conjunctions

Liên từ trong tiếng Anh - conjunctions

CONJUNCTIONS (Liên từ)

1 Các liên từ chỉ sự thêm (addition)

- And = both … and = also = in addition to

Ex: He can sing and dance She could speak English She also speaks a little Chinese In addition

to going to college, she also takes a part time job Both my sister and I like drinking coffee.

- Moreover = Furthermore: hơn nữa

Ex: He was a talented artist, moreover a famous writer They didn’t like him Furthermore, they didn’t contact with him a long time ago.

- Besides: Ngoài ra

Ex: Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels in his spare time.

- Not only … but also

Ex: She is not only beautiful but also kind.

- As well as

Ex: I need to go to the bank as well as bookshop.

2 Các liên từ chỉ sự tương phản

- But

Ex: They didn’t feel tired but happy after a long journey.

- However

Ex: Food prices have been rising However, it is unlikely that this increase will continue.

- Nevertheless

Ex: It’s a difficult race Nevertheless, over 1000 people participate this year.

- Still

Ex: We didn’t win the game, but it was still exciting.

- Yet

Ex: The weather was cold, yet bright and sunny.

Note: Distinguish between “but” and “however”

- “But” nghĩa là nhưng nối 2 mệnh đề trái ngược nhau hoàn toàn hoặc vế trước là đối nghịch của

nguyên nhân gây ra cái sau

Ex: She did her homework, but I didn't It was midnight, but the restaurant was still open.

- “However” nghĩa là tuy nhiên, nó thể hiện sự nhượng bộ, cũng nói về sự trái ngược nhưng ko đối

nghịch nhau hoàn toàn, và ý định nhận mạnh phần sau hơn phần trước, hoặc là ý nói phần trước ko đáng kể so với phần sau

Ex: Lan is a very good student; however Hung is much better than her.

- Ngoài ra, để phân biệt “but” và “however” cũng có thể dùng dấu câu

+ “But” không đứng đầu câu (trong văn viết), thường đứng giữa câu và trước có dấu phảy.

Ex: She is 83, but she still goes swimming every day.

+ “However” đứng đầu câu, sau đó có dấu phảy.

Ex: I delighted I could be here today However, I didn’t come here to talk about myself.

+ “However” đứng giữa câu, trước có dấu phảy, sau có dấu phảy hoặc không có

Ex: He felt tired He went to work, however, and tried to concentrate

However đứng cuối câu, trước có dấu phảy

Ex: The president was confident of success His advisers were not so sure, however.

- “But” dùng thông dụng trong văn nói, “however” trang trọng hơn, thường dùng trong văn viết.

3 Liên từ chỉ kết quả

- Therefore

Ex: There is still much to discussion Therefore, we will discuss them at the next meeting.

- So

Ex: There weren’t enough beds, so I had to sleep on the floor.

- Thus = Hence = Therefore

Ex: We do not own the building Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any changes to it.

- Consequently = As a result

Ex: This poses a threat to agriculture and the food chain, and consequently to human health She died as a result of her injuries The failure of the company was a direct result of bad management.

Note: Distinguish between “so” and “therefore”

+ “So” ko đứng đầu câu (trong văn viết), thường đứng giữa câu và trước có dấu phảy.

Ex: She saw an accident, so she called the police.

+ “Therefore” đứng đầu câu, sau đó có dấu phảy.

Ex: This is an important contract Therefore, we recommend that you review it carefully.

+ “Therefore” đứng giữa câu, trước có dấu chấm phảy, sau có dấu phảy hoặc ko có, hoặc có dấu

phảy cả trước và sau

Ex: He is only 17 He isn’t, therefore, allowed to drive.

+ “Therefore” đứng cuối câu, trước có dấu phảy.

Ex: I am 60 I have decided to retire, therefore

- “So” dùng thông dụng trong văn nói “Therefore” trang trọng hơn, thường dùng trong văn viết.

4 Liên từ chỉ sự lựa chọn

- Or

Ex: Take this book or that one.

- Or else

Ex: You must work harder or else go into another class

- Either … or

Ex: You can either come by bus or take a taxi.

- Neither … nor

Ex: Neither Mary nor Jane can swim.

- Otherwise

Ex: We must hurry; otherwise we’ll miss the train.

Exercise 1: Fill each blank with “but, so, however, therefore”

1/ This is the shortest way to the city center; it is not the only way

2/ The boy was able to learn English, he is very lazy

3/ He didn't attend the lesson, he could not do his homework

4/ The rice is 6000 dong per kilo, we bought 10 kilos

5/ Your son is heading to the right direction; I think you should encourage him to learn harder

6/ It is very late now, she is still at her office

7/ It was midnight, they closed the restaurant and went home

8/ He had written to her many times, she didn't give any reply, they had been out

of touch ever since

9/ We discussed the issue all day, we could not come to a final conclusion

10/ It started to rain hard; we decided to stay at home to watch TV

Exercise 2: Fill in each blank with an appropriate conjunction.

1. He drinks _beer _wine

2. I’m going out for a short time, you can get supper ready

3. Those who are not prepared to study should _change their ways

make room for those who will work

4. She can’t hope to pass the exam in December she’ll have to wait till June

5. He is very seriously ill, doctors have almost give up hope of his recovery

6. They go to concerts of modem music they really like it

7. I do not like him very much, I can appreciate his qualities

8. Find out _they are going this evening _ask if we may join them

9. I walked into the room, the phone started ringing

10.We’ll be late we hurry

Exercise 3: Join each pair of sentences, using a subordinate conjunction.

1. Nam will pass the exam He studies hard

2. Mary came to class late Her motorbike had a puncture

3. Her mother was very sick She couldn’t come to class

4. Tom was very lazy He passed the final examination as well

5. Daisy is very nice All her friends love her very much

6. Daisy is a very intelligent girl She always gets the scholarships

7. We will take the trip It is stormy

8. I had forgot locking the door I drove to the office this morning

9. We study hard We want to pass the final examination

10.She earned her living by selling newspapers She got a B.A degree

Exercise 4: Join each pair of sentences Use the words in brackets.

1. She is in London She is in Berlin, too (either or)

2. He wasn’t an idler He wasn’t a gambler, (neither nor)

3. He isn’t likely to be present at the meeting I’m not either, (neither nor)

4. The computer can gather facts It can store them (not only but also)

5. This prize will mean an honour for him It will mean an honour for us (not only but also)