Carolyn LoGiudice and Kate LaQuay Skill Area: Grammar Ages: through 11 Grades: through Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc All of our products are copyrighted to protect the fine work of our authors You may only copy the student materials as needed for your own use with students Any other reproduction or distribution of the pages in this book is prohibited, including copying the entire book to use as another primary source or “master” copy LinguiSystems, Inc 3100 4th Avenue East Moline, IL 61244-9700 800-776-4332 FAX: 800-577-4555 E-mail: service@linguisystems.com Web: linguisystems.com Printed in the U.S.A ISBN 0-7606-0648-X About the Authors Carolyn LoGiudice, M.S., CCC-SLP, was a speech-language clinician in school, clinic, and private settings before joining LinguiSystems in 1984 She has co-authored many materials with LinguiSystems, including The WORD Test 2, No-Glamour Vocabulary Cards, The Test of Semantic Skills (TOSS-P and TOSS-I), 100% Grammar, and 100% Punctuation Carolyn LoGiudice Kate LaQuay, J.D., became part of LinguiSystems’ extended family more than 20 years ago when her mother, Carolyn LoGiudice, joined the company Now a mother herself, Kate has co-authored several LinguiSystems products, including U.S History: A Reading Comprehension Book, U.S Government: A Reading Comprehension Game and Spotlight on Vocabulary: Levels and Previously, she practiced law for six years in Los Angeles Kate and Michael LaQuay Dedication To language and learning instructors devoted to improving students’ skills and supporting their highest aspirations Illustrations by Margaret Warner Cover design by Jason Platt Table of Contents Introduction Pretest/Posttest What Is a Sentence? The First Word of a Sentence Use a Period to End a Sentence Four Kinds of Simple Sentences 10 Punctuating Statements and Questions 11 Changing Statements Into Questions 12 Identifying Statements and Commands 14 The Subject of a Command 16 Identifying Statements and Exclamations 17 Identifying Incomplete Sentences 18 Writing Complete Sentences 19 Complete Subjects 21 Complete Predicates 22 Simple Subjects 23 Simple Predicates 25 Subject-Verb Agreement 27 Compound Subjects 29 Compound Verbs 31 Direct Objects 33 Indirect Objects 35 Direct and Indirect Questions 37 Answer Key 39 Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Introduction By itself, “grammar” is not an engaging topic for students You won’t hear them spontaneously discuss the function of an adjective vs an adverb Students don’t get excited about linking verbs Most adults outside the academic arena even shy away from grammar, especially now that our computers can check our grammar for reports or other writings Even so, effective speakers and writers need to understand and use grammar as a sharp tool to express their thoughts Grammar rules help us modify a message for a target audience We even break some rules on purpose to be more casual Some say the most practical reason to teach grammar in school is to help students score well on tests That practice, while pragmatic, ignores the lifelong benefits of solid grammar skills We make snap judgments when we meet people These impressions are based on communication style as much as appearance and background knowledge When all we know about someone is what that person has written, as in many e-mails, grammar and writing style are even more important How, then, we entice students to master basic grammar well enough to apply it in their conversation and their writing? • First, teach the grammar concept or rule Highlight a specific grammar point • Then, give your students practice, practice, practice • Incorporate the grammar concept in both oral and written activities • Spotlight the concept as your students encounter it in textbooks, Internet articles, school announcements, and classroom interaction • Demonstrate both correct and incorrect use of the grammar concept Talk about the impact of the concept on a message’s listener or reader Often a message is clearer when it is grammatically correct Incorrect grammar can also distract from the meaning or desired effect of a message The goals of Spotlight on Grammar are below • To help students recognize and utilize correct grammar in their speaking and writing • To boost students’ reading comprehension by understanding the role of grammar Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc All six books in Spotlight on Grammar concentrate on basic grammar concepts typically mastered by students in fifth grade Use the Pretest/Posttest on page to determine your students’ specific strengths and weaknesses The activities within each book are sequenced by general complexity Sentence structure, vocabulary, and readability are kept simple to keep students’ energies focused on the grammar concept vs reading comprehension Spotlight on Grammar: Simple Sentences teaches the concept of a sentence as a complete thought Your students will differentiate statements, commands, exclamations, and questions and punctuate them correctly Activities in this book also teach students to identify simple and complete subjects and predicates, direct objects, and indirect objects Your students should master the elements of simple sentences in order to progress to reading and writing compound and complex sentences Here are some additional activities that will help your students master simple sentences • Write a simple sentence on the board, such as Carl reads Talk about the subject of this sentence and the verb or predicate Then, ask your students to add more information to this sentence while keeping it a simple sentence (one independent clause, one main thought), e.g., Carl reads mysteries, Carl often reads, Carl and Jim read magazines, Carl reads and enjoys comic books, Carl reads and rereads science fiction books on Saturdays, etc • Use a magnetic word set or cards with single words on them to play modified Scrabble with your students Instead of putting letters together to spell words, players put words together to make the longest simple sentences they can (This game is available as Grammar Scramble, © 1998 LinguiSystems, Inc.) • Divide the class into even rows Gather one member from each team out of earshot of the others Say a simple sentence to this group On your signal, these players return to their rows and whisper the sentence to the first person in line Each person whispers the same sentence down the row The last person goes to the board and writes the sentence The first team to have the correct sentence on the board wins • Divide the class into pairs or small groups Each group thinks of an object and writes simple sentence clues that describe the object One group presents one sentence at a time while the rest of the students guess the object Each person who guesses an object correctly earns one point At the end of a set time period, the person with the most points wins • Construct a communal story composed of simple sentences Write the simple-sentence story as it is created If a student suggests a compound or complex sentence, explain how you know the sentence is compound or complex and ask the student to break it apart to create one simple sentence, even though some of the information will be lost When everyone has contributed at least one sentence, collaborate to add a great ending for your simple-sentence story Illustrate the story and post it on a bulletin board We hope Spotlight on Grammar: Simple Sentences is a big hit with you and your students! Carolyn and Kate Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Pretest/Posttest ➥ Put these words in order to write a complete sentence ate for we breakfast pancakes time appointment what your is today ➥ Write an example of each kind of sentence statement _ command _ exclamation _ question ➥ _ Underline the complete subject of each sentence Circle the complete predicate All of the dogs barked at me Everyone in the stadium cheered loudly ➥ Circle complete for each complete sentence Circle incomplete for each incomplete sentence complete incomplete My first guess 10 complete incomplete Sit with me 11 complete incomplete At the park ➥ Underline each direct object in these sentences Circle each indirect object 12 My parents threw my sister a surprise party 13 Nate loaned Henry a pen 14 The coach gave me another chance Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc What Is a Sentence? A sentence is a group of words that tell a complete thought A sentence tells about someone or something doing an action Sara unlocked the door Ned plays a game A sentence can also be a complete statement that describes someone or something Roses are red Miguel is our new captain You capitalize the first letter of a sentence You punctuate the end of a sentence The ending punctuation for most sentences is a period Dandelions are weeds ➥ We left our jackets on the bench Use each word to write a complete sentence Capitalize the first word Use a period at the end of each sentence chocolate dog friend tired holiday lunch movie phone Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc The First Word of a Sentence The first word of a sentence always begins with a capital letter My brother wants a pet turtle The teacher looked at me ➥ Put these words in order to write sentences Use a capital letter for the first word in each sentence my friend is she best ate lunch for sandwich a he outside cold is it today brothers have two I we yesterday trip took a field the enjoyed movie they late bus you be will for the flavor is cream strawberry my ice of favorite let dinner don’t your get cold 10 finished I night the book last Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Use a Period to End a Sentence Use a period to end a sentence My dog can tricks ➥ Put these words in order to write sentences Use a period at the end of each sentence ringing is phone the again went vacation beach family to my the for sister bed forgot her make to my tonight Mom work has late to Luke a home ride me gave found I table under the it new have a I backpack light someone off the turned this too suitcase is heavy 10 won the Carla race relay Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Four Kinds of Simple Sentences There are four kinds of simple sentences Each kind has a certain punctuation mark at the end A declarative sentence makes a statement It ends with a period Trevor needs a new jacket An imperative sentence is a command or a request to something It ends with a period Close your eyes An interrogative sentence is a question It ends with a question mark Where are your sunglasses? An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling It ends with an exclamation point Watch out! Those are bees! ➥ Draw lines to match the words that mean the same thing statement A exclamatory sentence question B imperative sentence command C declarative sentence exclamation D interrogative sentence Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 10 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Simple Predicates ➥ Underline the simple predicate in each sentence They have been preparing for the storm I was getting worried about you We will drive home tomorrow Ms Granger will return to school on Wednesday She is jogging down by the river We are looking at magazines Omar was fidgeting in his seat The class was learning about endangered species Noel has missed practice a lot lately 10 These apples taste fresh 11 The cell phone kept ringing for two minutes 12 My dad is making chicken tacos for dinner 13 The ducks are splashing around in the pond 14 I am learning a lot about art Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 26 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Subject-Verb Agreement The subject and the verb in a sentence need to agree in number A singular subject (one person or thing) needs a singular verb Kevin wants a new baseball A plural subject (more than one person or thing) needs a plural verb My friends want new baseballs ➥ Decide whether each subject is singular or plural Then, write the correct verb in the blank to complete each sentence We smoke coming from the kitchen smells/smell She long hair has / have Martha the violin plays / play My parents coffee in the morning drinks / drink I chocolate ice cream best likes / like The kids lemonade for 50 cents a cup sells / sell This sandwich funny tastes / taste Jennifer surprises loves / love Jared a great dancer is / are 10 We mistakes sometimes makes / make 11 These flowers in early spring blooms / bloom 12 He the 400 meter dash runs / run Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 27 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Subject-Verb Agreement ➥ Decide whether each subject is singular or plural Then, write the correct verb in the blank to complete each sentence The artist mostly portraits paints / paint Stacy a painful sunburn has / have Birds’ bones hollow is / are School on August 18th starts / start Cheetahs up to 65 miles per hour runs / run These scratches me hurts / hurt I a new box of 48 crayons have / has My favorite subject Spanish is / are They around a lot jokes / joke 10 I the oldest child in my family am / are 11 Our car on gas and electricity runs / run 12 Babies a lot sleeps / sleep 13 Farmers in this area corn in the summer grows / grow 14 Students in this class their hands to ask questions raises / raise Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 28 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Compound Subjects Some sentences have more than one simple subject Two or more subjects that are joined by the words and or or are called a compound subject Rosalie and her friend are going to the movies together tonight Jogging or just walking would be good exercise for you ➥ Underline the compound subject in each sentence Pizza and tacos are the choices for lunch Monica or Jennifer could be your partner Crocodiles and turtles lay eggs in nests Cactuses and palm trees grow well in hot climates The band and the football team practice on the same field Milk or water would be fine Jump or dive into the pool Cake and ice cream are for dessert Parents or guardians can sign the permission slip 10 Mark or Chris will go first 11 Carrie and Jessica have been studying together 12 Candy or flowers would make a nice gift Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 29 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Compound Subjects ➥ Underline the compound subject in each sentence Mandy and Becky volunteered to help the teacher Your families and friends are welcome to attend A comedy or a romantic movie would be fun to see The United States, Germany, and Russia are likely to win gold medals Coffee, tea, and soda can stain your teeth Tina’s mermaid costume or Cynthia’s princess costume should win first prize Either chicken or fish will be for dinner Nuts, berries, milk, and eggs give me a rash Your desk, your backpack, and your locker are all good places to keep your books 10 The pilot, the co-pilot, or a flight attendant will make the announcement 11 Deep-sea fishing and rock climbing are my favorite activities 12 Your muddy shoes and wet jacket should stay on the porch Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 30 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Compound Verbs A predicate can have more than one verb Two or more verbs joined in one predicate by the words and or or are a compound verb My brother fell and scraped his knees ➥ Underline the compound verb in each sentence The audience clapped and cheered afterward I grinned and waved goodbye The dogs barked or wagged their tails Kevin knocked and rang the doorbell She watched and listened carefully Mom washed and dried the dishes We touched and fed animals at the petting zoo Two frogs leaped and hopped across the pond I brush and floss my teeth after breakfast 10 The kids sang and danced in the show 11 He blinked and wiped his eyes 12 Most people smile or laugh at my jokes 13 Patrick buys and sells comic books 14 He peeled and sliced the apples Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 31 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Compound Verbs ➥ Underline the compound verb in each sentence Susanne put the present in a gift bag and added a curly bow The children ate hot dogs and drank lemonade Dad stared at me and raised his eyebrows A receptionist answers the phone and greets visitors Uncle Joe plays games with us and tells funny stories Mom planted flowers and mowed the lawn Todd swims at the pool or plays baseball every Saturday They walk to school or take the bus Shawna babysits or does extra chores to earn money 10 Police officers fight crime and help people in need 11 My sister exercises and takes gymnastics 12 I called and left a message 13 We packed and stored the holiday decorations 14 Grandma closed the shutters and turned off the lights Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 32 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Direct Objects The direct object of a sentence tells who or what receives the action of an action verb Mom passed the cookies ➥ Underline the action verb in each sentence Then, circle the direct object I called David yesterday She finished her homework The cat drank water We watched a movie He broke his arm Dad opened the door Grandpa mailed a package They ate the pizza in less than five minutes I wrote a letter 10 The photographer took my picture 11 He made his bed 12 Mom baked some potatoes for dinner 13 The teacher made an announcement 14 We brought our umbrellas Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 33 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Direct Objects A direct object tells who or what receives the action of an action verb One action verb can have more than one direct object I put butter and syrup on my pancakes ➥ Underline the action verb in each sentence Then, circle each direct object Mom grabbed her purse and her keys Dad parked the car across the street Aunt Erica put milk and eggs in her shopping cart The captain started the meeting early I packed shampoo and toothpaste for the trip My sister wrapped the blanket around herself The teacher asked Ben and Ned to stay after class We ordered hamburgers and salads I rubbed sunscreen lotion on my face 10 George plays hockey and soccer 11 The crowd threw confetti and streamers into the air 12 Mom puts milk and sugar in her coffee 13 The mechanic replaced the flat tire 14 She writes poems and short stories Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 34 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Indirect Objects An indirect object usually comes before a direct object An indirect object tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done Leah gave her brother a new basketball To find an indirect object, first find the direct object of the action verb The indirect object will usually be between the action verb and its direct object ➥ Underline the indirect object in each sentence Sheryl passed Katie the ball Mom bought me new clothes for school Spencer told Charles a secret I wrote her a thank-you note Dad gave the dog a bone Jeremy saved Adrian a seat on the bus Damion sent me a surprise The teacher showed us an example Lee loaned Joel a book of mysteries 10 The experience taught me an important lesson 11 My older brother packed me a big lunch 12 We made the neighbors dinner 13 The gardener fed the roses fertilizer 14 I fixed myself a sandwich Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 35 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Indirect Objects An indirect object usually comes before a direct object An indirect object tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done One action verb can have more than one indirect object Uncle Roy made my friends and me cool party hats ➥ Underline the indirect objects in these sentences Aaron gave Jack his place in line Mom handed Tracy and me napkins Dad made Rob and me a fruit salad Sophie read her sister a story Max sang her a song I sent Mom and Grandma cards for Mother’s Day Aunt Sara knitted me a green sweater We fed the horses and donkeys some carrots Please save my sister and me the last two pieces 10 Trevor passed me the ball 11 My parents paid my brother and me five dollars for mowing the lawn 12 My grandparents gave Mona, Linda, and me souvenirs from their trip 13 The storm brought us 12 inches of rain in one day 14 Julie drew me a funny picture Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 36 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Direct and Indirect Questions A direct question asks a question and ends with a question mark Where are my socks? An indirect question does not truly ask a question It ends with a period I wonder where my socks are ➥ Add the correct punctuation mark at the end of each direct or indirect question How did you that I don’t know whose backpack this is I think it will be hot again today Did Tiffany come to school today He asked for someone to help him I wonder who made that noise What kind of dog is that When will they come over I don’t know who sent this note 10 Do you know how to get there 11 I wonder if Marcy is tall enough 12 Tell me if that surprised you 13 Who won the long-jump event 14 Why are you making a silly face Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 37 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Direct and Indirect Questions ➥ Add the correct punctuation mark at the end of each direct or indirect question I can’t decide whether to order one scoop or two Which path should we take Do you agree with me I wonder if something bad just happened Did she notice your new glasses I don’t know what looks different about you today I wonder who will take Jenny’s place He wondered if that was the right answer Can you tell how old this fossil is 10 She asked what you found under her bed 11 Do you know how this lock was broken 12 What caused the accident 13 He wondered if she would keep his secret 14 Let’s ask them where they are going Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 38 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Answer Key The most likely answers are listed here Accept other logical, appropriate answers as correct Page We ate pancakes for breakfast What time is your appointment today? 3.-6 Answers will vary subj – All of the dogs pred – barked at me subj – Everyone in the stadium pred – cheered loudly incomplete 10 complete 11 incomplete 12 DO – a surprise party IO – my sister 13 DO – a pen IO – Henry 14 DO – another chance IO – me Page 10 Page Page 12 Answers will vary Page She is my best friend He ate a sandwich for lunch It is cold outside today I have two brothers We took a field trip yesterday They enjoyed the movie You will be late for the bus My favorite flavor of ice cream is strawberry Don’t let your dinner get cold 10 I finished the book last night Page The phone is ringing again My family went to the beach for vacation My sister forgot to make her bed Mom has to work late tonight Luke gave me a ride home Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 10 11 12 13 14 I found it under the table I have a new backpack Someone turned off the light This suitcase is too heavy 10 Carla won the relay race C D ? ? ? B A 10 ? ? 11 12 13 14 ? ? Are they very good friends? Should we bring a snack for later? Have you been here before? Was Eli the last one to get on the bus? Will you need to use scissors? Did Gail miss school today? Are there many lions at the zoo? Will they come over again tomorrow? Do I need a haircut? Page 13 correct incorrect incorrect incorrect correct 10 Page 14 statement command command statement command statement 10 11 12 13 14 Page 15 Page 11 statement command command command statement statement command statement incorrect correct incorrect correct incorrect 10 11 12 13 14 statement command command statement statement command command statement statement command statement command command statement Pages 19-20 Answers will vary Page 21 Page 16 (you) children (you) Mom (you) (you) Vicky 10 11 12 13 14 Page 17 10 11 12 13 14 exclamation statement exclamation exclamation statement statement exclamation statement exclamation statement exclamation exclamation exclamation statement Page 18 complete complete incomplete 39 incomplete complete complete incomplete complete incomplete incomplete incomplete complete incomplete complete Sam runners (you) (you) Tim (you) Dad 10 11 12 Our music teacher Everyone in my class The football team All of my friends Not one of us Jason and his brother Alex My fear of the dark Our new neighbors The class president The visiting team’s cheerleaders Every one of these snakes My stepsister Sarah Page 22 calls for more thunderstorms built a tall sandcastle at the beach paid ten dollars for the books brought two packages for me likes to play the piano have a fear of heights has a gray beard is shy around adults is painted white and green 10 seem worried about something 11 ran through the backyard 12 was delayed for two hours Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc Page 23 10 11 12 sister subscription party winner truck refrigerator tree Gary hamster point oatmeal whining Page 24 10 11 12 13 14 skeleton doctor timer Zach books headache neighbors mittens brothers store hair joke smile ending Page 25 10 11 12 will go swimming am working was having have been thinking will be staying spilled does seem could work will march have been taking will compete might go Page 26 10 11 have been preparing was getting will drive will return is jogging are looking was fidgeting was learning has missed taste kept ringing Spotlight on Grammar Simple Sentences 12 is making 13 are splashing 14 am learning Page 27 smell has plays drink like sell 10 11 12 tastes loves is make bloom runs 10 11 12 13 14 is joke am runs sleep grow raise Page 28 paints has are starts run hurt have Page 29 10 11 12 Pizza, tacos Monica, Jennifer Crocodiles, turtles Cactuses, palm trees band, team Milk, water Jump, dive Cake, ice cream Parents, guardians Mark, Chris Carrie, Jessica Candy, flowers Page 30 10 11 12 Mandy, Becky families, friends comedy, movie United States, Germany, Russia Coffee, tea, soda costume, costume chicken, fish Nuts, berries, milk, eggs desk, backpack, locker pilot, co-pilot, flight attendant Deep-sea fishing, rock climbing shoes, jacket 10 11 12 13 14 knocked, rang watched, listened washed, dried touched, fed leaped, hopped brush, floss sang, danced blinked, wiped smile, laugh buys, sells peeled, sliced Page 32 10 11 12 13 14 put, added ate, drank stared, raised answers, greets plays, tells planted, mowed swims, plays walk, take babysits, does fight, help exercises, takes called, left packed, stored closed, turned Page 33 10 11 12 13 14 called, David finished, homework drank, water watched, movie broke, arm opened, door mailed, package ate, pizza wrote, letter took, picture made, bed baked, potatoes made, announcement brought, umbrellas Page 34 Page 31 clapped, cheered grinned, waved barked, wagged grabbed; purse, keys parked, car put; milk, eggs started, meeting packed; shampoo, toothpaste wrapped, blanket asked; Ben, Ned ordered; hamburgers, salads rubbed, lotion 10 plays; hockey, soccer 11 threw; confetti, streamers 12 puts; milk, sugar 13 replaced, tire 14 writes; poems, stories Page 35 10 11 12 13 14 Katie me Charles her dog Adrian me us Joel me me neighbors roses myself Page 36 10 11 12 13 14 Jack Tracy, me Rob, me sister her Mom, Grandma me horses, donkeys sister, me me brother, me Mona, Linda, me us me Page 37 ? ? 10 ? ? ? 11 12 13 14 ? ? 10 ? 11 12 13 14 ? ? Page 38 ? ? ? 23-06-987654321 40 Copyright © 2006 LinguiSystems, Inc