AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS Edited by Max Mulder Aeronautics and Astronautics Edited by Max Mulder Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mia Devic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright hunta, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Aeronautics and Astronautics, Edited by Max Mulder p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-473-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Aerodynamics 1 Chapter 1 Visualization of Complex Flow Structures by Matched Refractive-Index PIV Method 3 Kazuhisa Yuki Chapter 2 Plasma Flow Control 21 Ying-hong Li, Yun Wu, Hui-min Song, Hua Liang and Min Jia Chapter 3 Nonequilibrium Plasma Aerodynamics 55 Andrey Starikovskiy and Nickolay Aleksandrov Chapter 4 Numerical Investigation of Plasma Flows Inside Segmented Constrictor Type Arc-Heater 97 Kyu-Hong Kim Chapter 5 Physico - Chemical Modelling in Nonequilibrium Hypersonic Flow Around Blunt Bodies 125 Ghislain Tchuen and Yves Burtschell Chapter 6 A Frequency-Domain Linearized Euler Model for Noise Radiation 159 Andrea Iob, Roberto Della Ratta Rinaldi and Renzo Arina Chapter 7 High-Order Numerical Methods for BiGlobal Flow Instability Analysis and Control 185 Javier de Vicente, Daniel Rodríguez, Leo González and Vassilis Theofilis Part 2 Flight Performance, Propulsion, and Design 235 Chapter 8 Rotorcraft Design for Maximized Performance at Minimized Vibratory Loads 237 Marilena D. Pavel VI Contents Chapter 9 Concurrent Subspace Optimization for Aircraft System Design 257 Ke-shi Zhang Chapter 10 The Assessment Method for Multi-Azimuth and Multi-Frequency Dynamic Integrated Stealth Performance of Aircraft 279 Ying Li, Jun Huang, Nanyu Chen and Yang Zhang Chapter 11 Aircraft Gas-Turbine Engine’s Control Based on the Fuel Injection Control 305 Alexandru-Nicolae Tudosie Chapter 12 Plasma-Assisted Ignition and Combustion 331 Andrey Starikovskiy and Nickolay Aleksandrov Chapter 13 O 2 /CH 4 Kinetic Mechanisms for Aerospace Applications at Low Pressure and Temperature, Validity Ranges and Comparison 369 Angelo Minotti Part 3 Materials and Structures 401 Chapter 14 Creep Behaviors and Influence Factors of FGH95 Nickel-Base Superalloy 403 Tian Sugui and Xie Jun Chapter 15 Multi-Dimensional Calibration of Impact Models 441 Lucas G. Horta, Mercedes C. Reaves, Martin S. Annett and Karen E. Jackson Part 4 Avionics, Control and Operations 459 Chapter 16 An Agile Cost Estimating Methodology for Aerospace Procurement Operations: Genetic Causal Cost CENTRE-ing 461 R. Curran, P. Watson and S. Cowan Chapter 17 Developing Risk Models for Aviation Inspection and Maintenance Tasks 487 Lee T. Ostrom and Cheryl A. Wilhelmsen Chapter 18 Novel Digital Magnetometer for Atmospheric and Space Studies (DIMAGORAS) 499 George Dekoulis Chapter 19 Aeronautical Data Networks 515 Mustafa Cenk Erturk, Wilfrido Moreno, Jamal Haque and Huseyin Arslan Contents VII Chapter 20 Air Traffic Control Decision Support for Integrated Community Noise Management 533 Sander J. Hebly and Hendrikus G. Visser Chapter 21 A Conceptual Framework and a Review of Conflict Sensing, Detection, Awareness and Escape Maneuvering Methods for UAVs 549 B. M. Albaker and N. A. Rahim Chapter 22 Collision Probabilities, Aircraft Separation and Airways Safety 571 Luís Campos and Joaquim Marques Chapter 23 Development of an Aircraft Routing System for an Air Taxi Operator 589 F.M. van der Zwan, K. Wils and S.S.A. Ghijs Preface In the next decades, aerospace will be facing significant challenges. Important themes are the reduction of environmental impact and the increase in efficiency of aerospace operations. The most important and daunting challenge, however, is to design aircrafts and spacecrafts that, ultimately, do not depend on fossil fuels. The dependency of aerospace operations on fossil fuels, which is currently almost 99%, needs to be dramatically reduced. The availability of fossil fuels will be significantly decreased by 2035, increasing their cost. Given the fact that aerospace innovations typically take 20 to 30 years to move from a laboratory setting to a real-life, safe implementation, we have to hurry in developing radically novel aircrafts and spacecrafts, and the enabling technology. This book captures many of the ongoing investigations to develop more sustainable and environmentally-friendly aerospace vehicles. It contains twenty-three chapters organized in four main sections: aerodynamics, flight performance and propulsion, materials and structures, and avionics and operations. Throughout these sections, the research presented is often geared towards radical innovations that may well be the basis for the new era of aerospace operations. The section on aerodynamics covers subjects ranging from the visualization of complex flow using particle image velocimetry techniques, to the reduction of aerodynamic drag through plasma flow actuation techniques. In the propulsion and performance section, the chapters range from helicopter performance improvements through design, the improvement of gas turbine techniques and exhaust measurements, to radically new forms of propulsion. The section on structures and materials, novel metallic alloys with increased performance regarding creep and fracture, and the development of better models for calculating the impact of crashes. Many of these innovations are mandatory to design the next generation of aerospace vehicles that allow for a sustainable air transportation. In the near future, changes in how to operate aerospace vehicles more effectively and efficiently may be implemented. Novel air traffic management concepts, aircraft routing schemes and methods, new avionics sensors and aeronautical data networks facilitating a system-wide information management are on the drawing table and likely to be implemented in the next decade, even before the ‘new’ aerospace vehicles become real. X Preface The book clearly illustrates that the next generation aerospace vehicles and their operation require a multi-disciplinary approach, ranging from pure aerodynamics to operations research. After one hundred years of developments and the maturation of the aerospace domain from a pioneering activity into an established, indispensable field of study which enables our daily life activities, we now face an incredible challenge indeed. I hope you like the book. I would like to thank all authors for their efforts and assistance in completing the book. Special thanks to the InTech team for their help, great editing job, and for making this book possible in the first place. Max Mulder Department Control & Operations Faculty of Aerospace Engineering Technical University Delft The Netherlands [...]... w w 1, ne nw C w ne nv Cv nv 1 nw 1Qv ,1w v dt wv wv w w w 1, w nv 1 nw Qv , w 1 nv ( nw 1Qv , 1w nw Qv , ,vw 1 ) 1, v v 1 w w (11 ) w v v nv 1 nw Qv 1 nv nw Qv 1 w w Here Q and C are rate coefficients of collision The rate balance equation for each excited state is, for state N2(C), dnC ne nN 2 QC AC nC nC nN 2 QN 2 nC nO2 QO2 dt (12 )... Engineering and Design, vol 83, Issues 7-9, pp 11 02 -11 07 R M Fand & R Thinakaran (19 90) The influence of the wall on flow through pipes packed with spheres, Journal of Fluids engineering, vol 11 2, pp 84-88 R M Fand, M Sundaram, M Varahasamy (19 93) Incompressible fluid flow through pipes packed with spheres at low dimension ratios, Journal of Fluids engineering, vol 11 5, pp 16 9 -17 2 R M Fand, M Varahasamy,... JSFR, Proceedings of the 13 th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, N13P 116 7 Idelchik, I E (19 86) Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance, 2nd edition., Hemisphere, New York, p.2 71 T Shiraishi et al (2006) Resistance and Fluctuating Pressures of a Large Elbow in High Reynolds Numbers, Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol 12 8, pp 10 63 -10 73 20 Aeronautics and Astronautics Y Iwamoto... impact excitation and the cascading effect is not important for the N2(C3Пu) state population Therefore, the vibrational temperature can be determined according to the ratio of two lines in the N2(C) second positive system The spectra lines at 3 71. 1 nm and 380.5 nm are selected to calculate the vibrational temperature(Tv), as follows: 24 Aeronautics and Astronautics I 3 71. 1nm 1. 1384 exp( 0.4952... vortex shedding behind the sphere Fig 8 Visualizing section: S2 10 Aeronautics and Astronautics Fig 9 Time-averaged flow field, vorticity, and RMS of velocity fluctuation of bypass flow Fig 10 Mean velocity and RMS profiles in the radial and streamwise directions Visualization of Complex Flow Structures by Matched Refractive-Index PIV Method 11 To evaluate the three-dimensional structure of the bypass... 1. 0 (=R/D : where R is the curvature radius) Here, we introduced an infrared ray Diode laser, with an output of 10 mJ and a wavelength of 808nm This indicates that the refractive-index of the NaI solution needs to be re-adjusted with the method shown in Figure 1 Nylon particles with the average diameter of 20m and a specific gravity of 1. 03 are used as the tracer particle Figures 18 (a), (b), (c), and. .. section: S3 12 Aeronautics and Astronautics Fig 12 Time-averaged flow field, vorticity, and RMS of velocity fluctuation of bypass flow Fig 13 Time sequence of flow fields of bypass flow (Red=4900, Time interval=0.07sec.) 4.3 Flow structure behind the sphere To identify further the wake structures formed between the spheres, the longitudinal section S4 shown in Figure 15 is visualized Figure 15 also show... at Red=4900, and Figures 16 (a) through (c) show the distributions of vorticity and intensities of velocity fluctuation in the horizontal and vertical directions of S4, respectively The high- Visualization of Complex Flow Structures by Matched Refractive-Index PIV Method 13 Fig 14 Mean velocity and velocity-fluctuation intensity profiles in horizontal and vertical directions of S3 Fig 15 Visualizing... affect the 14 Aeronautics and Astronautics bypass flow structure and its behavior significantly, because the area with high velocity fluctuation by the wake does not spread out to the bypass flow area To sum up the matter, there are two factors that form the structure of the wake between the spheres and their unsteady behavior (see Fig 16 (d) that is illustrations of flow structures in S3 and S4): 1, Twin... degrees Celsius, and the visualization of the flow field is conducted at three Reynolds numbers (Red=Ud/ν) of 800, 2000 and 4900, based on the sphere diameter, d, and mean inlet-velocity U The mean inlet-velocity, which is equivalent to superficial velocity in the SPP, is 0.0376, 0.0940 and 0.230 m/s, respectively Fand et al (19 90, 19 93a, 19 93b) have classified the SPP pipe flow with D/d >1. 4 into: turbulent . Fuel Injection Control 305 Alexandru-Nicolae Tudosie Chapter 12 Plasma-Assisted Ignition and Combustion 3 31 Andrey Starikovskiy and Nickolay Aleksandrov Chapter 13 O 2 /CH 4 Kinetic Mechanisms. AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS Edited by Max Mulder Aeronautics and Astronautics Edited by Max Mulder Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 510 00 Rijeka,. Applications at Low Pressure and Temperature, Validity Ranges and Comparison 369 Angelo Minotti Part 3 Materials and Structures 4 01 Chapter 14 Creep Behaviors and Influence Factors of FGH95