Scientific english for biotechnology lesson 2 cell

SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY CHAPTER CELL Phat Xuan Dinh Ph.D, DVM The cell structure The cell structure Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome (little dots) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body") Cytoskeleton The cell structure Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion 10.Vacuole 11.Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles) 12.Lysosome 13.Centrosome 14.Cell membrane Function of nucleus Function: DNA maintenance, controls all activities of the cell, RNA transcription Structure: double-membrane compartment Organism: all eukaryotes /juː.kæriɒt/ Function of endoplasmic reticulum Translation and folding of new proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum), expression of lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) Structure: single-membrane compartment Organism: all eukaryotes Function of Golgi apparatus Function: sorting, packaging, processing and modification of proteins Structure: single-membrane compartment Organism: most eukaryotes Notes: Cis-face (convex, lồi) nearest to rough endoplasmic reticulum; transface (concave, lõm) farthest from rough endoplasmic reticulum Function of Mitochondria Function: energy production from the oxidation of glucose substances and the release of adenosine triphosphate Structure: double-membrane compartment Organism: most eukaryotes Notes: has some DNA; theorized to be engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis: nội cộng sinh) /ˌen.dəʊ.sɪm.baɪˈəʊ.sɪs/ Function of Chloroplast (plastid) Function: photosynthesis, traps energy from sunlight /ˌfəʊ.təʊˈsɪn.θə.sɪs/ Structure: double-membrane compartment Organism: plants The cell cycle We call the process by which a cell grows, divides and returns to its normal working state the cell cycle We think of the cell cycle in terms of four stages: G1: when a cell grows and carries out its regular cellular functions; S: when the cell replicates its DNA, resulting in duplicated chromosomes; /ˈkrəʊ.mə.səʊm/ Practice Peter Piper picked up a peck of pickled pepper Did Peter piper pick up a peck of pickled pepper? Where is the pickled pepper Peter piper pick? The cell cycle G2: when a cell continues to grow and prepares itself for cell division; and M: the phase where the cell divides itself into two genetically identical daughter cells The M phase involves both a nuclear division (called mitosis) and a cytoplasmic division (called cytokinesis) /ˈsaɪ.təˈkɪniː.sɪs/ /maɪˈtəʊ.sɪs/ The cell cycle Cdk: cyclin dependent kinase Mitosis Prophase (pro = before) Metaphase (meta = after, behind) Anaphase (ana = against, back) Telophase (telo = final, end) Plant cell - Raphide /ˈræf ɪˌdiz/ crystal: calcium oxalate, sharp crystal; when consumed, release a toxin that is harmful and is to repel plant’’s predator - Druse /druz/: crystal of calcium oxalate, silicates, or carbonates Plant cell Plasmodesmata /ˌplæzməˈdɛzmətə /: gateway for cell to cell exchanges of signaling molecules Bacterial cell Virion Virion Virion Attachment