Luận văn thạc sĩ reporting on america north koreas debate over pyongyangs nuclear crisis a critical discourse analysis

i VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HA NOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST-GRADUATE DEPARTMENT PHẠM THỊ PHƯƠNG HÀ REPORTING ON AMERICA-NORTH KOREA’S DEBATE OVER PYONGYANG’S NUCLEAR CRISIS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGƠN PHÊ PHÁN VỀ NHỮNG MÂU THUÂN GIỮA MỸ VÀ TRIỀU TIÊN VỀ VẤN ĐỀ HẠT NHÂN CỦA BÌNH NHƯỠNG M.A MINOR THESIS Field: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 60.22.15 HÀ NỘI - 2009 z ii VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HA NOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST-GRADUATE DEPARTMENT PHẠM THỊ PHƯƠNG HÀ REPORTING ON AMERICA-NORTH KOREA’S DEBATE OVER PYONGYANG’S NUCLEAR CRISIS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN PHÊ PHÁN VỀ NHỮNG MÂU THUẪN GIỮA MỸ VÀ TRIỀU TIÊN VỀ VẤN ĐỀ HẠT NHÂN CỦA BÌNH NHƯỠNG M.A MINOR THESIS Field: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 60.22.15 INSTRUCTOR: Ph.D HÀ CẨM TÂM HÀ NỘI - 2009 z iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration……………………………………………………………………………… i Abstract………………………………………………………………………………… ii Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………… iii Table of contents…………………………………………………………………………iv List of figures, Charts and Tables……………………………………………………… vi List of abbreviations…………………………………………………………………… vii List of Appendices …………………………………………………………………… viii INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………… 1 Rationale of the research …………………………………………………………… Aims and Objectives of the research ………………………………………………….1 Significance of the research ………………………………………………………… Scope of the research ………………………………………………………………… Organization of the research ………………………………………………………… Some background information of the study ………………………………………… CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ………………………………… 1.1 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ………………………………………………… 1.2 Key notions of CDA ……………………………………………………………… 1.3 Methodology of CDA ……………………………………………………………… 1.4 A CDA framework for analysis of Communicative events ……………………… 1.5 Faiclough’s framework for analyzing media discourse …………………………… 11 1.6 Principles of CDA ………………………………………………………………… 13 1.7 Systematic Functional Linguistics in CDA …………………………………………13 1.8 Review of previous studies …………………………………………………………14 CHAPTER 2: THE STUDY ………………………………………………………….18 z v 2.1 Design of the research …………………………………………………………… 18 2.1.1 Research questions ……………………………………………………………….18 2.1.2 Data selection and sampling …………………………………………………… 18 2.1.3 Methodology of the research …………………………………………………… 18 2.1.4 Analytical framework …………………………………………………………….19 2.4.1.1 Haliday’s systematic Functional Grammar …………………………………… 19 2.4.1.2 Fairclough …………………………………………………………………… 21 2.4.1.3 Fowler and Kress ……………………………………………………………… 22 2.4.1.4 Lexicalization ………………………………………………………………… 22 2.4.1.5 Presupposition ………………………………………………………………… 23 2.2 Data analysis and discussion ……………………………………………………… 23 2.2.1 Analysis of headlines …………………………………………………………… 23 2.2.1.1 The International Herald Tribune (IHT) ……………………………………… 23 2.2.1.1.1 About America ……………………………………………………………… 23 2.2.1.1.2 About North Korea ………………………………………………………… 25 2.2.1.2 QDND ………………………………………………………………………… 27 2.2.1.2.1 About America ……………………………………………………………… 27 2.2.1.2.2 About North Korea ………………………………………………………… 28 2.2.2 Analysis of full-text stories …………………………………………………… 30 2.2.2.1 Lexicalization ………………………………………………………………… 30 2.2.2.1.1 The IHT …………………………………………………………………… 30 2.2.2.1.2 QDND ……………………………………………………………………… 31 2.2.2.2 Presupposition ………………………………………………………………… 32 2.2.2.2.1 The IHT ……………………………………………………………………… 32 2.2.2.2.2 QDND ……………………………………………………………………… 33 CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………… 34 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………… 36 APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………… IX z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 vi LIST OF FIGURES, CHARTS AND TABLES Figure 1: A framework for critical discourse analysis of a communicative event Table 1: Process types, their meanings, and key participants Table 2: America’s roles in percentage in the IHT Table 3: North Korea’s roles in percentage in the IHT Table 4: North Korea’s roles in percentage in QDND Table 5: North Korea’s roles in percentage in QDND Table 6: Negativiation of North Korea’s activities in the IHT Table 7: Neutralization of Iraq’s activities in QDND Table 8: Presuppositions regarding North Korea’s nuclear programme and its connection to terrorism z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Meaning CDA Critical Discourse Analysis CL Critical Linguistics QDND The Quan Doi Nhan Dan IHT The International Herald Tribune SFG Systemic Functional Grammar US The United States NK North Korea z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 viii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Headlines from The International Herald Tribune Appendix Headlines from Quan doi Nhan dan Appendix News reports from the International Herald Tribune Appendix News reports from QDND z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 INTRODUCTION Rationale of the research Critical Discourse Analysis, which sets the basis for this paper, is discourse analysis ‗with an attitude‘ (Van Dijk, 2001: 96) It has remained attractive to both linguists and social analysts However, it cannot be denied that, it takes much time and devotion to understand it thoroughly; especially in Vietnam where focus has been mainly on linguistic and discourse features of different types of discourse rather an on functional ones In addition, it is also necessary to supply an explanation for my choice, which stems from several reasons, to analyze media discourse To begin with, media texts are ready and accessible sources for research, studying and teaching Next, speech communities‘ use of language and their attitudes towards language are not only represented in but also influenced by media discourses Besides, the formation and expression of culture, politics, ideological benefits and social life are not only reflected in the media but also influenced and created by them And finally, media discourses, in my point of view, can help us understand a lot about social meanings and stereotypes embedded in, produced and reproduced through discourse and communication Over the last several decades, there have appeared in the mass media stories about North Korea‘s nuclear programme and American‘s reaction over this issue This has caught much attention of the whole world because up to six powers are involved; namely Russia, China, Japan, Korea, America and North Korea It is considered ―a game‖ mastered by Pyongyang and up to now, despite of efforts, no solution has appeared practical; even a third world war is not exclusive All the above mentioned reasons serve to explain my choice of the research topic and my decision to conduct the research entitled “Reporting on America-North Korea’s debate over Pyongyang’s nuclear crisis: A critical discourse analysis” Aims and objectives of the research z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 The general goal of this research is to investigate the ideological function of language in representing the world The main objective is to probe into the ways in which language is employed by two media institutes to produce discourse over the nuclear issue Some media critics such as Chomsky (1989), and Karim (2000) (reviewed in Sheyholislami, 2001:1), put forward an argument that the mainstream media not merely reflect the truth Rather, there are certain constraints that prevent the media from representing problems in an objective way, hence leading to a mediated view of issues such as the economy of the media, institutional constraints, news production practices, etc Significance of the research This paper is to supply those interested a deeper insight into the relations between language and society, more significantly between language use on the one hand and power and ideology embedded into discourse by language on the other hand Scope of the research Evidentially, it is impossible to cover such a large topic of the America and North Korea debate with lots of news reports It seems to be more realistic to a general content analysis, but not a detailed CDA analysis of such a broad amount of news My quick survey of related news threads in QDND shows that the Vietnamese media has conveyed an overall proposition of the public sympathy towards the North Korea and criticism of the US‘s hostile attitude to Pyongyang We have so far witnessed ups and downs between North Korea and America basing on the reaction of each side concerning the North Korea‘s debatable nuclear programme which up to now has not been proved to exist Because the story has a long history of over five decades with countless news articles and because of the limited scope of the paper, I decided to restrict the data to news stories a short period (from 30/5/2009 to 5/9/2009) when American said that they had indications for Pyongyang‘s missile test which led the tension between the two countries Organization of the research The study is divided into three chapters: z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 The introduction presents the justification for the research, the goal, significance and scope of the research, research questions, methodology of the research and supplies some background information on the US-North Korea‘s conflict Chapter states a brief account of the traditions of media studies, the theoretical background for the thesis, a description of the role of Systemic Functional Linguistics in CDA, and a literature review of studies on media discourse Chapter is the study which describes the source of data as well as the procedures of data collection and data analysis It also discusses the analytical tools used for analyzing data It analyzes the data and discusses the findings of the analysis as well The conclusion summarizes the findings, draws out implications and makes suggestions for further research The US and North Korea relations – Some background information It is necessary to give a brief account of the relationship between North Korea and America because I believe that background will provide the contextual basis for a better understanding and a more thorough analysis North Korea‘s occupation by Japanese ended when the Second World War terminated in 1945 However, the country was divided to the two sides of the 38th parallel; the North was occupied by USSR and the South by America Yet the two dominants developed opposite opinions about ruling cooperation on Korea peninsula Then, a 3-year war exploded ending by declaring authority over the island of both sides Then the leaders of the North and the South wanted to unify the country but the domination of the two powers were so strong that there was little to be done over unification Later on, Russia withdrew their troops out of North Korea and was not concerned much about Pyongyang but the domination of America seemed to remain more and more intense From then on, the relationship between North Korea and South Korea and between North Korea and South Korea have witnessed ups and downs yet America has always exercised hostile attitude towards Pyongyang The conflict started in 1987 when North Korea opened its first KW nuclear pile America immediately called for the United Nations‘ inspections for fearing about the development of its nuclear programme North Korea agreed under conditions that America and the West supported them financially and helped them built two light water z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 29 In sum, in the headlines QDND objectively represents the US as a state with its own right and power even though through some limited headlines With the understanding that, up to now, there has been no clear proof that North Korea is developing a secret nuclear programme, then Vietnamese in general and QDND in particular oppose any hostile behaviour of America toward North Korea 2.2.1.2.2 About North Korea Table 5: North Korea’s roles presented in QDND Material Mental Relational Verbal % % % % Agent/Sayer 33.3 22.2 Patient/Receiver 22.2 Beneficiary 11.1 Processes Role Behaviour Existential % % 11.1 Because Vietnam always respects other nations‘ independence and sovereignty In a cooperation world like today, I suppose that the foreign policy, which says Vietnamese want to be friends and partners of all the nations worldwide, that we are holding is praiseworthy The problem of North Korea is very difficult to handle because North Korea is also backed up by other forces that have opposite benefits with America Thus, a rather small and weak country like North Korea are quite daring and in some cases, it refuses to make concession From understanding the nature of the problem, I suppose that even peace-lover Vietnamese in general and QDND in particular hold a neutral stand in dealing with the matter Unlike a rather quiet America, North Korea takes the majority of the news coverage of the problem by playing their roles as agent (33.3%), patient (22.2%), and beneficiary (11.1%) Material also is the major process which Pyongyang realize Besides, mental (22.2%) and behaviour (11.1%) are also presented All of this information makes readers see that North Korea seems to be the master of the game And the problem is in such a mess like today is North Korea‘s fault However, it is important to know that it‘s America that drives North Korea to act like that And above all, there is no belief between the two countries QDND‘s neutral stand is well presented by their headlines, like in: QDND Triều Tiên bước vào giai đoạn cuối làm giàu u-ra-ni-um z 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 30 The expression ‗bước vào giai đoạn cuối’ just gives readers information that North Korea is at its last stage of enriching uranium, no accusation or criticism; or in ‗Bình Nhưỡng chuẩn bị phóng tên lửa đạn đạo tầm xa’ The headlines just inform readers of what North Korea is going to North Korea‘s launching of long-range missiles may concern those concerned parties but it is exclusive to Vietnam The mental verb ‗lo ngại‘ in ‗Bình Nhưỡng lo ngại trước tập trận chung Mỹ - Hàn‘ (QDND 4), however, describes a worrying North Korea, showing QDND‘s sympathy toward the country In another development, QDND also represents North Korea as a cooperative country because ‗CHDCND Triều Tiên muốn đàm phán vấn đề chung với Mỹ‘ (QDND 7) In addition, Pyongyang‘s good will is also realized in ‗Triều Tiên ân xá cho hai nữ nhà báo Mỹ‘ (QDND 5) Two American journalists, Laura Ling and Euna Lee were accused of spying at North Korea border on March 17 2009 and five months later, after America‘s official Bill Clinton‘s visit, North Korea leader agreed to free the two suspected women This well proves that North Korea want to cooperate to solve the big problem between the two countries As beneficiary, America once is portrayed positively because it has listed North Korea as a terrorism supporting country in ‗Triều Tiên chưa bị đưa trở lại ‘danh sách đen’ nước bảo trợ khủng bố‘ (QDND 6) As a patient, North Korea is being considered to be punished in ‗Hội đồng bảo an Liên Hợp Quốc thông qua dự thảo biện pháp trừng phạt Bình Nhưỡng’ (QDND 8) or in ‗Các chuyên gia quân xem xét ‘nghi vấn’ vụ thử hạt nhân Bình Nhưỡng‘ (QDND 10) In a summary, the representation of North Korea in QDND is described as neutral because Vietnamese people want to live in peace not only for the country but also for other ones Then, Vietnam calls for mutual understanding between North Korea and America That is the reason why, neutral voice is easily seen in any headlines quoted from QDND 2.2.2 Analysis of full-text stories 2.2.2.1 Lexicalization Lexicalization has been of much interest to discourse analysis because it shows writers attitude toward the problems I will choose to focus on two most important phenomena: the wording for North Korea‘s activities and the wording for America 2.2.2.1.1 The IHT There is a great deal of evidence which proves that the IHT‘s lexicalization works in portraying North Korea is negative by picturing a stubborn, uncooperative and daring z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 31 country The US, on the contrary, is describes as a ‗silent hero‘ who is trying its best to find for and prevent North Korea from developing nuclear weapon  North Korea Table 6: Attitude toward North Korea’s activities shown in the IHT Source IHT Negative words describing North Korea marks the strongest signal yet from Pyongyang that it is racing to develop a second method of making nuclear bombs IHT a move analysts saw as a new tactic to put pressure on the international community after a month of conciliatory gestures IHT the North pulled out of six-nation disarmament talks IHT North Korea answered the United Nations action with threats to launch more missiles and to continue with its nuclear programme IHT singled out Hong Kong Electronics of Iran and Namchongang Trading Corporation of North Korea IHT An image of the North Korean leader, Kim Jong-il, shown recently on government-run television appears to be a doctored version of an earlier photo IHT defense Secretary Robert M Gates raised the idea of a tougher approach toward North Korea‘s recent nuclear test IHT sanctions against North Korea had to be strengthened Table shows that the activities that North Korea has done so far should be criticized like pulling out of six-nation disarmament talks, threatening to launch more missiles and continuing with its nuclear programme or racing to develop a second method of making nuclear bombs What the IHT is doing is trying to is to make readers develop an opinion that it‘s is North Korea to be blamed for because it is making problem become more and more complicated by challenging actions  America Contrary to a badly-imaged North Korea, the US is given positive descriptions by being seen as a defensive, like in had ordered the military to deploy missile interceptors and radar to protect Hawaii from a North Korean long-range rocket, had directed the military to deploy mobile, ground-based interceptors to Hawaii but powerful nation such as in to keep the North from reactivating its nuclear weapons program, removed North Korea from a list of state sponsors of terrorism, pressing China to consider taking a variety of severe sanctions against North Korea or cracked down on companies involved in North Korea’s missile program z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 32 Generally speaking, the IHT intentionally favours the US by using positive lexicalization while disempowers North America illustrated by its negative expressions 2.2.2.1.2 QDND Table 7: Attitude toward North Korea’s activities shown in QDND Source Neutral words describing North Korea QDND Triều Tiên có nhiều tiến cơng nghệ làm giàu uranium chưa có khả sản xuất vũ khí hạt nhân QDND khơng có chứng cho thấy Bình Nhưỡng tìm cách xây dựng lại sở hạt nhân nước đe dọa QDND khơng có hoạt động xây dựng sở hạt nhân Yongbyon khu vực quan trọng lò phản ứng tình trạng chưa sửa chữa QDND Triều Tiên tiến hành công tác chuẩn bị để thử loại tên lửa tầm xa tháng QDND Bình Nhưỡng … tuyên bố tiếp tục phóng tên lửa đạn đạo xuyên lục địa LHQ không thu lại lệnh trừng phạt QDND Triều Tiên … không muốn nhận thêm viện trợ lương thực Oasinh-tơn Triều Tiên lần cảnh báo đáp trả đe dọa công Mỹ Hàn Quốc QDND QDND nhà lãnh đạo CHDCND Triều Tiên Kim Jong-il ban lệnh ân xá đặc biệt cho hai nữ nhà báo Mỹ phạm tội xâm nhập trái phép lãnh thổ nước There are differences between the IHT and QDND in featuring North America and the US While the IHT develops two opposite opinions toward the two agents, America and North America, positively and negatively correspondingly; QDND seems to be less extreme proved by their negative descriptions of America but neutral ones on North Korea Table well illustrates for this argument We can see a flexible and hard-toforecast North Korea It can be very cooperative like in nhà lãnh đạo CHDCND Triều Tiên Kim Jong-il ban lệnh ân xá đặc biệt cho hai nữ nhà báo Mỹ phạm tội xâm nhập trái phép lãnh thổ nước but can be very tough in another occasion like in Triều Tiên lần cảnh báo đáp trả đe dọa công Mỹ Hàn Quốc or in Bình Nhưỡng … tuyên bố tiếp tục phóng tên lửa đạn đạo xuyên lục địa LHQ không thu lại lệnh trừng phạt z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 33 America, though seldom appeared on news coverage but we can still see no positive lexicalization in QDND Some of the examples are: Oa-sinh-tơn cân nhắc cách thức đáp trả động thái Bình Nhưỡng, Oa-sinh-tơn tiếp tục xem xét đánh giá Bình Nhưỡng hành động khiêu khích gần đây, mở rộng thiết chặt lệnh trừng phạt CHDCND Triều Tiên, cấm vận tàu thuyền chở vũ khí từ Bình Nhưỡng ngược lại 2.2.2.2 Presupposition 2.2.2.2.1 The IHT In the data under analysis, there are presuppositions regarding North Korea‘s nuclear programme and its links to terrorist embedded in the IHT news discourse The motivation behind these suppositions is to create more hatred and condemnation of North Korea, hence persuade international public to stand by the US Table 8: Presuppositions regarding North Korea’s nuclear programme and its connection to terrorism Source Clause Presupposition IHT Pyongyang that it is racing to develop a second method of making nuclear bombs IHT open to a form of dialogue to help resolve the dispute with the United States over its nuclear weapons program IHT North Korea is believed to have processed enough plutonium for at least half a dozen bombs IHT The chief American negotiator for North Korea arrived in Pyongyang on Wednesday to try to keep the North from reactivating its nuclear weapons programme IHT 10 a sign that North Korea might be planning another long-range missile test IHT The United States said Tuesday that it had cracked down on companies involved in North Korea‘s missile program and in purchases of equipment that could be used in a Pyongyang has a nuclear programme North Korea is actually developing nuclear weapons North Korea is producing bombs North Korea possesses a programme nuclear North Korea is going to conduct a longrange missile test North Korea has done business with companies which have equipment that could be used for producing nuclear weapons z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 34 nuclear weapons program As can be seen from the table above, many expressions drive reader to a commonsense assumption that North Korea does have a nuclear programme and that it connects to terrorists to go against the world America, as a power, takes its ‗honorable‘ right to prevent Pyongyang from that action By doing so, the IHT wants to create an image of a brave, powerful and innocent America Some examples are open to a form of dialogue to help resolve the dispute with the United States over its nuclear weapons program, or a sign that North Korea might be planning another long-range missile test 2.2.2.2.2 QDND As being stated above that QDND develops a negative attitude toward America and a neutral one toward North Korea And besides, Vietnam‘s foreign policy much affects QDND‘s news discourse During the research, many news reports were collected and through those, I found that QDND just tries to reflect as what it is happening and tries to be impartial in telling stories And it is well understood that QDND‘s presupposition is that it wants related parties soon find a solution for the problem CONCLUSION Findings Through the analysis of two stages, the transitivity analysis of selected headlines and the analysis of the most prominent discursive features and strategies in sampled full-text news stories, it is clear that there are noticeable differences in the presentation of North Korea and America in the IHT and QDND during the time in question They are different in the processes and roles assigned to these two main participants in the headlines and in the discursive moves and practices used by the two newspapers in sampled full-text stories; namely lexicalization and presuppositions These z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 35 differences demonstrate that the IHT and QDND encoded different ideologies in their news discourse Firstly, differences are found in the representations of the US and North Korea by the two media institutes While the IHT presents America positively by empowering them with powerful material processes, North Korea, on the contrary, is negatively presented QDND shows its viewpoints with negative representations toward America yet by no means supports North Korea It chooses to be in the middle As dealing with fulltext, two main corners were shed light on, namely lexicalization and presuppositions Lexically speaking, the IHT indicates favourite of America administration and hatred for its rival, North Korea QDND shows no approval toward the US and neutralizes their stand for North Korea As for presuppositions, the IHT implies that North Korea is not only a danger for America but also for the whole world because of the nuclear programme, which is still in doubt, which it is supposed to be on the way of developing Then, what the IHT intends to is to make its readers have a negative thinking about North Korea and positive one about America Yet QDND does neither favour America nor North Korea It does not approve America‘s actions but again stands in the middle in viewing North Korea It can be learnt from the above findings that the two media bodies hold different viewpoints over the controversial North Korea‘s nuclear programme America, as can be seen so far, always sees it as a superior nation and it assigns itself a role of interfering into any country which it finds threatening to its benefits The IHT, a major newspaper in the US, well presents the viewpoints of American government, hostile and unfriendly The neutral ideology of QDND is clearly seen in its lexicalization and presuppositions Implications to teachings and learning Reading Skill in English There is no doubt that the mainstream media is a great source of information and knowledge about international affairs and other nations Thus, examining media discourse could uncover how events and issues come to be news, and how the media mediates them This understanding helps raise the awareness of the importance of processes of production and interpretation as well as discursive practice used to mediate events to make them news reports z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 36 Like other kinds of discourses, news reports convey not just propositional knowledge but ideological assumptions also Thus, reading news articles for profound understanding is a challenging task, especially those written by foreign journalists To achieve this, readers should develop the critical reading In order to so, reading activity and news reports should always be placed in social and historical context Then, students should be encouraged to look critically at texts themselves and at the whole processes of reading as dependent on social context Next, it is necessary for teachers to guide their awareness of ideological content as well as propositional meaning of the reading texts Finally, readers should be alarm during their reading so not to be misled by the language of writers Limitations and suggestions for further study Because of the limits of the paper and knowledge, mistakes and shortcomings are unavoidable Some suggestions are open that other researchers: - extend the time and the scale of database so as to ensure more reliable and less tentative conclusions about these two newspapers - Analyze other discursive strategies such as generalization, warning, syntactic structure, etc - Conduct a larger scale research on a larger database collected from other newspaper rather than the IHT and QDND so as to make more generalized conclusions about the America and North Korea REFERENCES Chouliaraki, L & Fairclough, N (1999) Discourse in Late Modernity: Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis Edinburgh University Press Fairclough, N.L (1989) Language and Power London, Longman Fairclough, N.L (ed.) (1992) Critical Language Awareness London & New York, Longman Fairclough, NL (1995a) Critical Discourse Analysis: The critical study of language London, Longman Fairclough, N.L (1995b) Media discourse London, Edward Arnold Fowler, et al (1979) Language and Control London Routledge and Keagan Paul Fowler, R (1991) Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press London & New York: Routledge Gee, J.P (1999) An introduction to Discourse Analysis London & New York, Routledge Halliday, M.A.K (1994) An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 2nd ed z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 37 Nguyễn Hòa (1999) Nghiên cứu diễn ngơn trị - xã hội (Trên tư liệu báo chí tiếng Anh tiếng Việt đại), Luận án tiễn sĩ ngữ văn Hà Nội, Trường Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Nguyễn Hòa (2000) An introduction to Discourse Analysis Hanoi, National University College of Foreign languages Nguyễn Hịa (2001) Phân tích diễn ngơn: Một số vấn đề lí luận phương pháp Hà Nội, NXB Đại học Quốc gia Trew, T (1979) ‗What the Papers say: linguistic variation and ideological difference‘, in R Fowler, R Hodge, G Kress, and T Trew, Language and Control London, Routledge amd Keagan Paul Van Dijk, T.A (1981) ‗Discourse Studies and Education‘, Applied Linguistics, pp 2126 Van Dijk, T A (1988) News Analysis: Case studies of International and National News in the Press Hillsdale & New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Van Dijk, T.A (1995a), ‗Discourse Analysis as Ideology Analysis‘, in Christina Schaffner and Anita L Wenden (eds.), Language and Peace Dartmouth, Aldershot, pp 17-33 Van Dijk, T.A (1995b) ‗Ideological Discourse Analysis‘, in Eija Ventola and Anna Solin (eds.), Special Issue Interdisciplinary Approaches to Discourse Analysis, New Courant, University of Helsiki, 4, pp 135-161 Van Dijk, T.A (1995c) ‗Power and the News Media‘, in D Paletz (ed.), Political Communication and Action Cresskill, Nj Hampton Press, pp 9-36 Van Dijk, T.A (2001b) ‗Discourse, Ideology and Context‘, Folia Linguistica, XXX/1-2, pp 11-40 Websites http://discourse-in-society.org http://global.nytimes.com http://qdnd.vn http://wikipedia.com z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 IX APPENDICES Appendix Headlines from the International Herald Tribune Headlines Dates IHT North Korea Reveals Second Path to Nuclear Bomb 5/9/2009 IHT North Korea Says In Last Stage of Enriching Uranium 4/9/2009 IHT North Korea May Invite U.S For Nuclear Talks 25/8/2009 IHT No rush to talk with North Korea 10/8/2009 IHT North Korea Asserts New Willingness to Talk 27/7/2009 IHT U.S Pursues Firms With Ties to North Korea 30/6/2009 IHT U.S Fortifies Hawaii‘s Defenses against North Korean Arms 18/6/2009 IHT North Korea to Try American Reporters 3/6/2009 IHT Gates Looks to Tougher Approach on North Korea 31/5/2009 IHT 10 Indications of another Missile Test 30/5/2009 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 X Appendix Headlines from QDND Headlines QDND Dates Khó xác định chương trình làm giàu uranium CHDCND Triều Tiên Triều Tiên bước vào giai đoạn cuối làm giàu u-ra-ni 5/9/2009 3/9/2009 QDND Mỹ đối thoại trực tiếp với Triều Tiên khuôn khổ đàm phán sáu bên Triều Tiên lo ngại trước tập trận chung Mỹ - Hàn QDND Triều Tiên ân xá cho hai nữ nhà báo Mỹ 5/8/2009 QDND Triều Tiên chưa bị đưa trở lại ―danh sách đen‖ nước bảo trợ khủng bố CHDCND Triều Tiên muốn đàm phán vấn đề chung với Mỹ 2/8/2009 Hội đồng Bảo An LHQ thông qua dự thảo biện pháp trừng phạt Bình Nhưỡng Mỹ ngừng cung cấp nhiên liệu cho Triều Tiên 11/6/2009 Các chuyên gia quân xem xét ―nghi vấn‖ vụ thử hạt nhân Bình Nhưỡng 31/5/2009 QDND QDND QDND QDND QDND QDND 10 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 4/9/2009 17/8/2009 25/7/2009 9/6/2009 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 XI Appendix News reports from International Herald Tribune 5/9/2009 North Korea Reveals Second Path to Nuclear Bomb North Korea‘s announcement on Friday that its experiment in enriching uranium is at ―completion stage‖ marks the strongest signal yet from Pyongyang that it is racing to develop a second method of making nuclear bombs 4/9/2009 North Korea Says In Last Stage of Enriching Uranium North Korea said Friday it was closer to a second way of making nuclear weapons, a move analysts saw as a new tactic to put pressure on the international community after a month of conciliatory gestures North America is believed to have possesses enough plutonium for at least half a dozen bombs, said Friday it is continuing to weaponize plutonium 25/8/2009 North Korea May Invite U.S For Nuclear Talks North Korea has invited the U.S envoy overseeing ties with the prickly state to visit for nuclear talks next month, South Korean media said on Tuesday, as the United States pushes sanctions against Pyongyang 10/8/2009 No rush to talk with North Korea Bill Clinton‘s trip to Pyongyang and the release of the American journalists confirmed what many observers have suspected since early July: North Korea is indicating its willingness to re-start talks with the United States There are reasons why Washington should not rush to the negotiation table immediately, but few people doubt that these talks will start relatively soon 27/7/2009 North Korea Asserts New Willingness to Talk North Korea said on Monday that it was open to a form of dialogue to help resolve the dispute with the United States over its nuclear weapons program — but not to six-nation talks involving other regional powers 30/6/2009 U.S Pursues Firms With Ties to North Korea The United States said Tuesday that it had cracked down on companies involved in North Korea‘s missile program and in purchases of equipment that could be used in a nuclear weapons program The Treasury and State Departments said they had singled out Hong Kong Electronics of Iran and Namchongang Trading Corporation of North Korea under an executive order that would freeze any American assets and ban American companies from dealing with them z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 XII 18/6/2009 U.S Fortifies Hawaii’s Defenses against North Korean Arms Defense Secretary Robert M Gates announced Thursday that he had ordered the military to deploy missile interceptors and radar to protect Hawaii from a North Korean longrange rocket Speaking at a Pentagon news conference, Mr Gates said he had directed the military to deploy mobile, ground-based interceptors to Hawaii Mr Gates also ordered seaborne radar into the waters off Hawaii to provide detailed information to track and attack any North Korean missile 3/6/2009 North Korea to Try American Reporters North Korea plans Thursday to try two American journalists who it says entered the country illegally and with what it calls ―hostile intent.‖ The controversial case comes as the North faces international anger over its nuclear test last week 31/5/2009 Gates Looks to Tougher Approach on North Korea Defense Secretary Robert M Gates raised the idea of a tougher approach toward North Korea‘s recent nuclear test in meetings here with Asian allies on Saturday, including the prospect of building up United States military forces in the region should six-nation diplomatic talks with North Korea fail, American defense officials said There was widespread acknowledgement that sanctions against North Korea had to be strengthened because of its nuclear test on Monday and subsequent firings of short-range missiles There was also general agreement that the long-running six-nation talks aimed at getting North Korea to give up its nuclear program had so far failed 30/5/2009 Indications of another Missile Test A senior American official on Saturday confirmed South Korean news reports that the North seemed to be preparing to ship an intercontinental ballistic missile toward a testing site on the waters between Korea and Japan, a sign that North Korea might be planning another long-range missile test z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 XIII Appendix News reports from QDND 5/9/2009 Khó xác định chương trình làm giàu uranium CHDCND Triều Tiên Theo phân tích chuyên gia Hàn Quốc, CHDCND Triều Tiên có nhiều tiến công nghệ làm giàu uranium chưa có khả sản xuất vũ khí hạt nhân Trong đó, chuyên gia nghiên cứu ảnh vệ tinh chụp lò phản ứng hạt nhân Yongbyon CHDCND Triều Tiên ngày 4-9 nói khơng có chứng cho thấy Bình Nhưỡng tìm cách xây dựng lại sở hạt nhân nước đe dọa Viện Khoa học An ninh quốc tế (ISIS) có trụ sở Washington khẳng định sở phân tích ảnh đen trắng mà họ cơng bố, xem khơng có hoạt động xây dựng sở hạt nhân Yongbyon khu vực quan trọng lò phản ứng tình trạng chưa sửa chữa 4/9/2009 Triều Tiên bước vào giai đoạn cuối làm giàu u-ra-ni CHDCND Triều Tiên tuyên bố bước vào giai đoạn cuối tiến trình làm giàu u-ra-ni chế tạo thêm bom nguyên tử từ nhiên liệu qua sử dụng Chưa rõ thực hư sao, tuyên bố làm gia tăng sức ép lên nỗ lực quốc tế việc giải vấn đề hạt nhân Bán đảo Triều Tiên vốn chưa ―nguội‖ 3/9/2009 Mỹ đối thoại trực tiếp với Triều Tiên khuôn khổ đàm phán sáu bên Phản ứng trước tuyên bố Triều Tiên việc nước bước vào giai đoạn cuối tiến trình làm giàu u-ra-ni, đặc phái viên Mỹ CHDCND Triều Tiên S.Bô-xơ-uốt cho biết, Oa-sinh-tơn cân nhắc cách thức đáp trả động thái Bình Nhưỡng 17/8/2009 Triều Tiên lo ngại trước tập trận chung Mỹ - Hàn Hãng thông Trung ương Triều Tiên (KCNA) ngày 16-8 dẫn lời người phát ngôn quân đội Triều Tiên tuyên bố tập trận chung 17-8 Mỹ Hàn Quốc hành động gia tăng sức ép Bình Nhưỡng, Triều Tiên lần cảnh báo đáp trả đe dọa công Mỹ Hàn Quốc 5/8/2009 Triều Tiên ân xá cho hai nữ nhà báo Mỹ Hãng thông trung ương Triều Tiên (KCNA) ngày 5/8 đưa tin nhà lãnh đạo Cộng hòa Dân chủ Nhân dân Triều Tiên Kim Jong-il ban lệnh ân xá đặc biệt cho hai nữ nhà báo Mỹ phạm tội xâm nhập trái phép lãnh thổ nước z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 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