ELECTRIC VEHICLES – THE BENEFITS AND BARRIERS Edited by Seref Soylu Electric Vehicles – The Benefits and Barriers Edited by Seref Soylu Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Alila Sao Mai, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Electric Vehicles – The Benefits and Barriers, Edited by Seref Soylu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-287-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 A Survey on Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology 1 Samuel E. de Lucena Chapter 2 Electric Vehicles in an Urban Context: Environmental Benefits and Techno-Economic Barriers 19 Adolfo Perujo, Christian Thiel and Françoise Nemry Chapter 3 Plug-in Electric Vehicles a Century Later – Historical lessons on what is different, what is not? 35 D. J. Santini Chapter 4 What is the Role of Electric Vehicles in a Low Carbon Transport in China? 63 Jing Yang, Wei Shen and Aling Zhang Chapter 5 Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 73 Vít Bršlica Chapter 6 Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles 93 Nicola Briguglio, Laura Andaloro, Marco Ferraro and Vincenzo Antonucci Chapter 7 Supercapacitors as a Power Source in Electrical Vehicles 119 Zoran Stević and Mirjana Rajčić-Vujasinović Chapter 8 Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Utility Systems 135 Cristina Camus, Jorge Esteves and Tiago Farias VI Contents Chapter 9 Communication with and for Electric Vehicles 159 Jonas Fluhr and Theo Lutz Chapter 10 Applications of SR Drive Systems on Electric Vehicles 173 Wang Yan, Yin Tianming and Yin Haochun Chapter 11 LiFePO 4 Cathode Material 199 Borong Wu, Yonghuan Ren and Ning Li Chapter 12 An Integrated Electric Vehicle Curriculum 217 Francisco J. Perez-Pinal Preface Internal combustion engines have experienced an enjoyed monopoly for almost a century as power sources of road transport vehicles. But, in the same period, vehicle ownership and mileages increased to a level that the resulting petroleum based fuel consumption, urban air pollutants and green house gas emissions (the challenging triad) have became great concern especially for past a few decades. There have been several regulations issued to be remedy for the challenging triad, but even in the most developed countries, the challenging triad has been still one of the biggest threats for sustainable transport and development of urban agglomerations. Development in internal combustion engines and their fuels was very fast in the early decades of the 20 th century, but today internal combustion engines are at their mature levels that any further development to increase engine efficiency and minimize the emissions is expected to be very little if ever possible. Any improvement in engine and fuel technology for better efficiency and emissions either increases the cost to uncompetitive levels or brings additional environmental problems when especially considering life cycle of the engines and fuels. Electric vehicles, on the other hand, are becoming promising alternatives to be remedy for the challenging triad and sustainable transport as they use centrally generated electricity as a power source. It is well known that power generation at centralized plant is much more efficient and its emissions can be controlled much easier than those emitted from internal combustion engines that scattered all over the world. Additionally, an electric vehicle can convert the vehicle’s kinetic energy to electrical energy and store it during braking and coasting. All these benefits of electrical vehicles are starting to justify, a century later, attention of industry, academia and policy makers again as promising alternatives for urban transport. Nowadays, industry and academia are striving to overcome the challenging barriers that block widespread use of electric vehicles. Lifetime, energy density and power density, weight, cost of battery packs are major barriers to overcome. In this sense there is growing demand for knowledge to overcome the barriers and optimize the components and energy management system of electrical vehicles. X Preface In this book, theoretical basis and design guidelines for electric vehicles have been emphasized chapter by chapter with valuable contribution of many researchers who work on both technical and regulatory sides of the field. Multidisciplinary research results from electrical engineering, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering were examined and merged together to make this book a guide for industry, academia and policy maker. To be effective chapters of the book were designed in a logical order. It started with the examination of historical development of electrical vehicles. Then, an overview of the electrical vehicle technology with the benefits and barriers was presented. After that current state of the art technology and promising alternatives for electrical vehicle components were examined. Finally, to establish the required knowledge for overcoming the major barriers electrical vehicles, the state of the art curriculum from technician to PhD education was introduced. As the editor of this book, I would like to express my gratitude to the chapter authors for submitting such a valuable works that already published or presented in prestigious journals and conferences. I hope you will get maximum benefit from this book to take the urban transport system to a sustainable level. Seref Soylu, PhD Sakarya University Department of Environmental Engineering, Sakarya, Turkey [...]... a) 19 20 Detroit Electric b) 2 010 Toyota Prius (HEV) [Toyota Motor Co., 2 011 ] There are many reasons for EVs and HEVs to represent so low a share of today’s car market For EVs, the most important are their shorter range, the lack of recharging infrastructure, and higher initial cost Though HEVs feature range, performance and comfort equivalent or better than ICEVs, their initial cost is higher and the. .. based on either the energy converter type(s) used to propel the vehicles or the vehicles power and function (Chan, 2007; Maggetto & van Mierlo, 2000) When referring to the energy converter types, by far the most used EV classification, two big classes are distinguished, as depicted in Fig 3, namely: battery electric vehicles (BEVs), also named pure electric vehicle, and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)... motor driver It all depends on the motor type and ratings and on the battery voltage, energy and power density For maximum efficiency, the vehicle’s kinetic energy must be converted to electrical energy by the motor/generator and stored in the battery pack via the power converter, whenever the break pedal is pressed and during coasting Of course, the electronic detail of the power converter (e.g., topology,... 4) places them into the following three categories, according to the electric motor power under the hood: micro hybrid, mild hybrid, and full hybrid (Chan, 2007) In effect, this classification is a measure of the hybridization degree of the HEV (Maggetto, 2000) In other words, it indicates how much important is the role played by the electric motor in the car propulsion Micro hybrids use electric motor... maximize their income 3 .1 BEVs architectures Fig 6 illustrates one of the simplest topology for battery -electric vehicles The energy stored in the battery (or in a battery pack) is used by the power converter to drive the electric motor This, in turn, drives the two wheels by means of a fixed or changeable gear and a power splitting differential gear The power converter unit may include a dc-dc converter and. .. about the dynamic competition for market between plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) and FCVs showed that the early deployment PHEVs is almost certain to close the market for FCV in the future (Bento, 2 010 ) Another study shows that from 2006 onwards auto makers decreased sharply the prototyping activities with FCVs and much of the public funding in the U.S.A and other industrial countries shifted from FCVs to BEVs and. .. function of the employed motor type, battery technology and ratings, etc Anyway, in order to regenerate energy, the power converter must be able to control the power flow in both directions: from the battery to the motor as well as from the motor to the battery If the battery type cannot A Survey on Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology 7 be fast charged with the recovered kinetic energy, either... expected, the simplification of the mechanical design is attained at the expense of increased complexity of the power electronics and controllers On the other hand, augmenting the motor number, for a desired vehicle power and performance, leads to significantly smaller motors and, what is less obvious, to lower rated power switches and passive electronic parts, which influence on drive cost and reliability... An accurate look at Fig 1 reveals that electric motors are far superior to ICE and could do an excellent job in propulsion of vehicles, helping to solve the serious climate, air pollution and noise problems created by ICEVs As a matter of fact, electric vehicles (EVs) were invented in 18 34, before ICE vehicles, being manufactured by several companies of the U.S.A, England, and France (Chan, 2007) Fig... comfort Of course, the excellent technical performance does not take into account the environmental viewpoint The small delivery vehicle segment is intended mainly for city use However, 6 Electric Vehicles – The Benefits and Barriers unlike the second family car segment, vehicles of the former segment must be capable of moving a great number of relatively short-distance trips everyday Therefore, high . Communication with and for Electric Vehicles 15 9 Jonas Fluhr and Theo Lutz Chapter 10 Applications of SR Drive Systems on Electric Vehicles 17 3 Wang Yan, Yin Tianming and Yin Haochun Chapter 11 LiFePO 4. ELECTRIC VEHICLES – THE BENEFITS AND BARRIERS Edited by Seref Soylu Electric Vehicles – The Benefits and Barriers Edited by Seref Soylu. Source in Electrical Vehicles 11 9 Zoran Stević and Mirjana Rajčić-Vujasinović Chapter 8 Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Utility Systems 13 5 Cristina Camus, Jorge Esteves and Tiago