An analysis of modality in some speeches of the president obama = phân tích tính hình thái trong một số bài phát biểu của tổng thống obama

Vinh university Foreign languages depaterment ********** Phan thÞ thuËn An analysis of Modality in some speeches of the president Obama (Phân tích tính tình thái số phát biĨu cđa tỉng thèng Obama ) graduation thesis field: linguistics Vinh – 2011 i Vinh university Foreign languages depaterment ********** An analysis of Modality in some speeches of the president Obama (Phân tích tính tình thái số ph¸t biĨu cđa tỉng thèng Obama ) graduation thesis field: linguistics Student : Phan Thị Thuận Supervisor: Trần Ngọc T-ởng, M.A Vinh – 2011 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the completing of this work, I have been fortunate to receive a lot of contributions from many people First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, MA.Tran Ngoc Tuong for his helful advice and critical comments from the beginning of choosing suitable topic to the end of finishing the study Unless the help from his, my study would not have been complete I also give my deepest thanks to the teacher Nguyen Thanh Xuan, who help me to overcome the difficulties in choosing topic and finding out the way to write a successful research Nextly , I would like to give my thanks to all teachers of English in Foreign Language Department Of Vinh University for their support and encouragement What is more ,I would also like to express my deep gratitude to my parents for encouragement and financial support during the time I the research Last but not least, I am all too aware that despite all the advice and assistance, I feel that the project is far from perfect; it is, therefore, my sole responsibility for any inadequacies and shortcomings that the thesis may be considered to have Vinh, May , 2011 Phan Thi Thuan i ABSTRACT In this thesis, we explore how modality is manifested in two speeches of Obama : "The Inaugural Address" and "the Nobel" The author discusses about text and discourse, text analysis and discourse analysis And then, the author mentions to the notion "modality" with the definition, types of modality, modal meanings and expressions of modality They are basic theoretical background for analyzing the data in chapter of the second part " DEVELOPMENT" Next, we analyse the way modality is manifested in two speeches of Obama Finally, we point out some problems facing the learners when they learn modality From that, we offer some suggestions for teaching and learning modality ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii ABBREVIATIONS v PART I : INTRODUCTION 1.Justification of the Study 2.Aims of the Study 3.Scope of the Study 4.Methods of the Study 5.Design of the Study Part II : DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER : THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 An Introduction about the Speeches of Obama : The Inaugural Address and The Nobel Theoretical Preliminaries : 1.2.1 Text and Discourse 1.2.2 Discourse Analysis and Text Analysis 1.2.3 Spoken Discourse and Written Discourse 1.2.4 Discourse Context 1.3 Concept of Modality 1.3.1 Some Points of View of Researchers about Modality 1.3.2 Definition of Modality 10 1.3.3 Types of Modality 11 1.3.3.1 Epistemic Modality 12 1.3.3.2 Deontic Modality 18 1.3.4 Modal Meanings 24 1.3.5 Classifications of Means of Expressing Modality 24 1.3.6 Expressions of Modality 27 1.3.6.1 Modal Auxiliary Verbs 27 1.3.6.2 Lexical Words Carrying Modal Meanings 32 1.3.6.3 Other Means : Tense, Mood, and Particles 34 iii C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an CHAPTER : MODALITY MANIFESTED IN SOME SPEECHES OF OBAMA 35 2.1 Deontic Modality 35 2.1.1 Marked by Modal Auxiliary Verbs 35 2.1.2 Marked by Lexical Words Carrying Deontic Meanings 39 2.2 Epistemic Modality 39 2.2.1 Marked by Modal Auxiliary Verbs 39 2.2.2 Marked Lexical Words Carrying Epistemic Meanings 43 2.3 General Remark 46 CHAPTER : IMPLICATION 48 3.1 The Problems 48 3.2 Suggestions for Teaching and Learning Modality 51 3.2 Suggestions for Teaching Modality 51 3.2.2 Suggestions for Learning Modals 52 3.2.3 Suggestion for Practise 52 PART III: CONCLUSION 55 Recapitulation 55 Limitations of the Study 56 Suggestions for Further Studying 56 REFERRENCES I APPENDIX III Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn iv C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ABBREVIATIONS S: Speaker H: Hearer E.g : For example Etc : Et cetera Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn v C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an PART I : INTRODUCTION 1.Justification of the Study Angela Carter (1940-1992) - an English jounalist woman said that "Language is power" How can we understand this statement? It mentions to the role of language to people's life It is true that language has its big role in developing human being Language itself is a tool for communication Thank to language, people can interact and communicate with each other and from that the people develop Therefore, studying language helps us understand the nature as well as characteristics of it Language conveys meaning One of the dominant meaning of language is modal meaning Modality is one of basic meaning type of language considered as means of communication Behind a word, a sentece or an utterance is the different tones of emotion, attitude of the speaker to the proposition and the hearer In another way, the speaker’s emotion and attitude are decoded according to different ways under the signals of language And in English, the term used to convey attitude and opinions of the speaker is called modality So far, there are many ways of understanding the concept ― modality‖ and classification of it However, modality is a large and complicate area and there are many disagreements of linguists about the modality Therefore, studying on modality plays an important role in linguistics in general and in teaching foreign language in particular Besides that, there is a difference in using modality in vietnamese and in English In Vietnamese, modality is mostly conveyed by modal particles ( à, ừ, nhỉ, nhé, thế, chăng, and so on) and they often appear in the end of a sentence In contrast, in English, modality is investigated by many ways : It is conveyed via modal verbs such as can, could, may, might ,etc And we are sure that many learners have not known that besides modal verbs, English modality is realized by a quite broad system including nouns (chance, possibility, likelihood…), adjectives ( certain, sure, likely, possible…), adverbs ( possibly, certainly, probably…) and in conditional sentence This differences may cause a lot of difficulties for vietnamese Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an learners in learning English Studying modality, we hope to help the learners understand more about the way modality is used in English What is more, in English a number of modal verbs convey modal meaning These modal verbs are learned by students at high school and at university.They are very important in learning English Nevertheless, many students not know clearly about the differences in the use of them From that, they use modal verbs not exactly in communication Doing reseach on modality will help us understand more about meaning and the usage of the modal verbs This is also an important reason why we decided to the research on modality Last but not least , modality comprises two broad types : Deontic and epistemic modality And I am sure that, many learners can not distinguish the differences between them And with this thesis, we hope that the learners and the readers can distinguish the differences between them Modality is used in various material such as in literature, news, speeches and so on Up to now, many researchers have studied on modality and choose studying material in literature, news However, we find that modality is also used so much in speeches And Obama- the first black man to hold the highest position of a rich country- America He is considered as talent speaker through his speeches In his speeches, he uses a lot of means of expressing modality to persude the hearers Therefore, we decide to research on modality in some speeches of Obama to find the similarities between modality in speeches and in the other materials For the reasons above, we decided to choose the topic ― An analysis of Modality in some speeches of Obama‖ as the theme for our thesis 2.Aims of the Study * The thesis has been done with the following aims: - To explore how Obama use modality to convey modal meanings in his speeches - To make the learner acknowledge the importance of using modality in communication - To help the learners use modality correctly for communicative purpose Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an - To give some suggestions for teaching and learning English * To obtain these aims, our research will answer these following questions : - How is modality conveyed in speeches? - What kinds of modal meanings are there ? - What are suggestions for teaching and learning modality? 3.Scope of the Study Modaliy is a large concept and it is expressed by many means : Lexicalisation, grammaticalisation, intonation, etc However, in this thesis, we only focus on lexicalisation ( modal auxiliary verbs, lexical words carrying modal meanings) Besides, president Barack Obama has made many speeches Nevertheless, we only choose some famous speeches of him recently to study: The Inaugural Adress and the Nobel 4.Methods of the Study -Analyticaly: The author uses this method to analyse the data in two speeches of Obama to explore the means of conveying modality and modal meanings expressed in two speeches -Synthetic : After analyzing the data, the author uses ―synthetic‖ to find out the proportion of each kind of word-class conveying modality in the speeches of Obama 5.Design of the Study Our thesis consists of main parts The first part is ―INTRODUCTION ‖, through this part we can find out the ―Justification of the Study‖ which gives the reasons for choosing topic ; the ―Aims and Objectives of the Study‖ saying the purposes that the thesis gets and the tendency for the thesis And what methods the author uses in this thesis ―Methods of the Study‖ Lastly, what objects are tended and what areas are used in this thesis, all expressed through ―Scope of the Study‖ The second part is ―DEVELOPMENT ‖ In this part, we present three chapters Chapter with the title ― theoretical background‖ give an overview about text and discourse analysis, concept of modality The reason why we consider text and discourse in this chapter is that they have close relationship in studying on modality Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an - REFERRENCES ENGLISH Brown, G & Yule (1983) Discourse Analysis Cambridge University Press Bybee & Fleischman (1995) The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world Chicago : University of Chicago press Coats, J (1983) The semantics of the Modal Auxiliaries London 4.Cook, G ( 1989) Discourse Oxford University Press G Yule, Pragmatics Oxford University Press, 1997 Group of Teachers (2006) Discourse analysis Textbook, VU – CFL, Vinh Halliday, M.A.K (2002) Linguistic studies of Text and Discourse New York : Continuum Le Thi Quy Loc (2006) An analysis of Errors made by vietnamese secondary school students in using English modal auxiliary verbs “ Can, could, may, must” and semi- auxiliary verbs “ Have to” Graduation thesis, VU-CFL, Vinh Searle , J.R Expression and meaning Cambridge (Mass), 1979 10 Liapon, M.V (1990) Modality The encyclopedia of linguistics Moskva 11 Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao (2007) Epistemic modality manifested in conversations in “the thorn birds” Graduation thesis, VU-CFL, Vinh 12 Nguyen Hoa ( 2001) Understanding English Semantics VNU, Hanoi 13 Ngơ Đình Phương and Nguyễn Thị Vân Lam (2007) Discourse Analysis Vinh : Vinh University – Department of Foreign Languages 14 Nunan, D (1995) Discourse Analysis Penguin English 15 O Jespersen (1949) A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles IIV, London and Copennhagen 16 Palmer, F.R (Ed.) (1998) Mood and Modality CUP : Cambridge 17 Quirk, R (1985) A Grammar of contemporary English Longman, London 18 T Givón, English Grammar : A function – based Introduction, Volume and Volume 2, P.C John Banjamins, Amsterdam(1993) Cambridge, U.P (1987) 19 Tran Thi Thu Hue( ) An analysis of modality in some commentaries on global Financial crisis 2008-2009 Graduation thesis, VU- CFL, Vinh Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn I C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 20 Verschueren, J (?) Understanding Pragmatics Arnold 21 George Yule (1986) Pragmatics Oxford University Press VIENAMESE Cao Xuan Hao (1998) Tieng Viet - May van de ngu am, ngu phap, ngu nghia NXB Giao duc Diệp Quang Ban (2004) Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt Nhà xuất giáo dục Đỗ Thị Kim Liên (1998) Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt Nhà xuất giáo dục Đỗ Thị Kim Liên (1999) Ngữ nghĩa lời hội thoại Nhà xuất giáo dục Võ Đại Quang (2009) Một số phương tiện biểu đạt nghĩa tình thái Tiếng Anh tiếng Việt Nhà xuất đại học quốc gia Hà Nội WEBSITES: http : // www2.gsu.edu http:// empyreal.org.ua http:// Samoylyk.net http:// Wikipedia.org Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn II C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX I The Material Selected We have carried on our research on "modality" in two speeches of Obama : The Inaugural Address and The Nobel They are two famous speeches of Obama at the important time during his life The first one is when he hold the highest position of a country And the second is when he is honor to receive the Nobel Peace Prize Below, we would like to quote these two speeches for the readers to easily read The Inaugural Address Sunday, April 2009, 10:03 CAREER Barack Obama's inaugural address in full My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and co-operation he has shown throughout this transition Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we, the people, have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbears, and true to our founding documents So it has been So it must be with this generation of Americans That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered Our healthcare is too costly; Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn III C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, that the next generation must lower its sights Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real They are serious and they are many They will not be met easily or in a short span of time But know this, America - they will be met On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics We remain a young nation, but in the words of scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given It must be earned Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labour, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and travelled across oceans in search of a new life For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and ploughed the hard earth Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn IV C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction This is the journey we continue today We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year Our capacity remains undiminished But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America For everywhere we look, there is work to be done The state of our economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise healthcare's quality and lower its cost We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age All this we can All this we will Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions - who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans Their memories are short For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn V C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward Where the answer is no, programmes will end And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control - that a nation cannot prosper long when it favours only the prosperous The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross domestic product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on the ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart - not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good As for our common defence, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals Our founding fathers, faced with perils that we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience's sake And so to all the other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and we are ready to lead once more Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with the sturdy alliances and enduring convictions They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to as we please Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn VI C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an We are the keepers of this legacy Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort - even greater cooperation and understanding between nations We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the spectre of a warming planet We will not apologise for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defence, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus - and non-believers We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West - know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to the suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect For the world has changed, and we must change with it Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn VII C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains They have something to tell us, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages We honour them not only because they are the guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves And yet?, at this moment - a moment that will define a generation - it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all For as much as government can and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate Our challenges may be new The instruments with which we meet them may be new But those values upon which our success depends - honesty and hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism - these things are old These things are true They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history What is demanded then is a return to these truths What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility - a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task This is the price and the promise of citizenship This is the source of our confidence - the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed - why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn VIII C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an mall, and why a man whose father less than 60 years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have travelled In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river The capital was abandoned The enemy was advancing The snow was stained with blood At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people: "Let it be told to the future world that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]." America In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations Thank you God bless you And God bless the United States of America del.icio.us digg Facebook ma.gnolia reddit Slashdot Nobel NOBEL OSLO, Norway — Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Distinguished Members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, citizens of America, and citizens of the world: I receive this honor with deep gratitude and great humility It is an award that speaks to our highest aspirations - that for all the cruelty and hardship of our world, we are not mere prisoners of fate Our actions matter, and can bend history in the direction of justice Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn IX C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an And yet I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the considerable controversy that your generous decision has generated In part, this is because I am at the beginning, and not the end, of my labors on the world stage Compared to some of the giants of history who have received this prize - Schweitzer and King; Marshall and Mandela - my accomplishments are slight And then there are the men and women around the world who have been jailed and beaten in the pursuit of justice; those who toil in humanitarian organizations to relieve suffering; the unrecognized millions whose quiet acts of courage and compassion inspire even the most hardened of cynics I cannot argue with those who find these men and women - some known, some obscure to all but those they help - to be far more deserving of this honor than I But perhaps the most profound issue surrounding my receipt of this prize is the fact that I am the Commander-in-Chief of a nation in the midst of two wars One of these wars is winding down The other is a conflict that America did not seek; one in which we are joined by forty three other countries - including Norway - in an effort to defend ourselves and all nations from further attacks Still, we are at war, and I am responsible for the deployment of thousands of young Americans to battle in a distant land Some will kill Some will be killed And so I come here with an acute sense of the cost of armed conflict - filled with difficult questions about the relationship between war and peace, and our effort to replace one with the other These questions are not new War, in one form or another, appeared with the first man At the dawn of history, its morality was not questioned; it was simply a fact, like drought or disease - the manner in which tribes and then civilizations sought power and settled their differences Over time, as codes of law sought to control violence within groups, so did philosophers, clerics, and statesmen seek to regulate the destructive power of war The concept of a "just war" emerged, suggesting that war is justified only when it meets certain preconditions: if it is waged as a last resort or in self-defense; if the Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn X C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an forced used is proportional, and if, whenever possible, civilians are spared from violence For most of history, this concept of just war was rarely observed The capacity of human beings to think up new ways to kill one another proved inexhaustible, as did our capacity to exempt from mercy those who look different or pray to a different God Wars between armies gave way to wars between nations - total wars in which the distinction between combatant and civilian became blurred In the span of thirty years, such carnage would twice engulf this continent And while it is hard to conceive of a cause more just than the defeat of the Third Reich and the Axis powers, World War II was a conflict in which the total number of civilians who died exceeded the number of soldiers who perished In the wake of such destruction, and with the advent of the nuclear age, it became clear to victor and vanquished alike that the world needed institutions to prevent another World War And so, a quarter century after the United States Senate rejected the League of Nations - an idea for which Woodrow Wilson received this Prize - America led the world in constructing an architecture to keep the peace: a Marshall Plan and a United Nations, mechanisms to govern the waging of war, treaties to protect human rights, prevent genocide, and restrict the most dangerous weapons In many ways, these efforts succeeded Yes, terrible wars have been fought, and atrocities committed But there has been no Third World War The Cold War ended with jubilant crowds dismantling a wall Commerce has stitched much of the world together Billions have been lifted from poverty The ideals of liberty, selfdetermination, equality and the rule of law have haltingly advanced We are the heirs of the fortitude and foresight of generations past, and it is a legacy for which my own country is rightfully proud Advertisement | ad info A decade into a new century, this old architecture is buckling under the weight of new threats The world may no longer shudder at the prospect of war between two nuclear superpowers, but proliferation may increase the risk of catastrophe Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn XI C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Terrorism has long been a tactic, but modern technology allows a few small men with outsized rage to murder innocents on a horrific scale Moreover, wars between nations have increasingly given way to wars within nations The resurgence of ethnic or sectarian conflicts; the growth of secessionist movements, insurgencies, and failed states; have increasingly trapped civilians in unending chaos In today's wars, many more civilians are killed than soldiers; the seeds of future conflict are sewn, economies are wrecked, civil societies torn asunder, refugees amassed, and children scarred I not bring with me today a definitive solution to the problems of war What I know is that meeting these challenges will require the same vision, hard work, and persistence of those men and women who acted so boldly decades ago And it will require us to think in new ways about the notions of just war and the imperatives of a just peace We must begin by acknowledging the hard truth that we will not eradicate violent conflict in our lifetimes There will be times when nations - acting individually or in concert - will find the use of force not only necessary but morally justified I make this statement mindful of what Martin Luther King said in this same ceremony years ago - "Violence never brings permanent peace It solves no social problem: it merely creates new and more complicated ones." As someone who stands here as a direct consequence of Dr King's life's work, I am living testimony to the moral force of non-violence I know there is nothing weak -nothing passive nothing naïve - in the creed and lives of Gandhi and King But as a head of state sworn to protect and defend my nation, I cannot be guided by their examples alone I face the world as it is, and cannot stand idle in the face of threats to the American people For make no mistake: evil does exist in the world A non-violent movement could not have halted Hitler's armies Negotiations cannot convince al Qaeda's leaders to lay down their arms To say that force is sometimes necessary is not a call to cynicism - it is a recognition of history; the imperfections of man and the limits of reason Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn XII C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an I raise this point because in many countries there is a deep ambivalence about military action today, no matter the cause At times, this is joined by a reflexive suspicion of America, the world's sole military superpower Yet the world must remember that it was not simply international institutions not just treaties and declarations - that brought stability to a post-World War II world Whatever mistakes we have made, the plain fact is this: the United States of America has helped underwrite global security for more than six decades with the blood of our citizens and the strength of our arms The service and sacrifice of our men and women in uniform has promoted peace and prosperity from Germany to Korea, and enabled democracy to take hold in places like the Balkans We have borne this burden not because we seek to impose our will We have done so out of enlightened self-interest - because we seek a better future for our children and grandchildren, and we believe that their lives will be better if other peoples' children and grandchildren can live in freedom and prosperity So yes, the instruments of war have a role to play in preserving the peace And yet this truth must coexist with another - that no matter how justified, war promises human tragedy The soldier's courage and sacrifice is full of glory, expressing devotion to country, to cause and to comrades in arms But war itself is never glorious, and we must never trumpet it as such So part of our challenge is reconciling these two seemingly irreconcilable truths - that war is sometimes necessary, and war is at some level an expression of human feelings Concretely, we must direct our effort to the task that President Kennedy called for long ago "Let us focus," he said, "on a more practical, more attainable peace, based not on a sudden revolution in human nature but on a gradual evolution in human institutions." What might this evolution look like? What might these practical steps be? Advertisement | ad info To begin with, I believe that all nations - strong and weak alike - must adhere to standards that govern the use of force I - like any head of state - reserve the right to act unilaterally if necessary to defend my nation Nevertheless, I am convinced Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn XIII C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an that adhering to standards strengthens those who do, and isolates - and weakens those who don't The world rallied around America after the 9/11 attacks, and continues to support our efforts in Afghanistan, because of the horror of those senseless attacks and the recognized principle of self-defense Likewise, the world recognized the need to confront Saddam Hussein when he invaded Kuwait - a consensus that sent a clear message to all about the cost of aggression Furthermore, America cannot insist that others follow the rules of the road if we refuse to follow them ourselves For when we don't, our action can appear arbitrary, and undercut the legitimacy of future intervention - no matter how justified This becomes particularly important when the purpose of military action extends beyond self defense or the defense of one nation against an aggressor More and more, we all confront difficult questions about how to prevent the slaughter of civilians by their own government, or to stop a civil war whose violence and suffering can engulf an entire region II Suggested Answers for Suggested Excercises in chapter ( P.g ) * Exercise 1 Deontic Epistemic Deontic Epistemic Epistemic Deontic * Exercise obligation promise Certainty Obligation Obligation * Exercise Couldn't Might Could Could 6.Could 10 May not Might May Might Could Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn XIV C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn