Danh pháp hợp chất hữu cơ

Danh pháp hợp chất hữu cơ định các loại hợp chất như hiđrocacbon, ancol, andehit, axit. Số lượng các nhóm chức năng và vị trí của chúng ...Danh pháp hợp chất hữu cơ định các loại hợp chất như hiđrocacbon, ancol, andehit, axit. Số lượng các nhóm chức năng và vị trí của chúng ...

(C h u bien) - T R A N THj TlflJ DANH PHAP “ • -a m - r■\ nh m N H A X U A T B A N G IA O D U C V IE T N A M TRAN QUOC SON (Chu bien) - TRAN THj TlfU DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HQU CO ■ (Tai ban Ian thu mu&i co sua chua) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM Tran Quoc San, G S trirang D H SP Ha Noi Tran Thi Tiiru, P C S truong D H SP T P Ho Chi M inh LOI NOI DAU CHO LAN XUAT BAN THU" BA Van de thudt ngi't vd danh phap hod hoc a ni(dc ta dang duac rat nhieu ngitai ddc biet quan tarn Dieu khong nlu'tng vi tam quan cua no day vd hoc hod h oc cCing nhit sdn xuat va nghien cihi hod hoc, md cdn vi chi fa cd sit tliong nhd't ve cdc nguyen tdc xay difng thuat ngit hod hoc bang tieng Viet vd ve cdch phien chuyen tit tieng nude ngoai (chit yeu 1a tieng Anh) sang tieng Viet Cuon such gidi thieu nhifng nguyen tdc c o ban ve danh p h ap IUPAC cua cdc loqi hcrp clid't hifn c o thitting gap Sach ditac xuat ban Ian dau tien vao ndm 2000 da ditoc d oc gid don nhan rat nliiet tinh Ba nam sail, sach ditc/c xud't ban kin tint liai, co bo sung chitong V, tit bay den sach duac in lai lidng ndm d e d d p ifng nhu cau cua doc gid Ldn xuat ban tlu't b a chit bien phu trach, van gift nguyen ndm clutcmg, song m oi clutong deu ditac chinh li vd bo sung nhieu nham cap nhat vd m d rong pliqm vi sit dung cho ngitai doc, tam Id may van de sau : M ot Id, b o sung cdc c/uy tdc chon lita hidrua nen, quy tdc goi ten hop chat tap chitc, danh p h ap phan, danh phap dung hop cua hap chat di vdng H Id, dita them danh phap cdc he polixiclo, danh phap mot so hop chat chita niter nhit imit, hidrazit, cdc axit imidic, hidrazonic, hidroxam ic, danh phap !u/p chat cd k im vd hap chat hidroxi cacbonyl, Ba la phdt trien danh phap cua nhieu loqi chat, so d o co a-am ino axit, cacbohidrat, glixerit, steroit Bon Id, dita vao cuoi m oi clutang mot so bdi tap, lidu het ditac trd lai a cuoi sach Cuon sach vita Id tai lieu bdi ditang gido vien hod hoc vita la giao trinh cho sinli vien dqi hoc, c a o dang, hoc vien cao hoc vd nghien ci'tu sinh, dong thai cung Id tai lieu tham khao cho cdn bo giang day vd nghien cihi hod hoc hCtu co ciing tat cd nhifng quan tam den danh phap hod hoc C dc tdc gid rat mong nhan ditac nhieu y kien phe binh xay dung Hd N oi, thang ndm JO C a c ta c gia MUC LUC Chuangl DAI CUONG V£ DANH PHAP HIJU CO 1-1 MO DAU 1-1-1 So luoc ve qua trinh hinh va phat trien danh phap hop chat huru c o 13 1-1-2 Vai net ve tinh hinh nghien curu sur dung thuat ngur va danh phap hoa hoc o nude ta 13 1-2 PHAN LOAI DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HLTU CO DANH PHAP IUPAC 1-2-1 Phan loai chung ve danh phap hop chat huu co 15 Danh phap he thong (15) Danh phap thong thucmg (16) Danh phap nua he thong hay nira thong thuong (16) 1-2-2 Phan loai danh phap IUPAC 16 Ten thay the (16) Ten trao ddi (17) Ten loai chuc (18) Ten dung hop (18) Ten ket hop (19) Ten cong (19) Ten trir (20) Ten nhan (21) Ten cua di vong theo Hantzsch va Widman (21) Cac xiclophan (22) Ten thong thuong va nua he thong duoc IUPAC luu dung (23) 1-3 QUY D|NH VE SIJ DUNG CAC CHi S6 V! TRI VA CAC LOAI DAU TRONG DANH PHAP IUPAC 1-3-1 Cac chi so ve vj t r i 23 1-3-2 Dau phay va cac daiu chaim 24 Dau phay (24) Dau mot cham (24) Dau hai cham (25) 1-3-3 Gach noi va dau cach 25 Gach noi (25) Dau cach (26) 1-3-4 Cac dau moc dong 26 Dau moc cong (26) Dau moc vuong (27) Dau moc xoan (28) 1-4 TIEN T6, HIDRUA NEN VA NHOM DAC TRUNG 1-4-1 Tien t o Tifin to vi boi (28) Tien to've cS'u tao (31) 28 MUC LUC 1-4-2 Ilidrua nen 33 Hidrua nen don nhan (33) Hidrua nen ax iclic da nhan (34) Hidrua nen don vong (34) Hidrua nfin da vong (35) 1-4-3 Nhom dike trurng 36 Phan loai nhom dac trung theo he tit;n to/hau t6' danh phap thay the (36) Do uu tien cua cac nhom dac trung (37) 1-5 QUY TAC CHUNG CUA Vl£C GOI TEN THEO DANH PHAP THAY THf: IUPAC 1-5-1 H idrocacbon 38 Xac dinh hidrua nen (38) Danh so cac nguyen tir cacbon tren mach chlnh (39) Goi ten day du (39) 1-5-2 Dan xuait cua hidrocacbon 39 Xac dinh nhom dac trung (39) Xac dinh hidrua ndn (39) Danh so mach chrnh (39) Truong hop chua nhom dac trung loai A (40) Truong hop chua nhom dac trung loai B (40) Cac hop chat tap chuc (40) Tom tat trinh tu goi ten dan xuat cua hidrocacbon (40) 1-5-3 Cac quy tac xac dinh hidrua nen axiclic 41 1-5-4 Mot so quy tac chon lira hidrua nen doi voi cac hop chat chua ca mach ho Ian mach vong 43 1-6 DANH PHAP D6NG PHAN CAU HINH 1-6-1 Dong phan hinh hoc 45 1Ic danh phap as/trims (45) He danh phap syn/anti (46) He danh phap Z/E (46) 1-6-2 Dong phan quang h oc 48 Danh phap D/L (49) Danh phap R/S (49) Danh phap erythro/threo (51) Bai tap chuang I 52 DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HOU CO C hirongII DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, CAC ION VA GbC TU DO, CAC D| VONG 11-1 HIDROCACBON NO MACH HO 11-1-1 Hidrocacbon no mach ho khong nhanh 53 II-1-2 Hidrocacbon no mach nhanh 54 Xac dinh hidrua ndn (54) Danh so (56) Xac djnh ten cua cac nhanh (57) Thiet lap ten day du (57) II-1-3 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon n o 58 Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon no hoa tri mot (58) Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon no hoa tri hai (59) Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon hoa tri ba va cao hon (60) 11-2 HIDROCACBON KHONG NO MACH HO II-2-1 Hidrocacbon khong no 61 Hidrocacbon khong no co mot hay nhieu lien ket doi (61) Hidrocacbon co mot hay nhiSu lien ket ba (62) Hidrocacbon chiia ddng thoi lien ket doi va lien ket ba (62) II-2-2 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon khong n o 63 Nhom (goc) hoa tri mot (63) Nhom (goc) da hoa tri (64) 11-3 HIDROCACBON VONG NO VA KHONG NO II-3-1 Hidrocacbon don vong n o 65 Hidrocacbon don vong no khong nhanh va co nhanh (65) Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon don vong no (65) II-3-2 Hidrocacbon don vong khong no 66 Hidrocacbon don vong khong no ( 66) Cac nhom (goc) hidrocacbon don vong khong no ( 66) 11-3-3 Hidrocacbon hai vong co chung mot nguyen tu mat vong : Hidrocacbon kieu s p iro .67 Hidrocacbon kieu spiro (67) Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon kieu spiro (67) II-3-4 Hidrocacbon hai vong co chung cau noi : Hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo 68 Hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo ( 68) Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo ( 68) II-3-5 He nhieu vong (da vong) co chung cau noi Hidrocacbon kieu polixiclo 69 11-4 HIDROCACBON THOM 11-4-1 Hidrocacbon thorn don vong va da v o n g .69 Ten thong thudng cua aren duoc IUPAC luu dung (69) Ten cua cac aren co nhom the' (71) Ten cua cac hidrocacbon thorn da vong dung hop (72) II-4-2 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon thorn 74 Cac nhom (goc) co ten thong thuong hoac ten nua he thong duoc luu dung (74) Cac nhom (goc) thorn khac (75) 11-5 G dc CACBO TU DO, ION VA ION-GdC 11-5-1 Goc tu 76 Cac gdc tu R va R (76) Cac goc tu co nhom the (76) 11-5-2 Cation va cation -goc 77 Cation duoc hinh bang cach them H(+> vao hidrua nen (77) Cation duoc hinh bang cach bdt di H( * tu hidrua n6n (77) Cation-goc (78) II-5-3 Anion va anion-goc 78 Cacbanion (78) Anion-goc (79) 11-6 DANH PHAP DI VONG II-6-1 Ten thong thuong va ten nua he thong 80 Di vong don va di vong da dung hop (80) Nhom (goc) di vong (80) II-6-2 Ten he thong theo Hantzsch - Widman 81 II-6-3 Ten trao d o i 83 II-6-4 Ten dung hop 84 Bai tap chuong II 86 C h iron g III DANH P H A P H O P CHAT HUU CO DON CHITC VA DA CHIFC D N G NHAT 111-1 DAN x u At h a l o g e n VA HOP c h At NITRO III-1.-1 Dan xuat halogen 89 Danh phap thay the (89) Danh phap loai chuc (91) Danh phap cong ( j ) Ten thong thuong (91) III-1-1 Hop chat n itro 92 DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HCTU CO 111-2 ANCOL VA PHENOL III-2-1 A n co l 92 Danh phap thay the (92) Danh phap loai chuc (92) Ten thong thuong va ten nua he thong duoc luu dung (93) I1I-2-2 Phenol 93 Danh phap thay the (93) Ten thong thuong (93) Cac dan xuat hidroxi cua he tap hop vong thorn (94) III-2-3 Cac hop chat tuong dong chalcogen cua ancol va phenol 94 III-2-4 Cac nhom (goc) sinh bang cach tach H d O H 95 Cac nhom gdc R O - va A rO - (95) Cac nhom hoa tri hai d dang -O -X -O - (95) Cac nhom chua S va Se tuong dong vdi RO- va ArO- (96) 111-3 ETE VA PEROXIT ni-3-1 E te 96 Danh phap thay the (96) Danh phap loai chuc (96) Danh phap trao doi (96) Ten thong thuong (97) Cac chat tuong dong chua S va Se cua ete (97) I1I-3-2 Ete v o n g 97 m -3-3 Hidroperoxit va peroxit 98 Hidroperoxit ROOH (98) Peroxit RO O R’ (99) Hidro disunfua RSSH va disunfua R SSR ’ (99) 111-4 ANDEHIT VA XETON LO-4-1 Andehit 99 Monoandehit va diandehit mach hd (99) Poliandehit mach ho chua >3 nhom CHO va andehit cd >1 nhom CHO noi true tiep vdi mach vong (100) Andehit cd nhom CHO d cach mach vong bang mot doan mach cacbon (100) Andehit va axit tuong ung cd ten thong thudng (101) Chat tuong dong chalcogen cua andehit ( 102) III-4-2 X e to n 102 Danh phap thay the (102) Danh phap loai chuc (103) Ten thong thudng duoc IUPAC luu dung (103) Cha't tuong dong chalcogen cua xeton (103) III-4-3 X e te n 104 III-4-4 D^n xuat d nhom chuc cua andehit va xeton 105 Axetal (105) Hemiaxetal (106) Axylal (106) Oxim (107) Hidrazon (107) 111-5 AXIT CACBOXYLIC VA CAC DAN XUAT III-5-1 Axit cacb oxylic .108 Axit monocacboxylic va dicacboxylic mach ho (108) Axit chtia >3 nhom cacboxyl noi vdi mach hd va axit chua >1 nhom cacboxyl noi vdi mach vong (108) Axit cd nhom COOH d cach xa vong mot doan mach cacbon (108) Ten thong thudng (109) Cac nhom axyl (109) Chat tuong ddng chalcogen cua axit cacboxylic ( 111 ) III-5-2 Diin xuat d nhom chuc cua axit cacboxylic 112 Muoi (112) Este (112) Halogenua axit (113) Anhidrit (113) Amit va imit (114) Hidrazit (115) Lacton va lactam (116) Nitrin (117) Cac axit imidic, hidrazonic, hidroximic va hidroxamic (118) 111-6 AMIN, IMIN VA MOT S6 CHUC CHUA HAI NGUYEN TU NITO III-6-1 Amin bac m o t .118 Monoamin bac mot (118) Diamin bac mot (119) III-6-2 Amin bac hai va amin bac b a 120 Amin bac hai va amin bac ba doi xung (120) Amin bac hai va amin bac ba khong doi xung ( 120) III-6-3 Cac hop chat azo va diazo 121 Hop chat azo (121) Hop chat diazoni (122) Hop chat diazo (122) 111-7 HOP CHAT CO KIM III-7-1 Truong hop kim loai khong noi vdi phoi tu anion 122 III-7-2 Hop chat co kim co phoi tu anion 123 Bai tap chuung I I I 123 ChirongIV DANH PHAP HOP CHATTAP CHIFC VA HOP CHAT THl£N NHl£N IV-1 QUY TAC GQI TEN CAC HQP CHAT TAP CHUC IV- 1-1 Danh phap thay the cua cac hop chat tap churc chi chua cac nhom loai \ j IV -1-2 Danh phap thay the cua cac hop chat tap chuc chua nhom loai B IV -1-3 Danh phap trao doi cua cac hop chat tap churc 234 DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HQU CO Van de la phai chon loc giu lai tat ca nhirng thuat ngO khong thuan V iet nhung dugc dong dao quan chung chdp nhan va coi nhu da dugc V iet hoa Thi du : hoa hoc, vo co danh phap, nhidt kd', xi mang, xa phong, compa, v v Didu quan la phai xay dung rdt nhidu thuat ngu mdi cua hoa hgc hien dai, tren co so dap ung mdt cach hai hoa cac dac tinh da ndu trdn ve thuat ngu hoa hoc bang tieng Vidt Dd tai dugc thuc hien bdi canh xa hoi cung rd't dang dugc quan tam Khong ke’ viec sir dung tid'ng Anh xa hoi hien nay, trudc het la tren cac phuong tien truydn thdng dai chung, dang trd nen cang phd bien va cung rat tien (do khdng cd sir hudng dSn xa hoi), quan diem :oi tieng Anh la ngoai ngir chinh, tham chi la ngoai ngir phd cap, da dugc chap nhan rdng rai Nhu vay, cac thuat ngir dugc chon de phien chuyen chii yeu se lay tu nguon tieng Anh ; tu> nhien, rieng ddi vdi ten cac nguyen td hoa hoc, de cd su tuong hgp giua ten nguydn td va ky hieu cua nguyen td dd, cung nhu viec goi ten cac hgp chat hoa hoc ma nguyen td dd tham gia dudi nhieu trang thai oxy hoa va kieu lien ket, hau het cac trudng hgp, van can diing ten La Tin lam gdc CAC QUY t Ac PHl£N CHUYEN DANH PHAP VA THUAT NGU Nhu da neu d tren, can xay dung he thdng danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc Viet Nam khdng chi cho thdi gian trudc mat ma cdn cho ca nhidu nam sau ; tieng Anh dugc dung la chinh dd phien chuyen Ngoai ra, danh phap va thuat ngu phai dam bao d mire hai hoa cac tieu chi da dat ra, uu tien cho tinh khoa hoc ; ddi vdi nhung trudng hgp (rat han che) chua cd su thong nhat, tam thdi phai ap dung hai phuong an song song de roi theo thdi gian se cd mot phuong an tu dao thai C ac quy ta c ve stir dung phu am a) Bo sung mot so phu dm khdng cd tieng Viet Dd la : f (fluor, formaldehyd, furfural, su lfa t, ), khong thay f bang ph cac ten goi tren, va ngugc lai cQng khdng thay ph bang f phenyl, phenol, naphthalen, ; j (javel, jasm inin, ja s m o n ), khdng thay j bang g i ; z (benzen, azobenzen, acid benzoic, hydrazin, hydrazid, zidovudin, ), khdng thay z bang d va ngugc lai khong thay d bang Z Phu am w it gap hoa huu co, song cdn thie't vdn dua vao (willardin, w ithasom nin, ) b) Bo sung mot so to hop phu dm hay la phu dm kep Dd la : br (brom, bromobenzen, bradikinin, ) ; c l (clor, cloral, clorobenzen, clo ro fo rm , ) ; cr (cresol, creatinin, criptan, cro m o n , ) ; fl (fluor, flaven, flavonoid, flu orescein , ) ; fr (franci, freon, frelingin, fru ctose, ) ; gl (glucose, glycin, g ly co l, ) ; 235 PHU LUC gr (graphit, gramin griseofu lvin , ) ; pi (platin, plastoquinon, platinecin, plasm oquin, ) ; pr (proton, propan, prolin, protein, prostaglandin, ) ; ps (pseudoionon, pseudotropin, psilocin psoralen ) ; sp (spin, spartein, spiropentan sp in acin , ) ; st (sterol, stearin, stilben, sty re n ) ; str (stronti strychnin, streptothricin, ) ; tr (natri, tetralin, triethylamin tropyli, tryptophan, ) Cac td hop phu am nhir kr (krypton) va sq (squalen) it gap c) Mo rong pham vi su dung cdc phu dm g k p va C g dirge tao van (dimg trudc) voi cac nguyen am e i ma khong can them h gh Thi du : germani halogen, gentam icin geraniol gib erelin , k dugc tao van (.dung trudc) voi a va mot so nguyen am khac Thi du : kali, alk an , p dugc tao vdn (dimg trudc) vdi tat ca cac nguyen am Thi du : paladi, palmitin, papavenn pectin, pentan peri, picolin polyethylen, pyridin, purin C dugc tao van vdi e i, y ce ci cy (doc nhu xe, xi, xy) ma khong chuyen doi x Thi du : ceri (C e), acid, aceton acetylen cyclohexan, glycerol Y tuong da dirge dd \uat bdi G S Hoang Xuan Han (1942 nhung chua dugc thuc hien), Uy ban Khoa hoc Nha nude d midn Bac (1 khong dugc da sd tan thanh), Tieu ban xay dung "nguyen tac soan thao danh tir chuyen khoa" d midn Nam (1 , dugc ap dung), Hoi ddng chuan hoa chinh ta va Hoi ddng chuan hoa thuat ngu ciia Bo G iao due CHXHCNVN (1984 it duoc ap dung) Nganh Dugc (Bo Y te) luon luon thong nhat khdng chuyen c x de tranh cac trudng hgp hieu 15m nguy hidm Dai da sd cac vien De tai tan phuong an khdng chuydn ce, ci, cy xe xi .ry ; song doi vdi mdt so it trudng hgp rat thdng dung ma da qua quen diing sach giao khoa va cac phuong tien truydn thdng dai chung thi tam thdi diing hai phuong an song song vdi hi vong la sau mot thdi gian se cd mot phuong an bi loai bo Thf du : acid/axit aceton/axeton, acetylen/axetilen cyclohexan/xiclohexan Ddi vdi cac trudng hop cdn lai (rat nhidu) thi thong nhat khdng chuyen c x Thi du : celulose, anthracen, pentacen, cephalexin, cerebrosid, citral, citronelol, cinamaldehyd, cyanohydnn cym en, cystein, cytidin v v Neu chuydn c x se gay kho khan cho vide tra cuu d) G iu nguyen phu dm d (khdng thay hang d song vdn doc nhu d tieng Viet) vd khong thay phu dm s d dm van cuoi hang z V£n dd giu nguydn phu am d ma khdng thay bang d da dugc tranh luan nhieu Cd y ki£n cho rang ti£ng Vidt cd phu am d ta lai diing d ma dgc nhu d Tuy vay, da sd y kien tan khdng thay d bang d vi gian don hon va dd hoi nhap hon, dac biet d rat hay gap danh phap hoa hoc Thf du : hydrogen, hydrocarbon, aldehyd, decarboxyl hoa deoxynbose 236 DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HOU CO Van dd giu nguydn phu am S cung vdi am van cud'i nhu ase, ose cung dirpe tranh luan soi ndi, vi mac du cung chju anh hudng cua tid'ng Phap trudc day, midn Bac thudng phien chuydn base, glucose va amylase baza, glucozava amylaza (dung lan lugt cho cac enzim d£ phan bidt vdi dudi dudi aza oza cua carbohydrat) cdn d midn Nam lai hay dung ase, ose dugc giOr nguydn viet, cdn doc la baz, glucoz va amylaz Theo quy tdc du thao, cac dudi o-se se) (doc nhe enzim, nhu : hoac la celulose, ax, ox a-se, Nhu vay ta cd thd’ viet tdn ra't nhidu carbohydrat va lactose, m altose, sacarose, hydrolase, isomerase, lyase, oxidoreductase, transferase, v v e) Giu nguyen phu am h tao cdc vdn tieng Viet ch, tr, ph Phu am kep ch ma dung trudc nguydn am thi cd the’ dgc theo tieng V iet, va dugc giu nguydn Thi du : chavebitol, chalcon, chiral, ch itin , Nd'u thi cd thd coi h la “cam ”, dd cd ch di lidn vdi mdt phu am nua thd bo di, thi du : chlorum —»clo r, chromium —»cromi Phu am kep ph ndi chung khdng cd h “cam”, nen viec giu nguyen la didu hien nhien khdng cd gi trd ngai Thi du : phenol, phenyl, naphthalen, naphthoquinon, Phu am kep th rat phd bien danh phap huu co Neu doc theo tieng Phap thi hb day la “cam” nen cach phien chuyen cu ddu bo h di Thi du : m ethane —» metan, ethylene —> tiophen Tuy vay, th cd nguydn th phidn chuydn, —> etilen, thiophene bo h di va nen giu tieng V iet nen khdng cdn thi£t phai cu the la methan, ethylen, thiophen (doc theo tieng Viet) Cac quy tac ve surdung nguyen am a) Giii nguyen cdc nguyen dm i vd y von co a cdc ngdn ngu gdc Ngay tu nam 1984, Bd Giao due va Uy ban Khoa hoc xa hdi V iet Nam da quy dinh trudng hgp cac am tie't cd nguydn am i (hoac y) d cud'i thi vidt thdng nha't bdng uy (thi du : tu duy, tien, quy tdc) Sach thay y bdng i moi trudng hgp, tru i (thf du : ki di, If tri, ml vj), trir giao khoa hoa hoc tCr may thap ki cung tdn va kf hieu nguyen td va tdn gdc huu co (thf du : Yb/Ytebi, metyl) midn Nam, tur trudc nam 1975 tham chi cdn thay the v bdng i nganh Dugc khdng chuydn ca tdn cac gd'c huu co (thf du : m etil, benzil) Tuy nhidn, y i Van dd la cac nguyen am y va i ddu cd tid'ng Vidt va cung ddu cd ti£ng Anh (ngdn ngu dung chu yd'u cac van ban vd danh phap hoa hoc cua IUPAC) va tieng Phap, tidng La Tin Su chuydn ddi y i chdc chdn se gay kho khan cho viec tra cuu va khdng tranh khoi phai cd nhirng ngoai Id Vi vay, D6 tai dd nghi khdng dung nguydn am /thay cho nguydn am y 237 PHU LUC b) Git? nguyen cdc to hop hai nguyen iwi vd doc theo tieng Viet Trong tidng Vidt co kha nhidu td hop hai hoac ba nguyen Am vdi am van rieng nhu ua, an, ua uye Chung ta cung da quen vdi trudng hop hai nguyen am dat lien kd ma phat Am nhu hai vdn ch in g han : Tokyo Italia, E U , Vi vay, phien chuydn, cd thd dd dang c h ip nhdn mdt so td hop hai nguyen am lidn kd va doc nhanh theo tidng Viet D o la : ae (c a e si ) ; au (acid auric, acid lauric, acid chaum ogric, tau to m er, ) ; ea (sea b o rg i, ) : ei (einsteini m eitn eri, ) ; eo (neon, neodymi, eosin, neopentan, neomenthol, deoxyribose n u cleo tid ) ; eu (europi, deuteri, leucin, eu g en o l, ) ; io (iod niobi iodomethan, io n ) ; uo (fluor, fluorobenzen, flu oroform , ) ; ou (c o u m a rin ) ; yo (yohim ban, yohimbin ) c) Bo sung mot so vdn nguac (to hop moi ciia mot nguyen dm vdi mot phu dm) Trong tieng Viet s5n cd mot sd am tiet duoc hinh bang cach td hop mot nguyen am (phan trudc cua am tiet) va mot phu am nhat dinh (phan sau cua am tiet) Do la : ac, am an ap at em en ep et oc om on op or uc um un up lit, v v Vdi tung ay am tiet khong du de phien chuydn danh phap hoa hoc, vi vay rat can thie't phai bd sung nhirng td hop mdi von khong cd tieng Viet, goi la nhirng vdn nguac nhu dudi day : al (m ethanal cloral, g era n ia l ) : ar i argon, carbon, hydrocarbon, artem isin in , ) ; as (asparagin, acid aspartic, aspirin, acid ascorbic, .) ; er (erbi, fermi, acid peroxybenzoic, terpen, m ercaptan ) : es (ester, estradiol, estrogen, cholesterol, ) ; ex (exo hexan hexacloran, d extrin ) : id (amid, hydrazid, anhydrid, clorid e, ) ; ii (nitril, benzil acid ben zilic, ) ; is (bismut tetrakis histamin, histidin, ) ; od (iod, iodoform , ) ; ol (methanol, phenol, sterol, eu g en o l ) : or (bor, clor hormon, acid formic, morphin, norbornan .) ; OS (osm i, phosphor, phosphin ergosterol ) : ul (sulfat, su lfam id , ) ; ur (furfural, acid u rso lic , ) ; yl (acetv benzyl, methyl, phen yl, ) ; v.v Ve pham vi sir dung cac van nguoc nhu al va ol nhieu y kien cho rang nen dung triet dd khong nhung d hau td ma d ca phan ndn thf du alkanal, alkanol; lai co y kien cho rang chi nen diing cd thd xay su nham lan ma thoi Thi du : ankanal, ankanol Trong nhung trudng hop nhu the, rat co the phai ap dung hai phucmg an song song, de roi sau mot thdi gian m6t phuong an se tu dao thai d) Chap nhan clung hau to -ide khdng dun? -ua hoac -ur Bay lau nay, xuat phat tu hau td -ure cua tieng Phap, ta diing hau td -ua (sach giao khoa va d phia Bac) hoac -u r (thuong a phfa Nam) De tai dd nghi khong sir dung -ua va -ur nua ma dung hau td -ide (theo cach viet phd bien danh phap IUPAC) Thi du : acetyl clonde ethyl bromide, dimethyl sulfide Cach doc hau td -ide co thd theo tieng Viet la i-de (song chi doc nhe -de) Cd y kien de nghi bo nguyen am e, song nhu vay se triing vdi hau td -id cua cac loai hop chat khac, nhu amid, hydrazid, anhydrid, 238 DANH PHAP HQP CHAT HLfU CO Cac quy tac ve viet rut gon phien chuyen De cho thudt ngir va danh phap hoa hoc (nhan dugc bang cach phien chuyen) dugc gon gang hon dd viet h on cd n viet rut gon, ma vdn dam bao tinh khoa hoc va tinh he thong Van de da dugc nhidu ngudi de xudt d muc khac a) Bd ddu tlianh va ddu mu Cac dau cd nhieu, song chu yeu la dau s ic Ngoai dau mu, tieng Viet co dau moc goi la ddu o, song trudng hgp chi lien quan tdi nguyen td N (nito/nitrogen) va mot sd acid Nhu vay, ta viet va co the doc : methan, ethylen, aceton (khong dung dau mu), acid acetic, anhydrid p h talic (khong dung ddu s&c va ddu mu) Thiet nghi, thoi quen viec doc nhu co dau mu van ton tai mot thdi gian nua b ) Viet lien cac dm tiet Nam 1942, G S Hoang Xuan Han chu truong viet rdi cac am tiet, phan cach bdng nhung gach ndi (chu yeu vi tieng Viet la don am) Tuy nhien, chi chung mudi nam sau, cac nha hoa hoc Viet Nam da bo cac gach ndi va viet lien cac am tiet, chinh la da chuyen tieng Viet don am da am cho cac thuat ngu khoa hoc Didu hien da trd ndn “tu nhien” va rat binh thuong Nhu v&y, tir cach viet dai ddng trudc day da trd ngan gon hon va cung gdn gui vdi the gidi hon ; ch in g han : bd-rom-mo-ben-zen —» bromobenzen c ) Bo hot mot hai phu dm dong nhat lien ke cc (saccharose —>sacarose), ff (caffeine Do la —» cafein ), II (allen e—>alen; ally 1—> alyl) : m m (ammonium —» amoni) ; nn (cinnamic —» cinamic) ; rr (pyrrole—» pyrole); tt (ytterbium —> ylerbi); trudng hgp ngoai le vdn phai giu cua phurc chat de: khoi lan vdi mm ammin la phoi tu amin d) Bd hot phu dm cam h vd nguyen dm cam e Nhu da neu d tren phu am h tao dugc vdn Viet ch, th, ph va doc dugc theo tieng Viet thi khong coi la cam va giu nguydn (chitin, chaum ogric, phenol, thiol, th o ri, ) h cam co mat cac t6 hgp ba phu am chi, chr d tdn cac nguydn to (chlorum —» clor, chromium —> c ro m i ) va ddn chdt, cung tdn cua cac hgp chat huu co (chromophore —» cromopho ; chromoproteine —> cromoprotein, crysan th em ic, ) Trong cac trugng hgp do, h cam chrysanthem ic acid —> acid deu dugc bdt di, ngoai le la tdn cua cac nguyen td Bohri (Bh) Rhodi (R h ), Rutherfordi (tdn ngudi, R f) Nguydn am cam e propane, propene, butadiene, benzene cung dugc bd di bay lau Tuy nhien, nen giu nguyen e d cuoi tdn cua cac ethe nhu anisole, an ethole va ten cua cac di vong nam canh pirole, indole, thiazole, de tranh su hieu lam la co chua nhom chuc phenol hoac alcol 239 PHULUC e) Bd bdi hau rd-um a cac ten cd nguon gdc La Tin Do la ten cua m6t s6 Ion cac nguvdn td hoa hoc va tdn cua mdt so cation Trudng hop bo bdt hau td -um (hoac -ium) d tdn cac nguyen td Quy tdc khdng gap trd ngai ddi vdi dai da sd cac nguyen to Tuy nhien, ddi vdi Curium (Cm) va Thulium (Tm) thi khong the’ bdt -um, neu mudn dam bao su tuong hop giua ten goi va kf hieu Vdi ba nguyen td H O N de dam bao quy tac tren va tang cudng tinh khoa h oc-h e thdng, ndn hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen song hydro, oxy, niter, vdi hy vong mot dung phuong an song vdi phuong an da qua quen dung SG K la thdi gian sau se cd mot phuong an tu dao thai Trudng hop bd bdt hau td -um d ten cua mot so cation hau nhu khong cd ngoai le —> oxoni ; carbonium —> carboni; ethylium methamum —> methani ; eth an-l,2-bis(yliu m ) —> Thi du : ammonium —> amoni ; oxonium —> ethyh : pyndinium —> pyridini ; ethan-1.2-bis(yli) Rieng ten cua cac cation-goc, can giu lai trung to Thi du : -um- de tien gdn them hau td -yl H,C~* m ethvlium yl (khong nen m ethyliyl) ; H6C6+* benzeniumyl (khdng ndn benzeniyl) CAC PHUONG THUC XAY DUNG THUAT NGU HOA HOC Tu nam 1942 G S Hoang Xuan Han da neu ldn ba phuong thufc ma ong goi la ba phuong sach xay dimg thuat ngir khoa hoc bao gom : “Phuong-sach dung tieng thdng thudng : Phuong-sach phien am ; Phuong-sach lay gdc chu Nho” Hem hai thap ki sau dd, G S Le Van Thdi cung noi ldn ba phuong sach tren, cd dao lai trinh tu ciia cac phuong sach thur hai va thu ba Trong nhirng nam ddu thap nien 80 cua the ki trudc, G S Le Kha Ke chi phan biet hai phuong thuc la : Dat thuat ngu tren co sd tieng Vidt ; Tiep nhan thuat ngu nude ngoai (thuat ngu Han va thuat ngu phuong Tay) Ve thuc chat, day cung la ba phuong thuc Chung toi cho rdng viec quy ket ba phuong thuc chu yeu viec xay dung thuat ngu hoa hoc Vidt Nam la hop li Do la : cau tao hay dat cac thuat ngu thuan Viet ; cau tao thuat ngu hay phien dich thuat ngu bdng cac yeu td H an-Viet ; phien chuyen cac thuat ngu hoa hoc tu Au ngur Ben canh ba phuong thufc tren, cdn cd phuong thuc trung gian la ghep cac thuat ngu thuoc hai hoac ba loai khac Phirdng thurc cau tao nhumg thuat ngur thuan Viet hoac phien djch sang tieng Viet Loai thuat ngu khong co nhieu va khong dd xay dung, day la mot hudng dang khuye'n khi'ch Trong ngdn ngir ndi chung, ngudi ta da cong viec chuyen cac thuat ngu gdc Han nhu phi co, phi trudng, hang khong mdu ham, hoa tidn, khdng phan, 240 DANH PHAP HpPCHATHOUCO hai phan, v v (hanh thuat ngfl thudn Vidt la may bay, san bay, tdii s&n bay, ten lua, vung troi vung bidn Trong hoa hoc cung co nhung thuM ngu thu6c loai nay, thf du : sit (ferrum), vang (aurum) ; bac (argentum) ; d6ng (cuprum) ; phen (alum) ; rirou (a lco h o l); ch it beo ( f a t s ) ; amin thorn bac hai (aromatic secondary a m in e ); duong d6i (disaccharide); ducrng ba (trisacharide) ; 6'ng n6'i (allonge) ; su hoa than (carbonization) ; su oxy hoa (oxidation), v v Doi voi cac thuat ngur da quen dung rat r6ng rai va dam bao cac tieu chf cua mot thuat ngu khoa hoc, ta nen va cdn giu lai su dung Thf du : sat, vang, bac, dong, ong noi, su than hoa, su oxy h o a , Con cac thuat ngu du da ph6 bien hay khdng bien ma chua dat cac tieu chi' thi hoac la han che su dung (rucru, ), hoac la phai thay the (duong doi, dudng b a , ) Rieng vd thuat ngu oxy hoa, khong hoan toan la thuan Viet, song co y kien cho rang phai goi la su “oxit hoa” mcri dung Chung toi cho rang “oxy hoa” co nghTa bao quat hon nhidu, “oxit hoa” chi la mot dang cua oxy hoa (chi noi len phan ung tao san pham la mot oxit) Truong hop tuong tu la phan urng cua anken vdi ozon sinh ozonid duoc goi la ozon hoa (ozonation) chur khong la ozonid hoa (ozonidation) Phuong thufc phien djch va cau tao cac thuat ngur tren cd sd yeu to Han - Viet Ta co the chia cac thuat ngu loai hai nhom sau day : a) Cdc thuat ngu dd quen dung rong rai cd nude tit lau, den mite coi nhu tieng Viet thuan Thi du : hoa hoc vo co, phan Ung huu co, phan tu, nguyen tir, danh phap, thuat ngu, nhan tao, luong circ, luong tfnh, tir trudng, tu ngoai, nhiet ke, v.v Le duong nhien, nhung thuat ngu se ton tai mai mai, khong ma'y quan tam de'n nguon goc xuat xuf ciia chung Co le hoc gia Hoang Xuan Han la nguoi co cong ldn nhat viec dat cac thuat ngu loai b) Cdc thuat ngu khdng phd bien, chi duoc dung d mot so vung mien nao dd, nhung thdi ki nhat dinh Thi du : sir tri hoan phuong huong (aromatic substitution) ; carbon thu tfnh (asymmetric carbon) ; phi thu tinh (achiral) ; hop chat tieu trien (racem ic compound) ; da tridn (mutarotation) ; xuyen lap the phan (diastereomer) ; nhi phan (dim er) ; thap phan (decamer) ; kieu hoan (bridged ring) ; chi phuong (aliphatic) ; cau trang (conform ation) ; dang cau (isotactic) ; nhan hoac than hach (nucleophilic) ; dien tir hoac than dien tir (electrophilic), v.v Noi chung, cac thuat ngir thuong kho hieu va kho nhd (tri hoan, phuong huong, tieu trien, thu ti'nh, chi p h u ong, ) doi gay nen sir hieu sai lech noi dung (ai nhan, thap phan, da trie n , ) Vi vay, neu co thd ndn thay the bang cac thuat ngu thuan V iet dd hieu hon ; neu khong thi ndn phien chuyen dua theo cac quy tdc nhu da ap dung doi vdi 241 PHU LUC ten cac nguyen td va cac hop chat hoa hoc Thi du : su tri hoan phuong huong —» su thay the' a nhan thorn; hop chat tieu trien —> hop chat racem ic ; phan ung nhan —> phan urng nucleophil Thuat ngu mutarotation ma djch la "da tridn" khdng nhung kho hieu ma thie'u chinh xac vi bi hieu ldm ngudn gdc cua thuat ngu la vcd rotation, ma dung la mutaro multi (nghTa la nhieu, da) ket hop (tieng La Tin la bien ddi) ket hop vdi rotation VI vay ndn thay "d a tridn" bang "su ddi quay" hoac “hd bien quang quay” Thuat ngu conformation ma djch la "cau trang" thi khdng hay bang “cau dang” (trong he thdng cac thuat ngur lidn quan vdi la cau tao, cdu hinh, cau dang ) Ndn eclipsed conformation la “cau dang che khuat" vd am hudng) Cdn vdi staggered conformation ndn djch hon la “ca'u dang khudt” (khac djch la “cau dang xen ke” hon “cau dang lech" khong nhimg vi am hudng ha\ hon ma cdn vi chinh xac hon syn va anti, cdn lech thi chi cd Doi vdi thuat ngur (xen ke gom ca syn) isotactic (structure i dung tu "dang ca'u” (cau true) thi thuc su khong rd rang chinh xac va lai cdn svndioiactic va atactic thi ? trudng hop tien nhat la phien chuydn Pht/dng thufc phien chuyen cac thuat ngur tir Au ngur Nhu da biet da sd tdn cac nguydn to hoa hoc va hau het tdn cac hop chat huu co cung nhu vo co duoc cau theo phucmg thuc Nhung thuat ngu thuan Viet hoac HanViet ma khong dap ung cac tieu chi co ban cua thuat ngu hoa hoc cung cdn duoc cau tao bang phucmg thuc phien chuydn Khi phien chuyen theo nhung nguydn tdc nhat djnh da trinh bay d tren, se cd nhung trudng hop ngau nhien trung hoac gan nhu trung vdi tie'ng Anh hay tie'ng Phap, phai coi la binh thudng Th i du : Phenol, glucose, amylase, neon, xenon, hem iacetal, orbital, electron, neutron, v v Can phan biet vdi nhung trudng hop giu nguy6n khdng doi nhung thuat nau ma nhieu nude viet giong Thi du : v.v (thuat ngu umpolung cis, trans endo, exo, in situ, umpolung, la tieng Due song cac nude nhu Anh, M y, P hap va ca Viet Nam van dung nguydn dang, vi khopg tim duoc mot thuat ngu ngdn gon ma phan anh duoc noi dung cua umpolung) Phien chuydn la phucmg thufc tiep nhan true tiep thuat ngu tu Au ngu khdng qua khau trung gian la tieng Han, ke ca mot so trucmg hop da cd sdn thuat ngu gdc Han tuong ung Thf du thuat n g u phidn chuydn/thuat ngu goc Han : vitamin/sinh td; hydrogen/khinh k h i ; oxygen/durTng ; cacbonic/than Xu hudng phien chuyen duoc phat trien het sue manh m e nhung thap ki gan day nhat la cac nganh khoa hoc tu nhien nhu hoa hoc dia chat hoc, duoc h o c Dac trung cua cac thuat ngu thuoc loai cd tinh quoc te' va hoi n h a p cao 242 DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HCfU CO Ngoai ba phucmg thufc co ban vua ndu trdn day, phucmg thufc trung gian la ghep thuat ngU Ndu nhu phucmg thuc thur nhat tao nhung thuat ngir thuan V iet (dat la V), phucmg thuc thu hai cho cac thuat ngu thudn Han-Vidt (dat la H) phucmg thurc thu' ba hinh cac thuat ngu phien chuydn tir Au ngu (dat la A ) thi mot so hoc gia da phan chia cac thuat ngur ghep hai loai : a) Thuat ngu ghep thuan, bao g6m cac dang sau : • Thuat ngu ghep thudn Viet (V - V ) Thi du : may keo, tu la n h , • Thuat ngur ghep thuan H an-Viet (H - H) Thi du : nguyen tu, luong phan • Thuat ngu ghep thuan cac tir phien chuydn (A - A ) Thf du : natri su n fat, b) Thuat ngu ghep lai bao gom cac dang dien hinh sau day : • Thuat ngu ghep lai Viet vdri Han-Viet (V - H) ; thf du : trang (ndm) + bach (HanV iet) —> tring bach ; vong (nom) + dung hop (H an-Viet) —> vong dung hop • Thuat ngur ghep lai H an-Viet voi Viet (H - V ) ; thi du : di (H an-V iet) + vong (nom) —> di vong • Thuat ngu ghep lai tir phien chuydn vdi tir V iet (A - V ) ; thf du : betong (Phap : beton) + cot sat (V iet) Thuat ngu ghep lai tir phien chuydn vcri tir H an-Viet (A - H); thi du : momen (Phap : moment) + luong cuc (H an-V iet) —» momen luong cuc ; thori (L a Tin : thorium) + phong xa (H an-Viet) —> thori phong xa Cac thuat ngu tieng nude ngoai cung co sir ghep lai tuong tu thuat ngu tid'ng autoclave la ghep auto (tid'ng Hi Lap autos la tu) vdi clave (tie'ng La Tin clavis la chia khoa) ; alcalimetrie la ghep alcali (tid'ng A Rap al-qualy la tdn mot loai thao moc cho chat kiem ) vdi metrie (tid'ng Hy Lap metron la su d o ) Viet Chang han : Nhu vay, viec ghep cac thuat ngu la dieu binh thudng d cac nude khac k £t lu A n Cac tieu chi' xay dung danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc V iet Nam la tinh khoa hoc, tinh he thdng va nhat quan, tinh dan toe va phd cap, tinh quoc te' va hoi nhap, tinh kd' thua, t rong tinh khoa hoc la quan nhat Phien chuydn danh phap IUPAC va mot bo phan thuat ngu tir A u ngu sang tid'ng Viet phai tuan thu cac quy tdc cu the vd sir dung nguydn am , phu am va cac quy tdc viet rut gon, bao gom nhidu quy dinh rat mdi so vdi hien hanh Phien chuydn cung vdi dat mdi hay phien dich thuat ngur tir Au ngu sang tid'ng Viet hoac Han-Viet la ba phuong thuc co ban xay dimg thuat ngu hoa hoc, ddi hoi sir phoi hop mot cach hai hoa va dam bao cac nguydn tdc chung 243 PHULUC Phu luc DANH MUC TfcN GOI CAC NGUYEN T HOA HOC Nguyen tu s o Ky hieu Ten La Tin Ten hien hanh theo Ten de nghj sach giao khoa theo de tai H Hvdrogenium Hidro Hydro(gen) He Helium Heli Heli Li Lithium Liti Lithi Be Beryllium Beri Beryli S B Borum Bo Bor C Carboneum Cacbon Carbon -j/ N Nitrogenium Nito Nitd/Nitrogen *> (Azote) Oxygenium Oxi O xy(gen) F Fluorum Flo Fluor 10 Ne Neon Neon Neon 11 Na Natrium Natri Natri Mg Magnesium M agie Magnesi Al Aluminium Nhom Nhom I? (Alum inium ) ! 14 Si Silicium Silic Silic 15 P Phosphorus Photpho Phosphor 16 S Sulfur Liru huynh Luu huynh (Sulfur) 17 Cl Chlorum Clo Clor 18 Ar Argon Agon Argon 19 K Kalium Kali Kali 20 Ca Calcium Canxi Canxi/Calci 21 Se Scandium Scandi Scandi 22 Ti Titanium Titan Titani 244 DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HOI) CO 23 V Vanadium Vanadi Vanadi 24 Cr Chromium Crom Crom i 25 Mn Manganum M angan Mangan 26 Fe Ferrum Sat Sat (Ferrum ) 27 Co Cobaltum Coban C oban/Cobalt 28 Ni Niccolum(l) Niken Nicken/Nickel 29 Cu Cuprum D 6ng Dong (Cuprum ) 30 Zn Zincum Kem Kem (Zincum ) 31 Ga Gallium Gali Gali 32 Ge Germanium Gem ani Germ ani 33 As Arsenicum Asen Arsenic 34 Se Selenium Selen Seleni 35 Br Bromum Brom Brom 36 Kr Krypton Kripton Krypton Rb Rubidium Rubidi Rubidi 38 Sr Strontium Stronti Stronti 39 Y Yttrium Ytri Ytri 40 Zr Zirconium Ziriconi Zirconi 41 Nb Niobium Niobi Niobi 42 Mo Molybdenum Molipden Molybden 43 Tc Technetium Tecn exi Techneti 44 Ru Ruthenium Ruteni Rutheni 45 Rh Rhodium Rodi Rhodi 46 Pd Palladium Paladi Paladi 47 Ag Argentum Bac Bac (Argentum ) 48 Cd Cadmium Cadi mi Cadmi 37 ( I ) T ieng Due la N ickel 245 PHU LUC 49 In Indium Indi Indi 50 Sn Stannum Thiec Thie'c (Stannum ) 51 Sb Stibium Antimon Antim on (Stibium ) 52 Te Tellurium Telu Teluri 53 I Iodine lot Iod 54 Xe Xenon Xenon Xenon 55 Cs Cesium/Caesium X esi Caesi 56 Ba Barium Bari Bari 57 La Lanthanum Lantan Lanthan 58 Ce Cerium X eri Ceri 59 Pr Praseodymium Prazeodim Praseodym i 60 Nd Neodymium Neodim Neodym i 61 Pm Promethium Prometi Prom ethi 62 Sm Samarium Samari Samari 63 Eu Europium Europi Europi W Gd Gadolinium Gadolini Gadolini 65 Tb Terbium Tebi Terbi 66 Dy Dysprosium Diprozi Dysprosi 67 Ho Holmium Honmi Honm i/Holm i 68 Er Erbium Erbi Erbi 69 Tm Thulium Tuli Thulium 70 Yb Ytterbium Y tecbi Yterbi 71 Lu Lutetium Lutexi Luteti 72 Hf Hafnium Hafini Hafni 73 Ta Tantalum Tantan Tantan/Tantal 74 W 12 Wolfram Vonfam W onfram /W olfram ) Iodine U tie'ng A nh, Davy d6 nghi diia theo tie'ng Hi Lap iodes (nghia 1& ti'm) 246 DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HUU CO 75 Re Rhenium Reni Reni 76 Os Osmium O sim i Osm i 77 Ir Iridium Iridi Iridi 78 Pt Platinum Platin Platin 79 Au Aurum Vang Vang (Aurum ) 80 Hg Hydrargyrum/ Mercurius Thuy ngSn Thuy ngan Hydrar gyrum/Mercury) 81 Ti Thallium Tali Thali 82 Pb Plumbum Chi Chi (Plum bum ) 83 Bi Bismuthum Bitmut Bism ut 84 Po Polonium Poloni Poloni 85 At Astatine,3) Atatin Astatin 86 Rn Radon Radon Radon 87 Fr Francium Franxi Franci 88 Ra Radium Radi Radi 89 Ac Actinium A ctini Actini 90 Th Thorium Thori Thori 91 Pa Protactinium Protactini Prbtactini 92 U Uranium Urani Urani 93 Np Neptunium Neptuni Neptuni 94 Pu Plutonium Plutoni Plutoni 95 Am Americium Am erixi Am erici 96 Cm Curium Curi Curium 97 Bk Berkelium Beckeli Berkeli 98 Cf Californium C alifoni Californi 99 Es Einsteinium Ensteni Einsteini (3 ) T ien g Hy Lap astatos (nghla la khong bc'n) 247 PHU LUC 100 Fm Fermium Fee mi Fermi 101 Md Mendelevium Nlendelevi M endelevi 102 No Nobel ium Nobeli Nobeli 103 Lr Lawrencium Lorenxi Lawrenci 104 Rf Ruthcrfordium Rutherfordi 105 Db Dubnium Dubni 106 Sg Seaborgium Seaborgi 107 Bh Bohrium Bohri 10S Hs Hassium Hassi 109 Mt Meitnerium Meitneri 110 Ds Darmstadtium Darm stadti 111 Rg Roentqenium Roentgeni 112 Cp Copernicium Copernici Cliiu tracli nhiem xuat ban: Chu tjch H6i d6ng 'rhanh vien kiem T6ng Giam dO'c NGl/T NGO TRAN AI Pho T6ng Giam d6'c kiem Tong bien tap GS.TS VU VAN HUNG To clufc ban thao va cliiu trach nhiem noi dung: Pho T6ng bien tap NGO ANH TU Y ET Giam doc Cong ty CP Sach DH - DN NGO THI THANH BINH Bien tap lan ddu: VUONG MINH CHAU Bien tap tai ban: PHAM THI HONG PHUC Trinh bay bia vd minli hoa: NGUYEN THI HONG VI Thie't ke sach: NGUYEN THI HONG VI Cong ty CP Sach Dai hoc - Day nghe, Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam giCir quyen cong bo tac pham DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HUTU CO Ma so: 8H996y3-DAI So dSng ki KHXB : 54 - 2013/CXB/ 263- 51/GD In 1.000 cuon (QO in so : 78), kho 17 x 24 cm In tai Cong ty CP In Phuc Yen In xong va nop lUu chieu thang 10 n3m 2013