INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Translation, since its inception, has always been playing such a vital role in knowledge exchange Particularly, in the globalization and the multifaceted cooperation between countries in the world, translation has become more and more important On the other hand, Vietnam’s Public Security forces pay much attention to the international cooperation in national security and social safety and order protection In this field, information acquiring, processing and exchanging are among the most important areas It is because this may help us further grasp plots and modus operandi of hostile forces, international criminals, and transnational organized crimes in order to put forward suitable counter- policies Moreover, Vietnam’s Public Security forces have gained the effective and remarkable achievements in the international cooperation in national security and social order protection, thus, making the great contribution to the protection of domestic political security, social safety and order as well as the world peace.
In addition to the advances of sciences and technology, especially the information technology outbreak, the global information network in every field has quickly spread with the various languages and its great usefulness In my study in the People’s Security Academy, I am interested in gathering, studying and translating documents of foreign, especially US intelligence and security agencies on the internet “The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America”, issued on August 2009, is one of them
The Strategy is the summing-up of US practical experience in twenty years since the Berlin Wall came down and eight years after the tragedy of September
11, 2001 It also marks a historic milestone that the United States had to face from the post-Cold War world to post-September 11 world In this strategy, the nature of the threats, challenges and opportunities were mentioned, at the same time, it also affirms the vital role that intelligence can play in supporting policies and advance US national interests Moreover, it is concerned with vision for the intelligence community, goals and objectives as well as the present emerged problems like Transnational Organized Crimes, the new criminal trends, the climate change, energy competition, pandemic disease H1N1…
Accordingly, the translation of English security, police and intelligence texts, especially of “the National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America” is necessary and practical for public security forces in the protection of National security However, translators usually find it hard to translate materials in general and “NIS” in particular from English into Vietnamese when there are some long, poly-semantic and complicated noun phrases in the texts If translators do not understand the nature of noun phrase structure in both Vietnamese and English languages, they can mistranslate or give wrong or incorrect translation.
That is the reason why this graduation paper focuses on some areas in this field, in order to overcome difficulties in translating “the National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America” in particular and some of the documents relating to the national security and social safety and order protection in general I hope that with the serious research on this problem, this study will be useful reference to related functional agencies and those who are responsible for translating texts in this field or teaching English translation in PublicSecurity forces.
Aims of the study
This study aims to identify and point out the structural nature of English post-modifiers in noun phrases used in “the National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America” (NIS).
At the same time, it also focuses on analyzing and describing English post- modifiers in a noun phrase by comparing them with Vietnamese equivalence in order to find out the particularities and special features of linguistic phenomenon in both the English and Vietnamese
Then thanks to the results of contrastive analysis of English andVietnamese post-modification in a noun phrase, we set out to compare the equivalence when doing translation Through arranging types of post modification most frequently occurred, we can draw out some suggestions for the translation of “NIS” and other materials in intelligence field so that the translation can be clear, accurate and unambiguous.
Scope of the study
Owning to the characteristics of texts and the language in materials of intelligence field, post-modifiers exist in almost noun phrases That is the reason why the study will discuss the post-modification of a noun phrase in the two languages and some types of post-modification occurring frequently in “NIS”.
Methods of the study
Just as mentioned in the aims and scopes, this study will base itself on “the National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America” and its version in Vietnamese for description and analysis and comparison The approach is mainly synthetic and contrastive analysis The major method of the study is inductive That is from typical examples used in “NIS”, English noun phrases taken from police and security texts and its equivalence in Vietnamese We find out the similarities and differences, analyze the difficulties then draw out some rules.
Design of the study
This study consists of three main parts.
Part one, the introduction gives the rationale for the study It also outlines the aims, scope and methods for studying.
Part two, “Development”, is divided into four chapters:
Chapter II: Classification of post-modifiers of noun phrases in “NIS”
Chapter III: Comparative study of the translation of noun phrases taken from “NIS”
Chapter IV: Some possible difficulties and suggestions for translating
In part three, it is the conclusion, summarizing the issues addressed and not addressed in the study and suggesting some main points for further study.
DEVELOPMENT
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
CLASSIFICATION OF POST-MODIFICATION OF NOUN PHRASES IN
In this chapter, we will consider some characteristics of “NIS” and classify the post-modification of noun phrases in “NIS”
As mentioned above, almost noun phrases in “NIS” are long, abstract and polysemantic ones Particularly, they are also the intelligence and counter- intelligence related noun phrases Moreover, there are many long sentences (from five to seven lines) in “NIS” Therefore, it is very difficult for the translators, especially those who are untrained or lack of experience in security and intelligence profession (in another word- laypeople), to transfer precise meanings of the noun phrases in the document.
“We must capture the best practices of mission management from recent years, find ways to nurture their development, integrate them across the Community, and encourage Community leadership at all levels to take the initiative and apply these practices” (NIS, p11).
“Chúng ta phải đúc kết được những bài học thực tiễn có giá trị nhất trong thực thi nhiệm vụ những năm gần đây, tìm ra những phương thức thúc đẩy quá trình phát triển, đưa những bài học này vào trong toàn Cộng đồng và khuyến khích các nhà lãnh đạo Cộng đồng ở tất cả các cấp đi đầu trong việc áp dụng các bài học thực tiễn này” (NIS, p11).
“The Intelligence Community supports the whole-of-US Government efforts to protect the homeland, defeat terrorists and their capabilities, counter the spread of violent extremism, and prevent terrorists from acquiring or using Weapons of Mass Destruction” (NIS, p6)
“Cộng đồng Tình báo luôn ủng hộ mọi nỗ lực của Chính phủ Hoa Kỳ nhằm bảo vệ đất nước, triệt phá các tổ chức khủng bố và các cơ sở của chúng, chống sự phổ biến của chủ nghĩa cực đoan bạo lực, và ngăn chặn những phần tử khủng bố đoạt được hoặc sử dụng vũ khí hủy diệt hàng loạt.” (NIS, p6)
2.2 Survey on post-modification of noun phrases in “NIS”
2.2.1 Survey on the frequency of post-modifications
Through observation, we can say that constructions used in “NIS” are rather long and involved Sometimes a sentence may run into five or seven lines because of qualified and modified clauses necessary to avoid ambiguity Almost modifiers are post-modifiers The post-modifiers fall into three categories: Relative clauses, Non-finite clauses and Prepositional phrases.
2.2.2 Analysis the syntactic structures of the post-modification
2.2.2.1 Relative clauses as post-modification
All the relative clauses, which are taken from “NIS” fall into restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses.
- They come after the head noun to restrict the noun or identify the noun.
As far as grammar is concerned, general pronoun “that” which is independence of the personal or non-personal character of the antecedent and the function of the pronoun in the relative clause is frequently used.
In the two languages, restrictive relative clauses have common characteristics The structures are clearly the same and the relative pronouns
“that”, “which” in English is equivalents to “mà” in Vietnamese However, in
Vietnamese, when a attribute clause is used as post-modification, the semantic relation is similar to the verb acting as attributive of the head noun Thus, the relation word “mà” is optional Let us consider the following example:
Identify opportunities and levers that the United States and its allies can use to discourage interest in WMD.
Xác định cơ hội và động lực mà Mỹ và đồng minh cận Mỹ có thể sử dụng để ngăn chặn sự phát triển của vũ khí hủy diệt hàng loạt.
- Non-restrictive relative clauses are often found in documents like articles in Interpol Journal…they just give additional information, which is not essential for identifying the head and the head can be viewed as unique or as a member of a class that has been independently identified in the article The repertoire of pronouns is limited to the wh-items Non-restrictive relative clauses in English are recognized by commas.
Let’s consider the following example:
“That suit, which could come to trial by year end, also claimed that
American male employees who visited parents company head quarter in
Japan were taken to sexually oriented night clubs for entertainment…”
In this case, relative pronouns “who”, “which” are compulsory and they are translated into Vietnamese as:
Người mà, cái mà = who/which
Vụ kiện đó, (vụ mà) có thể ra tòa vào cuối năm cũng đã khẳng định rằng
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 nhân viên Mỹ (những người mà) sang thăm trụ sở công ty mẹ ở Nhận bản
8 9 10 11 12 được đưa đến những hộp đêm để tiêu khiển.
2.2.2.2 Ed-participle clauses as post-modification
Ed-participle clauses as post-modifications appear frequently in both documents of Law, regulations, rules and articles in journal The antecedent head is identical with the deleted subject of the ed-post modifying clause and the participle concerned is linked with the passive voice Hence, with intransitive verbs, there is no ed-post modifier corresponding exactly to a relative clause. For example:
“A person extradicted under the present treaty shall not be proceeded against
1 2 3 4 5 sentenced detained or re-extradicted to a third state…”
(Article 14: Modal Law Treaty on Extradition - United Nations 1992 )
“Người nào bị dẫn độ theo hiệp ước hiện hành sẽ không bị truy tố, kết án,
1 2 3 4 5 6 giam giữ hoặc tái dẫn độ sang nước thứ ba…”
Since ed-post modification corresponds to relative clause, it can cause trouble when we interpret it The above sentence can have one of the following equivalences in English: who is extradited under the present treaty who was extradited under the present treaty
A person who will be extradited under the present treaty who is being extradited under the present treaty
As usual, time makers like: now, next week or Tuesday…will help to determine the right equivalent but when there is no time maker we have to pay attention to this phenomenon when translating The passive voice in English is often translated into Vietnamese by using the word: “bị”, “được” or “ssdo”. These words base on the situations When the action implies bad will and it has the meaning of “suffering”, the word “bị” passive is used (Ban, 1998:151).
One more feature is that the noun phrases in “NIS” and police texts, the agent of the past participle clauses is not mentioned and more often, the head noun is modified by an ed-participle clause, which in turn is modified by another ed-participle.
Drug addicts convicted for the offence referred to in article 68 may request that
Những người nghiện ma túy bị kết án về tội đã nêu trong điều 68 có thể yêu cầu.
2.2.2.3 Prepositional phrase as post-modification
Prepositional phrase as post modification of the noun is also used to make the noun explicit or restricted.
There is a wide range of prepositions as post modifications.
As said in the first chapter, the preposition can be a single word like:
Chính sách phòng ngừa tội phạm
Action in case of fire
Hành động khi có cháy
The penalty of imprisonment of…to
Hình phạt tù từ…đến
In “NIS”, the complex preposition does not appear as much as single- word preposition The most frequently used prepositions are “of”, “for”, “in”. Most of them are appositive and restrictive.
In most cases, prepositional phrases as post modification in English and Vietnamese are similar in meanings and structures.
The role of the DNI in implementing the “NIS”
Vai trò của Giám đốc Tình báo Quốc gia trong thực hiện “Chiến lược Tình báo Quốc gia” (NIS, p17)
Các chính sách về phòng chống tội phạm
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TRANSLATION OF
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TRANSLATION OF NOUN PHRASES IN “NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY”
Even the simplest, most basic requirement we make of translation cannot be met without difficulty We cannot always match the content of a message in language A by an expression with exactly the same content in language B, because what can be expressed and what must be expressed is a property of a specific language in much the same way as how it can be expressed.
We have investigated some characteristics of the three main post- modifications of noun phrases in “NIS” In this chapter, we will examine how they are translated into Vietnamese The method is to compare noun phrases with different kinds of post-modification of the source texts (English) with their translations (Vietnamese) especially the lexical equivalence in English - Vietnamese translation We will discuss the similarities and differences between the source texts and their translations on the basic of the investigation about the language of intelligence and translation theory The remarks drawn out of this discussion will be the basis for some suggestions for those who are responsible for translating texts in this field.
Before embarking on the examination of the translation, it would be very useful to clear up some other problems of grammar, as Mona Baker (1996:86) states that “Differences in the grammar structures of the source and target languages often result in some changes in the information content of the message, during the process of translation ”
We realize that the passive voice usage is common in many varieties of written English and can pose various problems in translation, depending on the availability of similar structures or structures with similar functions in the target language In Vietnamese, passive voice is used less frequently than in English.
As a result, there is a tendency to translate English passive structures into active structures in Vietnamese in order to make translation sound natural not a word- for-word translation.
Events at home and abroad move quickly, often in an interconnected fashion,driven by the pace of technological change and international communications.
Các sự kiện trong và ngoài nước đang diễn ra hết sức mau lẹ, thường theo một mối liên hệ chặt chẽ, chịu tác động của những đổi thay của công nghệ và truyền thông quốc tế.
Những đổi thay của công nghệ và truyền thông quốc tế đã tác động tới các sự kiện trong và ngoài nước đang diễn ra hết sức mau lẹ, thường theo một mối liên hệ chặt chẽ.
However, in the translation of “NIS” from English into Vietnamese, passive voice structure is often remained This is to give the impression of objectivity, and to avoid expressive coloring.
Another point is the word order Word - order patterns fulfill a number of functions in all languages Syntactically, they indicate the role of subject, object, etc; semantically, they indicate roles such as actor, patient, beneficiary; communicatively, they indicate the flow of information Several linguists like Mona Baker, Peter Newmark, Bell, have suggested that different languages give different priorities to each of these functions, depending on how fixed their system of word order is Vietnamese is an amorphous language The word order plays a major role in maintaining a coherent point of view and in orienting message at text level If the word order is changed, the grammatical meaning will be also changed Mona Baker also says that: “languages vary in the extent to which they rely on word-order to signal the relationship between elements in the clause”.
3.2 The Translating of English relative clauses as post- modifications into Vietnamese
Transnational criminal organizations, including those that traffic drugs…
Các tổ chức tội phạm xuyên quốc gia, trong đó có các tổ chức buôn bán ma tuý trái phép…
“Most of the women who file sexual harassment suits in Japan ask that their names not be released to avoid bringing embarrassment upon themselves and their families”.
“Ở Nhật Bản, hầu hết những người phụ nữ (mà) đệ đơn các vụ kiện quấy rối tình dục yêu cầu không để lộ tên của họ nhằm tránh cho họ và gia đình họ những điều phiền toái”.
We can see that in the translation the relative pronoun “that” and “who” is not translated The relative clause corresponds to a verb phrase acting as subordinated component in Vietnamese noun phrase This attribute clause states the action done by the head noun That is why there is no need to add the relative word “mà” However, sometimes translators add this relational word. For example 3:
“Persons who avoid the detoxification treatment shall be punished by imprisonment of…to…”
(Articles 7: Modal Law on suppression the production of and illicit traffic in controlled substances United Nations 1992)
“Người nào “mà” trốn tránh điều trị cai nghiện sẽ bị phạt tù từ…đến…”
The noun “person” in plural form should have been translated as “những người” but is translated as “người nào” and this is done because of the characteristic of the police text style The relative clause “who avoid the detoxification” is rendered into the verb phrase acting as the subordinated component of the head noun in Vietnamese, thus relational word “mà” need not adding to the translation Through observing other translations, we see that relative word “mà” is added unnecessarily.
“The environment in which the national security of the United States is embedded grows almost daily in complexity, both internationally and domestically”
“Môi trường mà “trong đó” nền An ninh quốc gia của Mỹ tồn tại hầu như mỗi ngày một phức tạp hơn, cả phạm vi quốc tế và trong nước”.
We see that the relative clause “in which the national security of the
United States is embedded” does not state the characteristics of the head noun
“the environment” but the place relationship That is why relational word must be added to make the combination between the head noun and the subordinated component clear Here some translators chose “mà” for “in which” while others prefer “trong đó” We do not discuss lexical equivalent, we just want to show that in the combination of head noun and the subordinated component showing the place relationship, relational word must be added to make the meaning of the noun phrase clear.
Again in the following example:
Identify opportunities and levers that the United States and its allies can use to discourage interest in WMD (NIS, p7)
Xác định cơ hội cũng như động cơ mà Mỹ và đồng minh có thể sử dụng để ngăn chặn sự phát triển của vũ khí hủy diệt hàng loạt.
From the different examples of relative clauses, we realized that restrictive or not restrictive relative clause as post modification of English noun phrase often corresponds to a verb phrase acting as a subordinated component of Vietnamese noun phrase and in this case the relative pronoun “who” or
“which” is not translated It is translated only when the relative clause is translated equally to a clause in Vietnamese and when the head noun is not the doer of the verb in the relative clause Relative words “mà”, “của”, are used only when the meaning is not transparent or when it shows the place or material relationship with the head noun.
3.3 The translating of English ed-participle clauses as modification
Let us consider some examples:
“The maximum penalties specified in articles 4 to 11 shall be doubled when the offender participated in other illegal activities facilitated by the offence”
(Articles 16: Modal Law on Suppression of Offences)
CONCLUSION
Issues addressed in the study
We have completed an investigating of some aspects of the language of
“NIS” and some police texts Although the study has not only much been based on theoretical notions but on the results of the experience which the author has acquired during a number of years studying at People’s Public Security, the study reported has covered a number of issues.
We started from the analysis of the English and Vietnamese noun phrases
“NIS” as well as that of Police texts in order to get a deeply understanding of different grammar structures between the two languages We know that this purpose serves the translating process, as all languages differ in form, if we want to preserve the content while translating, the form must be altered
To achieve this purpose, a thorough survey has been made on a number of Police texts and noun phrases in “NIS” in English to find out the common characteristics of noun phrases in these texts Owning to the lexical density, most sentences are loaded heavily noun phrases with post-modifications such as relative clauses, ed-participle clauses, prepositional phrases These post- modifications of noun phrases are the most noticeable feature that restricts the head noun and makes the head nouns unambiguous, precise and all-inclusive.
Furthermore, there is not only one type of post-modification in a sentence, so it is the translator’s duty to define the meaning relationship among the phrase.
The study also shows that the post-modification of Vietnamese noun phrase is very complicated It can be enlarged by different items such as: nouns, verbs, pronouns and numbers Each of the items has its own way of ordering in the sentence Different ordering brings different meanings For the translation of each type of post-modifications, the following rules may be a good help:
+ Relative pronouns in relative clauses as post-modification in English noun phrases are not translated into Vietnamese.
+ Relative words such as “mà”, or “cái mà”, or “người mà” is only added when the meaning of the sentence is opaque and it must be considered carefully to avoid wordy translation.
+ The passive form in “NIS” and some Police texts are often maintained inVietnamese to preserve the objectivity for the translation.
The findings about the language of the Police texts and its register are also useful for those who deal with translation of legal documents in general andIntelligence and Police texts in particular All the sentences must be unit directional The performative, certainty and clarity of legal discourse must be preserved.
Issues not addressed in the study
The study reported has started some problems, which translators often encounter while translating English noun phrases into Vietnamese:
+ The complexity of the structure
+ The ambiguity of meaning among the constituents of the noun phrase
+ The difficulty in choosing words and arranging the order of items in Vietnamese noun phrases.
Yet, it has not analyzed and interpreted the logical meaning relationship between the items of the noun phrases especially when the noun phrases have several layers of attributes.
Secondly, there are several aspects of language that involves the creation of precision, clarity, and all inclusiveness, like modality, terminology not being investigated It would have been better for the last chapter “some potential difficulties and suggestions for translating “NIS” and some texts in Police field” if some more comparisons between the language of English and Vietnamese noun phrases in these field has been made This would make the suggestions for the translators more detailed and relevant to their work However, we have to content with superficial and brief suggestions, because the main objective of this study does not allow us to deal with this issue in detail.
Suggestions for further studies
i) Further study on this topic should focus on the lexical choice and its arrangement as well as syntactic selections as intelligence documents and police texts involve the use of constructions, which allow the elimination of the human participants involved (the use of nominalization with agent deletions). ii) Considering the terminology used in intelligence documets and police texts, further study should focus on the register, as Gregory (1980:466) states that the establishment of register equivalence can be seen then as the major factor in the process of translation. iii) From a number of noun phrases in “NIS” and some English police texts translated into Vietnamese, further study on the translation of noun compound is needed to shed light on many issues, which remain unsearched in this area, in order to contribute to lexicalized equivalents in the target language.
1 The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America- August 2009.
2 International Criminal Police Review (number 469, 471, United Nations) (Interpol Reviews)
3 The Journal of International Security (Volume - Intersect 7,8,9,10)
4 Model Law on the suppression of the production of and illicit traffic in controlled substances and on measures against the abuse of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.(Volume 2)
5 Model Law on extradition and mutual legal assistance with regard to illicit traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Volume 2)
6 Sexual Harassment Suit (Japan - Quarterly Volume 9)
7 National Security Council of the United States of America
8 National Security - Science and Technology Strategy
9 Standards and Norms in Crime prevention and Criminal Justice (UnitedNations - New York 1992)
APPENDIX I: “The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America - August 2009” It will be pvovided later
A LIST OF PRE-MODIFICATIONS IN “NIS”
1 Verbs as pre-modification: shifting international security landscape (NIS, p1) bối cảnh an ninh thế giới đang biến động emerging threats (NIS, p1) những mối đe dọa đang nổi lên harnessing opportunities (NIS, p1) tận dụng cơ hội changing national security environment (NIS, p3) môi trường an ninh quốc gia đang thay đổi increasing natural resource-focused diplomacy and military modernization
(NIS, p3) chính sách ngoại giao tập trung vào tài nguyên ngày càng gia tăng và hiện đại hóa lực lượng quân sự developing economies (NIS, p4) các nền kinh tế đang phát triển operating concepts (NIS, p5) khái niệm hoạt động warn of impending attacks (NIS, p6) cảnh báo những vụ tấn công sắp xảy ra leading industries (NIS, p8) các nước công nghiệp hàng đầu existing traditional liaison relationships
(NIS, p12) các mối quan hệ liên lạc truyền thống hiện có
2 Possessive pronouns and “’s-genitive” as pre-modification:
Our attention, resources and commitment (NIS, p1) sự chú tâm, nguồn lực và cam kết của chúng ta
America’s values (NIS, p2) giá trị của nước Mỹ
American’s expectations (NIS, p2) kỳ vọng của người dân Mỹ
Its (Iran) nuclear and missile programs
(NIS, p3) các chương trình tên lửa và vũ khí hạt nhân của Iran
Today’s mission (NIS, p5) nhiệm vụ hiện nay
Tomorrow’s challenges (NIS, p5) thách thức phía trước
Its (North Korea) sustained pursuit of nuclear and ballistic missile capabilities (NIS, p3) sự theo đuổi khả năng hạt nhân và tên lửa đạn đạo của Bắc Triều Tiên
Nation’s highest priorities (NIS, p8) ưu tiên hàng đầu của quốc gia
Tư tưởng của bọn khủng bố
These groups’ financial support (NIS, p6) viện trợ tài chính của các nhóm này
Adversaries’s goals (NIS, p8) mục tiêu của kẻ thù
Partners’ knowledge of the IC
(NIS, p12) sự hiểu biết về Cộng đồng Tình báo của đối phương
(NIS, p16) những thách thức về an ninh đối với nước ta
DNI’s role (NIS, p17) vai trò của Giám đốc Tình báo Quốc gia
NIS’s objectives (NIS, p18) các mục tiêu của Chiến lược Tình báo
(NIS, p5) khả năng riêng có của Cộng đồng
3 Ed-participles as pre-modification an interconnected fashion (NIS, p1) một mối liên hệ chặt chẽ limited potable sources (NIS, p4) nguồn lực hữu dụng có hạn integrated team (NIS, p5) nhóm hỗn hợp deployed military units (NIS, p5) các đơn vị quân đội đã được triển khai expanded use of techniques (NIS, p8) việc sử dụng rộng rãi các phương tiện kỹ thuật anticipated risks (NIS, p12) hiểm họa được dự báo trước
Mục tiêu hoạt động đã được thiết lập
In compressed time frames (NIS, p13) trong điều kiện thời gian có hạn
(NIS, p18) thách thức chưa từng thấy
(NIS, p3 & p5) mục tiêu/lợi ích/tình báo chiến lược
Aymmetric means (NIS, p3) các phương tiện không tương xứng
Hoạt động hợp tác đa phương
Erratic behavior (NIS, p3) phản ứng thất thường
Representative government (NIS, p3) chính phủ đại diện
Pandemic disease (NIS, p4) đại dịch
A persistent challenge (NIS, p4) thách thức lâu dài
Technological change (NIS, p4) thay đổi công nghệ
Criminal activities (NIS, p6) các hoạt động hình sự
At the tactical level (NIS, p6) dưới góc độ chiến thuật
A consistent, comprehensive and collaborative effort (NIS, p8) nỗ lực phối hợp, ling hoạt và kiên định
New contingencies (NIS, p10) các diễn biến bất thường mới
Specific information (NIS, p13) thông tin quan trọng
B LIST OF POST-MODIFICATIONS IN “NIS”
1 Relative clauses as post-modification
The United States faces a complex and rapidly changing national security environment (in which) nation-states, highly capable non-state actors, and other transnational forces (NIS, p3)
Hoa kỳ đang phải đối mặt với môi trường an ninh quốc gia hết sức phức tạp và thay đổi rất nhanh (mà) tại các quốc gia độc lập, các thực thể phi nhà nước có tiềm lực lớn, và các lực lượng xuyên quốc gia khác.
We must operate effectively regardless of where the intelligence resides…
Chúng ta phải hoạt động một cách hiệu quả dù lực lượng tình báo hiện diện ở bất cứ nơi nào…
Transnational criminal organizations, including those that traffic drugs…
Các tổ chức tội phạm xuyên quốc gia, trong đó có các tổ chức mà buôn bán ma tuý trái phép…
Implement a shared environment with improved bussiness operations and services that enhances mission capabilities and….(NIS, p13)
Thiết lập một môi trường chung với các công ty và dịch vụ tình báo hoạt động vì mục đích thương mại mà có khả năng thực thi nhiệm vụ và…
Understand, monitor and disrupt violent extremist groups that actively plot to inflict grave damage or harm to the United States…(NIS, p6)
Nắm bắt, giám sát và tiêu diệt các nhóm cực đoan bạo lực mà có chủ mưu gây ra thiệt hại nghiêm trọng hoặc gây phương hại lợi ích nước của Mỹ…
Idenify opportunities and levers that the United States and its allies can use to discourage interest in WMD
Xác định cơ hội cũng như động lực mà
Mỹ và đồng minh có thể sử dụng để ngăn chặn sự phát triển của vũ khí hủy diệt hàng loạt.
Nation-states and non-governmental entities are compromising, stealing, changing, or destroying information, and have the potential to undermine national confidence in the information systems upon “which” our economy and national security rests (NIS, p9)
Các thực thể phi Chính phủ và các quốc gia độc lập đang xâm hại, đánh cắp, thay đổi, thậm chí phá hủy thông tin, và có nguy cơ tiềm ẩn làm giảm lòng tin của nhân dân đối với hệ thống thông tin có ảnh hưởng đến sự ổn định của nền kinh tế và an ninh quốc gia.
We required a flexible approach that allows tailored support where no single solution fits all (NIS, p11)
Chúng ta cần một cách tiếp cận linh hoạt cho phép hỗ trợ tổng hợp chứ không có giải pháp đơn lẻ nào thích hợp cả.
Our approaches must alige with broader national policy and the harmonized across the IC through policy that delineates roles, responsibilities, and authorities
Cách tiếp cận của chúng ta phải đi liền với chính sách chung của quốc gia và sự hài hòa trong Cộng đồng Tình báo thông qua các chính sách quy định vai trò, trách nhiệm và quyền hạn.
IC elements are collaborative partners that share information, capabilities, and resources to achieve mission success (NIS, p11)
Các yếu tố cấu thành của Cộng đồng Tình báo là các đối tác phối hợp chia sẻ thông tin, tiềm lực, và các nguồn lực để hoàn thành nhiệm vụ.
2 Prepositional phrases as post-modification in the cyber domain (NIS, p1) trong lĩnh vực phòng chống tội phạm mạng from counterintelligence threats
(NIS, p1) từ những mối đe dọa đối với hoạt động phản gián in a manner (NIS,p2) ở góc độ nào đó in a novel way (NIS, p3) theo phương thức truyền thống possible use of nuclear weapons of devices if they can acquire them
(NIS, p3) việc sử dụng các thiết bị có chức năng sản xuất vũ khí hạt nhân trong trường hợp họ sở hữu các trang thiết bị ấy. the rule of law (NIS, p3) pháp quyền the effects of global warming (NIS, p4) tác động của tình trạng ấm lên toàn cầu the risk of pandemic disease (NIS, p4) hiểm họa của đại dịch the impact of their decisions (NIS, p5) tác động của những quyết sách của họ warning of terrorist attacks (NIS, p6) cảnh báo các cuộc tấn công khủng bố weapons of mass destruction (NIS, p6) vũ khí hủy diệt hàng loạt events of significance (NIS, p7) các sự kiện quan trọng sources of intelligence (NIS, p9) nguồn tình báo quality of intelligence analysis
(NIS, p8) chất lượng phân tích tình báo the flow of WMD-related materials, technologies, funds, and expertise
(NIS, p7) sự phổ biến của nguyên liệu, công nghệ, tài chính và chuyên môn hóa có liên quan đến vũ khí hủy diệt hàng loạt. the effectiveness of our military plans and weapon systems (NIS, p8) hiệu quả của hệ thống hạt nhân và các kế hoạch quân sự của chúng ta globalization of the marketplace
(NIS, p8) quá trình thương mại hóa toàn cầu the openess of the modern information networks (NIS, p8) sự phổ biến của mạng lưới thông tin hiện đại protection of the Nation’s information infrastructure (NIS, p9) bảo vệ cơ sở hạ tầng thông tin quốc gia mission of high priority (NIS, p11) nhiệm vụ ưu tiên hàng đầu greater integration analysis and collection (NIS, p11) sự thống nhất cao trong việc thu thập và phân tích a wide range of policy (NIS, p11) hành loạt chính sách mission teams for complex challenges
(NIS, p12) những đội đặc nhiệm giải quyết các vấn đề phức tạp the impact of establishing such teams
(NIS, p12) tác động của việc thành lập những đội đặc nhiệm này type and volume of data (NIS, p13) loại và khối lượng dữ liệu the integrity of our information
(NIS, p14) tính xác thực của thông tin