MINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORTS AND TOURISM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE ******** NGUYEN TRI PHUONG MANAGEMENT OF HISTORICAL CULTURAL RELICS IN THAI BINH PROVINCE, VIETNA[.]
MINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORTS AND TOURISM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE ******** NGUYEN TRI PHUONG MANAGEMENT OF HISTORICAL-CULTURAL RELICS IN THAI BINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM Major: Cultural Management Code: 9319042 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION SUMMARY ON CULTURAL MANAGEMENT HANOI, 2023 The dissertation was completed at: HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE MINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORTS AND TOURISM Scientific Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Trinh Thi Minh Duc Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Dang Van Bai National Council for Cultural Heritage Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Bui Hoai Son Committee on Culture and Education of the National Assembly of Vietnam Reviewer 3: Dr Nguyen Minh Khang Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism The dissertation will be defended at University level Doctoral Dissertation Assessment Committee at Ha Noi University of Culture 418 La Thanh street, Dong Da, Ha Noi On:… , day… month … , 2023 The dissertation can be found at: - The National Library of Viet Nam - Library of Ha Noi University of Culture INTRODUCTION Reason for choosing the topic By the end of 2022, there are a total of 2969 relics in Thai Binh province; of which, are classified as special national relics, 114 are classified as national relics, 550 are classified as provincial relics, and the remaining are included in the inventory list In recent years, the management of historical-cultural relics has played an active role in preserving and promoting the value of relics Relic management activities have received the attention of all levels and sectors in the province, concrete and timely cooperation among stakeholders has contributed to creating the basis for scientifically managing the relics in Thai Binh province However, there are still many difficulties and obstacles: Many relics continue to deteriorate due to various reasons while the state budget is still limited, the regime for people in charge of directly taking care of the relics has not yet been regulated by the province, some relics in the province have been arbitrarily renovated and deformed In addition, the Party's guidelines and directions as well as the State's policies and laws have not been published and disseminated widely, the people have not actively participated in protecting and promoting the value of relics in the local areas As a result of that, it is required that stakeholders should coordinate more efficiently in relic management activities Considering the current local practice, to improve the management, protection, and promotion of the value of historical - cultural relics of Thai Binh province, local authorities should coordinate more effectively and closely in relic management activities, thereby achieving the common objective of improving operational efficiency to meet the people's increasing demand for cultural experience Faced with the current situation and urgency of the research topic, based on the scientìic and practical basis, inheriting previous scientific works, the researcher chooses the topic of “Management of historicalcultural relics in Thai Binh province, Vietnam” as the research content of the thesis Research objectives and tasks 2.1 Research objectives The objectives of the thesis are to apply the theories of stakeholders to survey and analyze the current status of coordination among stakeholders in relics management activities in Thai Binh province, thereby proposing solutions to contribute to improving such coordination in the coming time 2.2 Research tasks To achieve the above purpose, the thesis focuses on addressing the following specific tasks: - Collecting and analyzing research works related to the research topic Evaluating legacy materials and finding out what issues need solving in the thesis - Studying the theoretical basis of management of historical - cultural relics Conducting research to select a theory to be applied and develop the analytical framework of the thesis - Surveying and analyzing the current status of the coordination among stakeholders in the management of historical - cultural relics in Thai Binh province - Evaluating the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh province - Proposing solutions to contribute to improving the efficiency of the coordination among stakeholders in the management of historical cultural relics in Thai Binh province in the coming time Research subject and scope 3.1 Research subject The thesis examines and analyzes the current situation of coordination among stakeholders in the management of historical cultural relics in Thai Binh province 3.2 Research scope - Time: from 2015 to present (The period covering the 19th and 20th Party’s Congress of Thai Binh Province) - Location: The researcher selected case studies in locations including: Thai Binh city, Vu Thu district, and Hung Ha district of Thai Binh province - Content: The thesis focuses on researching and understanding the current status of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh province through the specific tasks of each stakeholder Research methods To solve the issues raised by that the research tasks, the thesis uses the following specific methods: - Case study - Analysis, synthesis, statistics, and classification - Interdisciplinary approach - Field surveys carried out at relics and relic management agencies to collect information, data, reports of management agencies, projects, and implemented projects - Sociological research - Expert’s method - Comparative method Research questions and hypotheses 5.1 Research questions Carrying out the research on “Management of historical - cultural relics in Thai Binh province”, the researcher raised the following research questions: Have stakeholders been participating in coordination in relic management activities in Thai Binh province? What are the forms and contents of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh province? How effective is the coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh province? What solutions should be taken to improve the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh province? 5.2 Scientific hypotheses In terms of cultural-historical relic management, stakeholders’ coordination is a method, a form, a process of combining operations of agencies, organizations, and individuals to ensure that such agencies, organizations, and individuals fully and effectively perform their assigned functions, tasks, and powers to achieve common interests If stakeholders involved in relic management activities fail to coordinate effectively or there are many obstacles hindering their operations, the objectives of the relic management activities will be adversely affected New findings of the thesis In term of science: The thesis is the first study using the theory covering all stakeholders to address the issues on management of historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh province and develop the analytical framework of the thesis Based on the research theory, the coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh province has been determined The thesis has established the basic contents of the coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh province In terms of practice: This is the first study applying the theory covering all stakeholders in the management of historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh province Especially, it is also the first time that the coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities has been mentioned and solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh province have been proposed The results concluded in the research will provide authorities at all levels and relic management agencies in Thai Binh province with a comprehensive view of their management work in the past time and identify issues on the management of historic relics in the province in the coming time Thesis layout In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of references and appendices, the thesis content is structured into chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of researched situation, theoretical basis for management of historical - cultural relics, and overview of historical cultural relics in the researched area Chapter 2: Status of coordination among stakeholders in the management of historical - cultural relics in Thai Binh province Chapter 3: Solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in the management of historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh province Chapter OVERVIEW OF RESEARCHED SITUATION, THEORETICAL BASIS FOR MANAGEMENT OF HISTORICAL-CULTURAL RELICS, AND OVERVIEW OF HISTORICAL-CULTURAL RELICS IN THE RESEARCHED AREA 1.1 Overview of researched situation 1.1.1 Researches on coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities In the practice of relic management, stakeholders are required to work closely together to carry out relic management activities; however, conflicts arising from their differences in terms of culture or position may affect their coordination in relic management activities The coordination/cooperation among stakeholders in relic management activities has never been fully studied by researchers Only few aspect of this topic have been considered in the following articles: Stakeholders’ Coordination and Heritage Management by Aas, C Ladkin, and Fletcher, J in; Cultural heritage as a common shared resource - the role of stakeholders’ coordination in cultural heritage management by Anna Góral; Heritage Tourism Management by Brian Garrod, Alan Fyall; Research by Hampton, M.P (2005), Research by John Carman and Marie Louise Stig Sonrensen (2009), Research by Waayers and Newsome (2012), Research by Komppula (2016), Research by Jiang and Ritchie (2017), Research by Saito and Ruhanen (2017), Research by Manaf et al (2018), Research by Wondirad et al (2020), etc The coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities has been mentioned by foreign and domestic researchers from different perspectives through case studies in different countries The studies have emphasized the role and importance of the coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities It has also been found that there are factors that promote and hinder the cooperation among stakeholders in relic management activities in some studies 1.1.2 Researches on management of historical-cultural relics Regarding management of historical - cultural relics, preservation and promotion of the value of relics are the two topics that have been attracting remarkable attention Accordingly, the practice in preserving relics, preservation principles, the role of relic conservation in the contemporary social life as well as experiences and solutions to preserve relics have been discussed and mentioned in the following studies: Preserving and promoting Vietnamese cultural heritage and Some common issues on restoration and preservation of historical and cultural relics by Luu Tran Tieu; The role of cultural heritage in the development of our country by Nguyen Quoc Hung; Research and application of international regulations in the practice of protecting and promoting the value of relics in our country by Nguyen Viet Cuong; State management in the field of cultural heritage conservation by Dang Van Bai; the Ministry-level scientific research topic of “Protecting cultural heritage in the process of socio-economic development and international integration” chaired by Nguyen The Hung; the book “Managing Vietnamese culture in the process of renovation and international integration” by Phan Hong Giang and Bui Hoai Son (co-authors and co-editors); Textbook “Cultural Heritage Management with Tourism Development” edited by Le Hong Ly; Doctoral thesis of “Management of historical and cultural relics in Bac Ninh Province in the process of industrialization – urbanization” by Tran Duc Nguyen, in which the researcher selected Bac Ninh province to be the researched area; etc 1.1.3 Research works on historical and cultural relics in Thai Binh Province Before the 20th century, literature on historical and cultural relics in Thai Binh Province was recorded in national history documents such as Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu, Dai Nam Nhat Thong Chi, Viet Su Thong Giam Cuong Muc, Dai Viet Thong Su, Minh Do Su, Kien Van Tieu Luc, etc At the beginning of the 20th century, the book “Thai Binh Phong Vat Chi” by Pham Van Thu, the book “Thai Binh Province” by Duong Thieu, and some books specifically referring to each district through some fairy tales such as: “Quynh Coi Dia Chi” by Ngo Vi Lien, “Thuy Anh du ky” by Dang Xuan Vien, “Hung Nhan ky su” by Nguyen Van Dao, “Tien Hung phu chi” by Pham Nguyen Hop, “Thai Binh Du Dia Chi”, etc all include records of relics in Thai Binh province From 1945 to 1975, the research and records on historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh Province were not paid much attention partly because the entire people have put their energy and forces into the resistance war After 1975, literature on historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh province was mentioned at some scientific conferences like Conference “Thai Binh Province with the Tran Dynasty” (1994); Conference “The background and career of Tran Thu Do” (2003), Conference “Reporting results of the third phase of Lo Giang Palace archaeological excavation Project under the Tran Dynasty in Hong Minh Commune, Hung Ha District, Thai Binh Province”; International scientific conference “Lo Giang Palace of the Tran Dynasty in Hong Minh Commune, Hung Ha District, Thai Binh Province”; “Revolutionary historical relics in Thai Binh Province” by Author Bui Dang Viet; “Traditional Festivals in Thai Binh Province” by Author Nguyen Thanh; “Dong Bang Temple - a famous cultural heritage” by Bui Thi Hai Yen Besides, the historical, cultural and scientific values of relics and historical-cultural relic clusters in Thai Binh Province are also mentioned in theses including: Thesis “Keo Pagoda and the history of art architecture” by author Dang Huu Tuyen; “Buddhist-Saint Pagoda in the Northern Delta” by Author Pham Thi Thu Huong; Thesis “Khong Lo Saint in the cultural life of people living in the Northern coastal region” by Author Le Thi Thu Ha; Thesis “Ly Nam De in the cultural life of people living in the Northern Delta” by Author Nguyen Thi Thanh Mai 1.1.4 Research works on management of historical - cultural relics in Thai Binh Province Regarding the management of cultural and historical relics in Thai Binh province, several authors have referred to this topic in different aspects, as follows: Article “Management of historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh Province” by Author Nguyen Ngoc Phat; Article “Revolutionary historical relics in Thai Binh Province” by Author Bui Dang Viet ; Article “Archeology in Thai Binh Province - Projects for protection and research” by Vu Duc Thom; Article “Preserving and promoting cultural heritage in Thai Binh Province” by Author Nguyen Thanh Regarding the management of cultural and historical relics in Thai Binh province, recently there have been a number of master's theses such as: “Management of historical - cultural relics in Thai Thuy district, Thai Binh province” by Dam Thi Thu Thuy; “Management of historical - cultural relics in Hung Ha district, Thai Binh province” by Vu Manh Hung; “Management of historical - cultural relics in Tien Hai district, Thai Binh province” by Le Xuan Chien; “Management of historical and cultural relics in Vu Thu district, Thai Binh province” by Tran Toan Thang 1.1.4 Literature overview After providing the overview of documents and research works related to the thesis, the researcher has some initial comments as follows: Management of cultural heritage in general and historical - cultural relics in particular is a matter of interest to many researchers and managers, which has been proven in a number of articles and research works from different theoretical and practical perspectives Studies on historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh province have been mentioned in many different perspectives such as: articles in specialized journals, master’s theses, doctoral theses, scientific research works at ministerial level, scientific conferences at the State and local levels, etc Most of researches on relics serving the purpose of managing relics have provided general introductions of the origin and current status of the relics only; some more in-depth studies have applied surveying, fieldwork, description, and analysis methods to determine the value of monuments expressed through architecture, relics, antiquities, or festivals, thereby helping readers be aware of the richness, diversity, and great values of the system of historical - cultural relics in Thai Binh province today A number of studies have referred to the topic of relic management through some contents including conservation, embellishment, and promotion of the value of the relics Researches on management of historical - cultural relics in Thai Binh Province by previous authors have not addressed the following issues: 1/ There have not been many articles referring to the management of historical cultural relics in Thai Binh province, especially the articles offering intensive analysis and evaluation of the coordination mechanism among stakeholders in management of historical - cultural relics in Thai Binh province Some articles that have mentioned the current status of the management of relics are limited to some specific districts like: Hung Ha district, Vu Thu district, Tien Hai district, Thai Thuy district, Quynh Phu district; 2/ A study that provides a complete comprehensive research and proposes a theoretical research framework on coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities is not available; 3/ A study that proposes solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh province is not available The issues that the previous studies have neither approached nor addressed will be explored and studied in this thesis The works of previous scholars will create important, meaningful, and valuable 11 Province, the People's Committees of relevant communes and towns, the Committee of Culture and Society, the Committee of Relic Management, relevant agencies and departments at each administrative level, and other state agencies having the authority and power to plan, manage, and implement the contents of relic management in the province Stakeholders in the community sector include: The local community, people in charge of directly managing, operating, and maintaining each relic (pagoda keeper, abbot, relic keeper), businesses, visitors, researchers Stakeholders in the community sector play different roles in each specific relic, so the coordination in relic management activities in Thai Binh province is subject to change depending on each takeholder 1.2.4 Proposed analytical framework of the thesis The stakeholder theory is applied to determine the coordination among the stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh province Application of this theory helps determine the nature of coordination among the stakeholders through the implementation of relic management contents Therefore, this study explores how the stakeholders have coordinated with each other to carry out relic management activities, and whether such coordination method and form have been effective or not Chart: Proposed analytic framework of the thesis ASSESS-MENT OF CONTENTS COMMUNITY COORDINATION STAKEHOLDERS AMONG STAKEHODERS COORDI-NATION OF AMONG STAKE- COORDI- HODERS IN RELIC NATION MANAGE-MENT AMONG STAKEHODERS IN STATE RELIC MANAGEMENT PROPOSED SOLUTION TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF COORDINATION AMONG STAKEHODERS Source: Prepared by the researcher in April 2023 12 Based on the identification of the stakeholders, the tasks are assigned to the stakeholders involved in relic management activities in Thai Binh province as follows: (1) Stakeholders are required to coordinate in promulgating and organizing the implementation of legal documents on historical - cultural relics (2) Stakeholders are required to coordinate in developing and directing the implementation of planning and plans to protect and promote values of historical - cultural relics (3) Stakeholders are required to coordinate in carrying out activities to protect and promote values of historical - cultural relics (4) Stakeholders are required to coordinate in providing employees and officials training on preservation of historical - cultural relics (5) Stakeholders are required to coordinate in mobilizing resources to protect and promote values of historical - cultural relics (6) Stakeholders are required to coordinate in inspecting, examining, settling complaints, and handling violations of the law on historical cultural relics 1.2.5 Developing criteria for assessing the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh province 1.3 Overview of the system of historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh Province 1.3.1 Overview of Thai Binh Province Thai Binh Province has various historical and cultural traditions with great potential for economic, cultural and social development 1.3.2 System of historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh Province 1.3.2.1 Number of historical - cultural relics According to the published list, currently there are 2969 relics in Thai Binh province, consisting of special national relics, 114 national monuments, 550 provincial relics, and others listed in the inventory list 1.3.2.2 Types of historical and cultural relics There are three types as follows: Archaeological relic, Historical relic, and Artistic architectural relic 1.3.2.3 Current status and technical status of historical-cultural relics 13 The existing relics are in different conditions such as: intact relic, partly damaged relic, and ruin 1.4 General situation of the researched area 1.4.1 Vu Thu district As a purely agricultural area, Vu Thu district has a special national relic, which is Keo pagoda 1.4.2 Hung Ha district Hung Ha district has been developing many traditional craft villages; currently there is a special national relic, which is the complex of temple and tomb of the Tran kings 1.4.3 Thai Binh city Thai Binh city has a high growth rate attracting residents coming from many other cities and provinces Sub-conclusion Management of cultural heritage in general and historical - cultural relics in particular has been mentioned by scholars and researchers in many research works, the synthesis of the works related to the research topic and theoretical basis creates an important foundation for implementing the research The object of the thesis is to discuss the coordination among stakeholders in management of historical - cultural relics in Thai Binh province Therefore, in chapter 1, the researcher has focused on three groups of theoretical issues: 1/Overview of the researched situation; 2/ theoretical basis of the research topic; 3/ Overview of the system of historical - cultural relics in Thai Binh province From the overview of the researched situation, the thesis has focused on generalizing and systematizing the research works related to the research topic and the theoretical basis Based on that, the thesis provides initial scientific judgments about the contributions and gaps of previous research works by inheriting the results of the previous research works and studying the current situation of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh Province In this chapter, the researcher has also identified the contents of the stakeholder theory and clarified the contents of the theory, thereby applying it to develop the analytical framework of the research topic and identify stakeholders involved in relic management activities in Thai Binh province This is also one of the important studies that initially identify the research object Such identification will create a basis for 14 implementing the next content in Chapter of the thesis, which is the current situation of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh Province Chapter CURRENT STATUS OF COORDINATION AMONG STAKEHOLDERS IN MANAGEMENT OF HISTORICAL – CULTURAL RELICS IN THAI BINH PROVINCE 2.1 Managing subjects and coordination among stakeholders in management of historical relics 2.1.1 Managing subjects 2.1.1.1 State agencies * Government; Agencies at the Ministerial level; Agencies at the Provincial level; Agencies at the Department level; Agencies at the District level; Agencies at the Commune level * Entity directly in charge of relic management * Entity involved in coordination in relic management 2.1.1.2 Community - Local community - Research institutions - Organizations and businesses providing services and carrying out other business activities at each relic - People directly in charge of operating and maintaining each relic (abbot, pagoda keeper, person in charge of maintaining a relic, etc.) 2.1.2 Coordination among stakeholders in relic management 2.1.2.1 Inevitability of coordination Coordination is an aspect of the management process of any organization It is the factor connecting the constituent elements and operational processes of a relic management agency 2.1.2.2 Indications of the coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities - Coordination within a relic management agency is carried out at many levels -Coordination is one of the contents as well as an executive and managing tool of the head of a relic management agency 15 - Coordination within a relic management agency is carried out based on the provisions of the professional regulations and the orders of the head of the agency - The scope of coordination must not exceed the functions, tasks, and powers of each stakeholder - Coordination within a relic management agency is carried out in many forms and with varied methods of coordination 2.1.2.3 Role of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities - Unifying the functions and tasks of all departments of a relic management agency - Utilizing resources to focus on effectively handling difficult problems - Acting as an important executive and managing tool of the head of the relic management agency - Acting as a tool for implementing democracy in the internal operations of the relic management agency - Mobilizing the manpower from the community to carry out relic management activities such as: providing information, inspecting, monitoring, detecting violations, etc in the localities where the relics are located 2.1.2.4 Forms and methods of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities - Voluntary coordination - Compulsory coordination 2.2 Current status of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities 2.2.1 Coordination in promulgating and organizing the implementation of legal documents on historical - cultural relics 2.2.1.1 Coordination in preparing and issuing documents The coordination among stakeholders in advising on the promulgation of legal documents has been implemented by state agencies in coordination with the local community 2.2.1.2 Coordination in implementing documents The coordination among stakeholders in implementing documents is regularly and continuously performed Any newly issued document is 16 publicly implemented and disseminated by relic management agencies at all levels 2.2.2 Coordination in developing and implementing planning and plans to protect and promote the values of historical - cultural relics 2.2.2.1 Coordinating in developing planning to preserve and promote the values of historical - cultural relics Stakeholders closely coordinate with each other in developing planning to contribute to the achievement of the objectives set out during the planning When developing each planning, agencies assigned to be in charge of planning carry out all steps, especially the step of collecting feedback of experts, researchers, and local community - who are influenced by the planning the most 2.2.2.2 Coordination in developing and implementing plans to protect and promote the values of historical - cultural relics The coordination in developing plans to protect and promote the values of historical - cultural relics, including planning the inventory, completing the scientific profile of each relic, studying and assessing the technical condition of each relic, providing instructions on the procedures for setting up a project to restore any relic, has been a matter of concern so far, which has made an important contribution to the management of historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh province 2.2.3 Coordination in organizing, directing, and carrying out professional activities 2.2.3.1 Coordination in inventorying historical - cultural relics The coordination among stakeholders in inventorying relics has been carried out methodically and systematically with a plan to coordinate between state agencies and the community However, there are not enough employees in the agencies in charge of culture and communication and officials in each commune, which makes it difficult to implement the coordination when performing any task 2.2.3.2 Coordination in preparing scientific profiles to apply for the ranking of relics and relic certificate The ranking of relics in the province in recent years has created an important legal frame for preservation of historical - cultural relics However, the characteristics of each relic, each locality, spiritual values, as well as limitations in perception and cognition have created difficulties in coordination in the ranking process 17 2.2.3.3 Coordination inventorying relics and antiquities It is very important to engage and coordinate stakeholders in inventorying relics and antiquities However, it is shown in the research that in the researched areas, relics and antiques are inventoried by state agencies in the stage of preparing ranking dossiers, but they are no longer a matter of regular concern after the ranking process is completed 2.2.3.4 Coordination in preserving, restoring, and embellishing historical - cultural relics It can be seen that State agencies and the community play significant roles in the projects of preserving, restoring, and embellishing historical cultural relics Management agencies are responsible for ensuring that the projects are implemented in accordance with the provisions of the current legal documents In addition, the coordination and participation of the community also actively contributes to the project and ensures that the goal of sustainable preservation of historical and cultural relics can be achieved efficiently 2.2.3.5 Coordination in promoting the values of historical - cultural relics The promotion of the values of the relics has been paid attention; however, due to limited resources, especially financial resources, just fews promotion activities have been carried out 2.2.4 Coordinating in mobilizing resources for preserving relics * Funding from the state budget * Funding from private sectors * Income from promotion activities of the values of relics * Combination of resources for preserving relics 2.2.5 Coordination in training staff in charge of managing historical - cultural relics There is coordination among stakeholders in training staff in charge of managing historical - cultural relics; however, there are still limitations Training courses have not been held regularly, some localities have never organized any training courrse for staff due to lack of human resources or funding 18 2.2.6 Coordination in inspecting, examining, and handling violations of regulations on historical - cultural relics Management agencies have regularly inspected, examined, and handled violations of regulations on historical and cultural relics The coordination among stakeholders contributes to the detection, prevention, and handling of issues related to relics, thereby improving implementation of relic management 2.3 Assessment of the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in relic management 2.3.1 Advantages Firstly, the participation and coordination among stakeholders in advising and promulgating state management documents in the field of managing relics and festivals helps ensure timely implementation of professional operations such as inventorying, ranking relics, inventorying antiquities, preserving, restoring, and embellishing relics, promoting the values of relics Secondly, agencies performing the functions and tasks of relic management have been established to help enhance the coordination and the roles of stakeholders in management of relics in Thai Binh province Thirdly, the State and the community have cooperated in publishing, disseminating, and educating on legal documents in the community, any newly issued document is published so that any organization and community are aware of the values of any relic Awareness of the entire society, industries, and agencies at all levels on protection of cultural heritage in general and relics in particular has been enhanced Fourthly, the participation and coordination among stakeholders in professional activities was initially implemented effectively Fifthly, the participation and coordination in promoting the values of relics and festivals has been a matter of concern, and relic promotion programs have been published on newspapers, radio, and television In general, the management of relics in recent years has basically met the requirements and general development of the entire society Sixthly, the stakeholders have coordinated in training and improving the qualifications of officials in charge of managing relics at all levels Seventhly, the organized inspections and examinations have timely detected violations of regulations on relics, inappropriate implementation 19 of projects of restorating and embellishing relics, and any adjustment that need implementing immediately 2.3.2 Limitations and causes Firstly, the coordination among stakeholders in relic management agencies at all levels is still inadequate and limited There are not enough public employees working on cultural heritage in general and culturalhistorical relics in particular The available human resources are not professional enough The public employees working at all levels, including the provincial level, district level, and especially commune level have not met requirements on qualification and professional expertise Some officials have received proper professional training but have had limited experience or have not had opportutnities to participate in the development of plans and projects; therefore, they are confused and hesitate to implement and propose solutions The decentralization of management has not been specified, so it has not imposed any positive impact Some relics have not been restored in compliance with applicable regulations For example, some new statues and offerrings have been placed into relics Some statues and offerrings in relics have been repainted More seriously, some local government even allow constructing new works within relic areas without consulting any competent cultural agency as regulated Secondly, the coordination among stakeholders in relic management agencies has not been specified clearly because regulations on managing historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh Province are not available As a result of that, the management model for historical-cultural relics is not available, the decentralization in management of relics is not clear and subject to change depending on each locality Thirdly, the coordination among stakeholders in propagating and disseminating state documents on relics has been a matter of concern However, due to the lack of regular propaganda, people still not really understand and apply these documents to the conservation of relics Fourthly, the coordination in providing professional guidance on managing, renovating, embellishing, and promoting the values of relics in traditional education and construction of grassroots cultural life is also not specific, practical, and efficient enough Some local units have restored relics arbitrarily without ensuring the original condition of each relic 20 according to the Law on Cultural Heritage Some have arbitrarily added new offerrings and statues, or build additional auxiliary works in the relic area without asking for the permission of any competent agency, thereby causing damages to the landscape as well as traditional space of the relic and reducing its value There is a lack of coordination among relic management agencies in providing professional guidance on preserving and restoring relics for organizations and individuals Fifthly, the stakeholders have coordinated in inspecting and handling violations of regulations on relics; however, in reality, many cases have not been resolved completely, some agencies are even confused when handling such cases Sub-conclusion In Chapter 2, the thesis has clarified a number of issues as follows: the subjects having the State authority to managing relics are management agencies at the ministerial level, Departments, and agencies at the district and commune levels The community include local communities, businesses, visitors, researchers, and relic keepers, who play a voluntary role in the management of the relics In this chapter, the researcher has also clarified a number of issues regarding coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities such as the inevitability, characteristics, roles, forms, and methods of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities The thesis has investigated and assessed the coordination among stakeholders in the management of relics: 1/ Coordination in promulgating and implementing legal documents on historical-cultural relics; 2/ Coordination in preparing and implementing planning and plans to preserve relics; 3/ Coordination in organizing the implementation of professional activities to preserve relics; 4/ Coordination in mobilizing resources in relic conservation activities; 5/ Coordination in training staff in charge of managing relics; 6/ Coordination in inspection, examination, and handling of violations of regulations on relics Based on the analysis of the actual current status of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities, the researcher has assessed the advantages and limitations in the coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities and pointed out the causes of such limitations 21 Chapter SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF COORDINATION AMONG STAKEHOLDERS IN MANAGEMENT OF HISTORICAL-CULTURAL RELICS IN THAI BINH PROVINCE 3.1 Basis for proposed solutions 3.1.1 Orientation of the Party and State 3.1.2 Thai Binh province in the context of economic, cultural and social development 3.1.3 Orientation for management of historical and cultural relics of Thai Binh province in the coming time 3.2 Solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in the management of relics in Thai Binh province 3.2.1 Group of solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among state agencies 3.2.1.1 Solutions for improving the apparatus organization 3.2.1.2 Improving capacity and responsibility for coordination among officials at all levels 3.2.1.3 Developing regulations on coordination among relics management agencies 3.2.1.3 Strengthening coordination among relics management agencies in performing professional tasks 3.2.1.5 Solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination in inspection, examination, and handling of violations of regulations on historical - cultural relics 3.2.2 Solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination between state agencies and the community 3.2.2.1 Solutions on mechanisms and policies 3.2.2.2 Empowering and developing coordination capacity, especially among local communities 3.2.3 Solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among the community 3.2.3.1 Raising community awareness on the values of relics 3.2.3.2 Strengthening the role of the community in management activities 22 3.2.3.3 Increasing contributions to relic preservation activities 3.2.3.4 Strengthening the supervision responsibility of the community in the management of relics 3.3 Some recommendations to authorities at higher levels 3.3.1 Recommendations to the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism 3.3.2 Recommendations to the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Thai Binh province Sub-conclusion In Chapter 3, the researcher has presented the basis for proposing solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among State agencies in relic management activities in Thai Binh province, which focuses on the orientations of the Party and the State on conservation and promotion of the values of relics The researcher has also analyzed the situation of Thai Binh province in the period of economic, cultural, and social development and the province's orientations on the management of relics Based on that, the researcher has focused on offering groups of solutions: Group of solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among state agencies; 2/ Solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination between state agencies and the community; 3/ Solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination in the community Besides, in chapter 3, the researcher has proposed a number of recommendations to the authorities to improve the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in relics management activities in the coming time One of these recommendations is that a set of criteria for evaluating the efficiency of relic management for provinces and cities should be studied, prepared, and promulgated as soon as possible CONCLUSION Based on the results of the research on “Management of historicalcultural relics in Thai Binh province”, the following conclusions can be drawn: There have been certain advantages and limitations in management of historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh province Therefore, improving 23 the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities is considered as a practical solution to improve the efficiency of management of relics The objectives of the thesis is to identify stakeholders, the coordination among the stakeholders in relics management activities, evaluating the advantages and limitations in the coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities to propose solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities Based on the research objectives, the thesis has collected and summarized the researches on the coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities, management of historical-cultural relics, cultural-historical relics in Thai Binh province, and management of historical-cultural relics in Thai Binh province to identify research gaps Based on such research gaps, the theoretical basis for management of relics and coordination in relic management has been synthesized The stakeholder theory has been applied to identify stakeholders involved in managing relics and the contents of coordination among the stakeholders in relic management activities, which act as the bases for proposing a research theoretical framework to create an important basis for the research contents of the thesis The case study method is applied to the thesis with selected case studies in Hung Ha district, Vu Thu district, and Thai Binh city because these areas have all representative characteristics affecting the management of relics in the province in general (model of relic management; ranking of relics at all levels; speed of local urbanization and development) The research results of the thesis have clarified coordination among stakeholders (forms and methods of coordination) in relic management activities in the researched areas through the following contents:1/Coordination among stakeholders in charge of issuing and implementing legal documents on historical-cultural relics; 2/ Coordination among stakeholders in charge of developing planning and plans to preserve and promote the values of relics; 3/ Coordination among stakeholders in charge of organizing and guiding professional activities; 4/ Coordination among stakeholders in charge of mobilizing, managing, and 24 using resources to protect and promote the values of relics; 5/ Coordination among stakeholders in charge of training relic management officers; 6/ Coordination among stakeholders in charge of to inspecting, examining, and handling violations of regulations on historical-cultural relics Through the research, the researcher has found that the State plays an important and decisive role in managing historical-cultural relics Besides, the community also plays an important role in coordinating and participating in a number of relic management activities The research results also show that there are still problems in coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities In particular, the decentralization and assignment of responsibilities and powers among stakeholders have not been clear, the coordination mechanism among stakeholders is not available, there are no policies to mobilize the community to participate in managing relics In the current context of economic, cultural and social development, the government and people of Thai Binh province have been actively paying attention to and participating in the conservation and promotion of the values of the relics It is also shown in reality that in recent years, the Party’s Committee and government of Thai Binh province have paid attention to invest in the conservation and promotion of the values of the relics by promulgating mechanisms and policies, investing in resources and people, mobilizing the local community to participate in uch activities Based on the perspectives and resolutions of the Party and the mechanisms and policies of the State in preserving and promoting the values of relics, the thesis proposes a number of solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among stakeholders in relic management activities in Thai Binh Province in the near future There are three groups of solutions to be focused: 1/solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among relics management agencies; 2/ solutions to improve coordination between the relic management agency and the community; 3/ Solutions to improve the efficiency of coordination among the community LIST OF PUBLISHED RESEARCH WORKS RELATED TO THE TOPIC OF THE THESIS Nguyen Tri Phuong (2017), “Impact of climate change on historical and cultural relics in Thai Binh province”, Culture and Arts Magazine, (392), pp27-29 Nguyen Tri Phuong (2018), “To preserve and promote value of A Sao temple’s festival”, Culture and Arts Magazine, (408), pp.15-18 Nguyen Tri Phuong (2020), “The management Kings of Tran Dynasty’s shire, national special historic sites in Thai Binh”, Culture and Arts Magazine, (437), pp.24-27 Nguyen Tri Phuong (2021), “Issues in management of historicalcultural relics in Thai Binh province”, Culture and Arts Magazine, (479), pp.45-48