153, 160, 72, 300 Solomon Islands, x-xii, 67, 86; Big Man in, 76 Shang Lu, 1 Shang Yang, 99 , 1 6-22, 30, 132, 143, Solow theory, 487n26 Somalia, x, 13, 14, 16, 303 80, 499n31 Shapiro, Martin, 3n34 sharia, 222, 279-80, 284-87, 476 Song Dynasty, I O I , 02, 48, 293-96, 300, , 0, Sophie Magdalene, Queen of Shastras, 277 Shenzong, Emperor of China, , Denmark, 428 Sheremetov, Count D N , 376 South Africa, 1 , 346 Sheremetov, Count N P., 376 South America, ancient civilizations of, 20 Shiites, 95, 96, 226, 263, 279, 286, South Korea, 1 , 18, 3, 459, 470, , Shi Jing (Book of Odes), 88-89, , 305 Shu /ing(Book of History), 99, 472, 474-76 Soviet Union, 125, 252, 253, 387, 400, Shoshone Indians, 49 l n 30, 76 525n9; Afghanistan and, 92; during Sicilian Mafia, 59 cold war, 336, 477; collectivization in, Sierra Leone, x, 74 65, 67; former, successor states to, 4, Sigismund, King of Hungary, 381 Sikhs, 70-71 Silesia, 374, 382 479-80 Spain, 3, , 33, 57, 374, , 404, 3, 6, 420; absolutism in, 25, 305, 327, Sima Qian, 28 334, 357-58, 361 -62, 373, 382, 387, 399, Simon, Herbert, 307, 308 408, 409, 422, 425; accountability in, Sind, 193 ; assembly of nobles in, Singapore, 16, 18, 3, 47 473 Spanish; bankruptcy of, 359, , 425, sipahis, 90, 6, - 9, 281, 365, 389, 520n 14; Catholic church in, 409; 427, 509n18 see Cortes, corruption in, 5; democratization Sixteen Kingdoms, 145 in, 325, 434; feudalism in, 402; kinship Skanda Gupta, 183 structures in, 235; military expenditures slavery, 20, 42, 98, 323, 324, 375, 1 , of, 330, 332, 340, 358, 36 ; Muslim , 445; in China, , 1 16, 20, conquest of, 193, 200, 235, 278, 358, 142, 144; of Greeks and Romans, 20, 359, 364; New World colonies of, 224, 60; in India, 58; military, see military 328, 357-59, 364-72, 427; slavery; in Russia, 375, 386, 387, 397; in patrimonialism in, 350- , 354, 363-64, Spanish New World colonies, 358, 366, 372, 4 ; rule of law, 364-65; taxation 369; in tribal societies, 80, 193, 255; in, 426; tribal invaders in, 77; venal in United States, 358, 397, 457 offices in, 5, 363, 4, 429, 454 Slavic tribes 239 Spanish Succession, War of the, Slovakia, 378 Spencer, Herbert, 50, 487n27 Slovenia, 378 Spring and Autumn period, 98, 07- 09, Smith, Adam, 164, 342, 1 , , 433, 471 1 I l l 5, 19, 22, 151, 294; cultural social Darwinism, outpourings during, 1 5; education and Socialism, 252, 472, 487nl7, l 2n literacy during, 137; kinship groupings Social Science Research Council 459 during, 105 I N D EX Stalin, /oseph, 25, 282, 387, 392-93, 400, 525n Star Chamber, 408, State�Building (Fukuyama), x 192 state of nature, 25-30, 34, 48, 65, 72, 89-90, 250, 438 Stavnsbc1nd, 433 Stein, Baron vom, 371 Stepan, Alfred, 6n6 Stephen, St., 239, 378 Steward, Julian, 52 Strayer, Joseph, 106, 258 Stuarts, 326, 403, 408, 414-17, 419 Subutai, 387 Sudan, 57-58, 85 Sudras, -52, , 66, 168, 176 Suharto, 471 S u i Dynasty, 145, 147-48, 276, 29 , 300; bureaucracy during, 10, 454; kinship during, 10 I, 229; patrimonialism during, 296, 456; religion during, 293, 3, 8nJ3 Suleiman t h e Magnificent, Sultan, 19, 222, 226, 382, 454 Sulla, 78, 79 statelessness, I 0-12, Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, 341 14 due de, Sumer, Sunda, ancient continent of, 47 Sungas, 173 95, 226, 24 , 274, 279, 286, 451 Sun Tzu, 99, 1 Supreme Court, U.S., 246, 250 Su Sung, Sweden, 143, 330, 332 374, 395, 42 1, 432-34, 472 Switzerland, 332, 334, 340 Syria, 93, 93, 200, 206, 285, 386; military slavery in, 202-204; Mongol invasion of, 208; in Ottoman Empire 223; tribalism in, 92; Umayyad conquest of, 88 Szilcz, Jeno, 240, 377 Sunnis, 581 Tabgach tribe, Tacitus, 145 74-76 Taiping rebellion, 313 18, 78, 97, 101, 145, 290, 313, 459, 471 Taiwan, Taizong, Emperor of China, Taizu, Emperor of China, Tamerlane, Tamils, 296 305, 31 1-12, 314 208, 212 170 Tang Dynasty, 102, 136-37, 291-93, 295-98, 300, 456-57; bureaucracy during, 135, 310, 454; kinship during, 101, 140, 229; patrimonialism during, 148, 296, 456; religion during, 263, 276, 293, 313, 467, 518nI3 Tanguts, 85, 149, 293, 294 Tatars, 203, 388, 427 taxation, 12, 194, 281 326-29, 331, 332, 384, 423, 45 1, 481, 494n23, 507nl3, l 8n3; in Africa, 13; of Catholic church, 267, 27 1; in China, 109, 10, 14, 15, 1 7, 131, 134, 136, 141, 146-47, 289, 295, 298, 305-307, 309-10, 316; coercive, 303-304, 464, 467; in Denmark, 433; in England, 329, 342, 351, 352, 362, 403, 413-17, 419, 518n3, 528n35; in France, 143, 250, 272, 326, 339-44, 346, 348, 351, 352, 426; globalization and, 477; in Hungary, 374, 382, 429; in India, 175, 180, 183-84; in Latin America, 356; in Mamluk sultanate, 210, 1 ; in Ottoman Empire, 190, 216, 220, 221, 223, 225; property rights and, 238, 248, 280, 282, 289; in Russia, 334, 393, 394 396; in Spain, 329, 358, 361-65, 37 1, 426; in United States, 7, 9, 304, 356 Taylor, Charles, 74 210 86, 159, technology, 18, 52, 54 55, 227, 323, 457, 467, 477 512n9; 15, 141, 89, agricultural, 29, 84, 154, 249, 455; capitalism and 126, 232, 412; communications, 150, 476; constraints of, 467, 468; I N DEX 582 Thatcher, Margaret 64, 473 06- 09, 25, 57, 59, ; European, 23 , 233, 235, 239, 240, 245, 254-56, 402, 404, 444 ; Indian, 5, 18, , 67, 90, -55, 92, 57-59, 66, 75, 230, 240-4 , 502n9, 503n25; in Latin America, 368; law and justice in, 69-72, 254, 275; legitimacy in, 299; military slavery and, 20 , 209, 2; mitigation of conflict in, 84; persistence to present day of, 14, 90-93, 230, 502n/4, 505n / I ; property in, 67-69; religion in, 59-63, 87-88, 1 9, 234, 256, 278, 404; Thingman, -72 state-level societies compared to, technology (cont.) information, 4, 12, , 476; population 83-84, 89; productivity gains and, 142, 46 -66; resistance to, 72; and rise of bourgeoisie, 232; science and 324, 462, 48 , 2n9; military, 23, 1 2, 1 3, 69, 1 - 12, 224, 330, 425, 447 tercios, 330, 364 Teutonic peoples, 155 and, Thanksgiving 54 Thapar, Romila, 54 85, 87 145 Tibet 36, 145, 147 Tiger, Lionel, 488nl3, 495n36 Tilly, Charles, 1 0, 326, 487n27, 520n2 Time of Troubles 394 80-82; transition from or band-level 52, 53, 55; Turkish, 88, 198, 204, 227, 256, 283; warfare and conquest by, 72-77, 85-86, 25, 36, 144-47, 149, 82-83, 0, 293-94, 378, 388, 431 -32, 456; see also kinship; lineage; specific tribes Trivers, Robert, 40 Trobriand Islands, 86 Tudors, 414, Tunisia, 200, 278 Tuoba tribe, 145, 149 Turcoman tribes, Timor-Leste, x Turenne, Henri de La Tour d�uvergne, Third Estate, 25, 333, 34 , 352, 358, 422-24, 429, 480 Thirty Years' War, 330, 344, 359, 369 Thompson, I.A.A., 365 Three Books Against the Simoniacs (Humbert of Moyenmoutier), 14n6 Three Dynasties, 98, 99, 300 Three Gorges Darn, Three Kingdoms, Tocqueville, Alexis de, 323, 336-38, 343, 345, 351 -52, 358, 426, 445, 47 , 479, 3n3/, 520n2 Togo, 202 Tokugawa shogunate, 447 Tolstoy, Leo, 399 Tonga, 86, 92 loonies, Ferdinand, 19, 458 Tower of Babe� biblical story of, 47-48 Transoxania, 198 Transparency International, 386 Transylvania, 382, 383 tribal societies, 14-15, 18, 20-21, 64-79, 145, 229, 302, 324, 445, 448, 479, 49l n29, 492n40; Arab, 58, 78, 87, 88, 57, 184, 88, 89, 192-96, 200, 230, 256, 441 , 467; Chinese, , 97- 1 , organization to, 49, Vicomte de, 347 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 349, 455 Turkana people, 68 Turkish Republic, 228, 285, 325, 459, 6n/4 Turks, 92, 88, 237, 256, 263, 273, 509n/6; in Abbasid empire, 198-200; in China, 145, 147, 292; in Hungary, 374, 431; in India, 84; in Transylvania, 383; see also Ottoman Empire Tursun Bey, 279 Tylor, Edward, 49, Ukraine, 52 5, 1 , 14, 98, 248, 387, 397, 480 222, 276, 278, 279, 283, 285, ularna, 221, 287, 444 I N DEX Umar, Caliph, 193 Umayyad dynasty, B7, BB, 193-96, 200, 27B, 2B4 United Nations, 70, 477 12, 30, 57, 209, 22B, 271-72, 326, 345, 384-85, 418; accountability in, 322; Afghanistan and, 92; antistatist traditions in, 304; bureaucracy in, 1 ; during cold war, 336, 477; United States, dysfunctional political equilibrium in, 482; economic crises in, 6-9, 18; homicide in, 73; invasion oflraq by, 3, 76; Japan and, 447; local governments in, 405, 406; military of, 37-38; modernization theory in, 459; 79; per capital patronage politics in, spending on government services in, 469-70; rule oflaw in, 246, 475, 250; slavery in, 358, 397, 457; South Korea and, 474; taxation in, Urban II Pope, 256 urban centers, see cities Uthman, Caliph BB, 93, 195, 196 Uzbekistan, 583 societies, 423; in chimpanzee society, 33, 41, 73, 303; in China, 108, l l I, l l 5, 300, 30 1, 313, 315, 47B; as driver of state formation, 82, 83, 85, B9-90, 157, 210, 236, 271, 44B, 450; in England, 415; in France, 342, 349, 352; in India, 151, 186; in prehistoric societies, 465; property rights and, 66; religion and, 37, 265, 274, 442, 514n4, 5l 5n29; in Russia, 331, 393; in state of nature, 26, 27, 30, 72-73, 250; see also war Vladimir, Prince, 74 Voltaire, 251 Vorontsov, Count, 376 Vrijjis, gana-sangha chiefdom of, 175, 176, 505nl l Wahhabism, 286 Wales, 404 Wallis, John, 507nl2, 519n27 Wang, Empress of China, 297 Wang family, 146 134, 13B 143, 147, IBO Wanli emperor, 312, 483 waqfs (Muslim charity), 208, 210, 238 war, 179, 299, 309, 448, 476, 528n25; civil, see civil war; counterinsurgency, 357, financing of, 307 330, 332, 337, 340, 3591 361, 394; institutiona1 innovations brought on by, 12- 16, 18; in Malthusian world, 462, 465, 467; in Muslim states, 193, 202-204, 206, 212, 215, 218; prisoners of, 101; religion and, 157-58, 202, 265, 338, Wang Mang, Vaishyas, Vanuatu, , , 63, 66, I6B 86 Varangians, 74 Vedas, 53, 54, 57, 161, 171, 2BB 6n15 Vena, King, 73 venal officeholding: in England, 352, 4o3• 4; in France, 15, 341 343, 348-49• 353, 35B, 370, 371, 391, 454, 455; in Russia, 429; in Spain, 315, 363, 36B-70, 454 Venezuela, 4, 5, 357, 473, 480 Venice, republic of, 20 Vietnam, 92, 128 Vikings, 14, 74, B5, 235 431 Vinogradoff, Paul , 67, 69, 71, 23l violence, 40, 44-45, 430, 434, 44o-4 I Velasco, Andres, 454-57, 495n38; in agrarian 503n25; state formation driven by, 23-25, B2 94 105, 1 0- 1 19, 137, 271, 389, 395, 433, 434, 520n4; in state of nature, 27, 30, 72, 89; 62, 72, technology of, 169; tribal 58, also 74, 75, 77, 100 108, 125, 215; see specific wars War and Peace (Tolstoy), 399 I N DEX 584 Warring States period, 98, 99, 1 , 122, 36, 151, 60, 294, 312; cities during, 26; cultural outpourings during, l l 5; education and literacy during, 37; infantry/cavalry warfare during, 12; kinship groupings during, 05; map of, 123; road and canal construction during 124 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 342, l l , 433, 47 Weber, Max, 62-63, 286, 5, 10, 450, 459, 460, 471 , 492n40, 509n2J, 6nl2; on bureaucracy, 34, 270, 371, 500n l l ; o n charismatic authority, 87; on feudalism, 06; modernization theory of, 19, , 92, 25-26, 78, 232, 458; on religion, 65, 24 Wei, state of, 16 122 Wei Dynasty, 145, 147 Weingast, Barry, 248, 507nl2, 9n27, 528n34, 529n37 Wei state, 499n31 well-field system, 1 7- 18, 143, 78, 80, 499n l8 Wen, Emperor of China, Wendi, Emperor o f China, 148 Westphalia, Peace of, 344 Whig history, 326, 402, 431 White, Leslie, 52 William I, King of England, 257 Xia Dynasty, 98, 99 Xian, D ulce, ll 45, 47, 49, 291 -92 Xiang Yu, Xiao, Dulce, 99, 16, l l Xiao-wen, Emperor of China, 147 Xin dynasty, 138 Xiongnu tribe, 131, 35, 44, 45, 147, 149, 68, 82 Xi Xia tribe, 149, 293 Xu, Empress of China, 103 Xun Zi, 1 Xianbei tribe, Yale University, 1 Yan, Empress of China, 103 Yangdi, Emperor of China, 148 296 Yang Jian, 147, 291 Yangshao period, 97, 98 YanomamO Indians, 32 Y chromosome, 46-47, 54 Yellow Turban rebellion, 140, 144, 44 Ying Zheng, 128 Young Turk movement, 226, 228 Yuan Dynasty, 294, 300 Yuezhi, 182 Yugoslavia, 480 Yurok Indians, 70 Yushchenko, Viktor, Yang family, William III (William of Oraoge), King of Englaod, 403, 410, 417, 430, 528nn29, 31 Wittfogel, Karl, 83, 93 Zaire, Woolcock Michael, Zakaria, Fareed, n 14, 487n25 World Bank, x, 14, 355, 416, 477, 508nJ5 World Trade Organization, 475 World War I, 24 Worms, Concordat of, 266, 267, 289 Wraogharn, Richard, -32 Wriston, Walter, 12 Wu, Emperor of China, 132, 135 Wu Zhao (Empress Wu), 292, 295-99, 302, 305, 3, 393, 426, 483, 5l8n13 zemsk.iy sobor, 299, 38 1, 394, 403 zero-sum games, 41, 142, 44 1, 462-66, 472, 510n2J Zhang Shicheng, 302 Zhao Kuangyin, 293, Zheng He, 301 307 Zhongzong, Emperor of China, 297, 298 Zhou Dynasty, 98, I 00, I 03-4, 1 3, 16, 124, 34, 152, 298, 499n3J; I N DEX bureaucracy during, 14; Confucianism during, 1 9; Eastern, 98-99, 05, l l O, I l l , 18, 122, 168, 79, 329, 503n25 (see also Spring and Autumn period; Warring States period); feudalism of, 97, 104-9, 125, 13 l, 132, , 328, 498n32; Later, 301; 585 Mandate of Heaven and, 133, 300; Western, 98, 99, 105, 159-60, 328, 389, 498n32 Zhu Yuangzhang, 300-302 Zi Chan, I l l Zoloft, 488n 13 Zoroastrianism, 202 A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR Francis Fukuyama is the Olivier Nome.Dini Senior Fellow at Stanford University's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and Resi dent at the Center for Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law He has taught at the Paul H Nitz< School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and at the George Mason Univer sity School of Public Policy He was a researcher at the RAND Corpora tion and served as the deputy director in the State Department's policy planning staff He is the author of 7he End ofHistory and the Last Man, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, and America at the Crossroads: Democracy Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy He lives with his wife in Palo Alto, California