Evaluating the species diversity of the family scincidae (reptilia squamata) from nam dong conservation area, thanh hoa province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS EVALUATING THE SPECIES DIVERSITY OF THE FAMILY SCINCIDAE (REPTILIA: SQUAMATA) FROM NAM DONG CONSERVATION AREA, THANH HOA PROVINCE Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resource and Environmental Management Student: Luong Thi Khanh Linh Student ID: 1553090655 Class: K60 - Natural Resources Management Course: 2015 – 2019 Advance Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Dr Luu Quang Vinh Ha Noi, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am really pleasure to have a chance to send my acknowledgments to people who helped me a lot in the study, without whom this research would have never completed First and foremost, I would like to express my great appreciation to my respected supervisor Dr Luu Quang Vinh from Forest Resources and Environment Management Faculty, Vietnam National University of Forestry (VNUF), who was patient to me and gave me useful guidance and enthusiastic encouragement throughout my research work His great experience and knowledge is heavily embedded in this study I would love to thank Mr Lo Van Oanh, Mr Ha Van Ngoan, Mr Ha Van Nghia, for their assistance and sharing data in the field Therefore, I would like to thank E Sterling (New York) and K Koy (Berkeley) for providing the map I would also like to thank local people in Nam Dong CA for their participating in this survey, hospitality and for providing information Finally, I own my gratefully to my parents for their love, support and encouragements to me throughout all my life Even though difficulties, ado, they always help me as more as possible for my dream This research is supported by the National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED, Grant No 106.06−2017.18) ABSTRACT This research was conducted to provide the update species in the family Scincidae in Nam Dong Conservation Area, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam Six skink species of four genera of the family Scincidae were found during the field surveys in May, June 2017 and in April, May 2018 Two recent research in 2019 were carried out, the first was from 17 May to 20 May and the second fieldtrip was from 24 June to 27 June 2019 Together with two skink species from the previous study, the number of species in the family Scincidae has increased to seven Remarkably, this study described newrecorded skink species for the first time from Nam Dong Conservation Area The species composition of the skink species in Nam Dong is the most similarity to that of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, and the lowest similarity with Van Long Nature Reserve The distribution of skink species in family Scincidae are almost ground of the karst and the species Scincella reevesii and Sphenormophus cryptotis have a narrow distribution habitats The most abundant elevation ranges from (500–600 m a.s.l.), or in the slope areas (700– 800 m a.s.l) and species Sphenomorphus indicus has the most narrow distribution followed elevations to In terms of food ecology, the most abundant prey of family Scincidae in Nam Dong CA was Hymeoptera and the lowest prey was Lepidoptera Finally, habitat loss and degradation and over-havesting for human consumption were main threats to the family Scincidae especially for Scincella reevesii, Sphenormophus cryptotis, Sphenomorphus indicus species and herpetofauna in general in the study site so a specific monitoring and supervision program, strengthening forest protection, and minimize the illegal exploitation, controlling the conversion of forest land into agricultural, popularizarion and education in the direct bad effects of loss biodiversity to local people should be set up TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT Error! Bookmark not defined TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF TABLE Error! Bookmark not defined CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Error! Bookmark not defined CHAPTER II GOAL, OBJECTIVES 11 2.1 Goal Error! Bookmark not defined 2.2 Objectives Error! Bookmark not defined CHAPTER III MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY 12 3.1 Study site Error! Bookmark not defined 3.1.1 Geographic location Error! Bookmark not defined 3.1.2 Climate and hydrology Error! Bookmark not defined 3.1.3 Topography Error! Bookmark not defined 3.1.4 Flora and Fauna 14 3.1.5 Economic – Society Error! Bookmark not defined 3.2 Line transect surveys Error! Bookmark not defined 3.3 Collecting method 17 3.4 Preservative of specimens Error! Bookmark not defined 3.5 Determine distribution characteristics of the species followed by habitat types and biogeographic relationships Error! Bookmark not defined 3.6 Determine morphological character of these species Error! Bookmark not defined 3.7 Determine the diet composition of Scincidae in Nam Dong CA 21 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Error! Bookmark not defined 4.1 Species diversity of skinks in Nam Dong Error! Bookmark not defined 4.1.1 Species composition 23 4.1.2 New records of skinks from Nam Dong 24 4.2 Distribution characterisics for skink species in Nam Dong CA defined Error! Bookmark not 4.2.1 Distribution of skink species across microhabitats in Nam DongError! Bookmark not defined 4.2.2 Distribution of skink species across elevations 34 4.3 Biogeographic relationships of Scincidae in Nam Dong and Scincidae among neighboring areas 35 4.4 Diet composition of Scincidae in Nam Dong CA 37 4.5 Threats to skink speciess and propose solutions for conservation measuresError! Bookmark not defined 4.5.1 Threats to the skink fauna Error! Bookmark not defined 4.5.2 Threatened species in Nam Dong Conservation Area 43 4.5.2 Solutions for conservation measures Error! Bookmark not defined CHAPTER V.CONCLUSIONS Error! Bookmark not defined REFERENCES 47 PUBLICATION ANNEX ABBREVIATIONS IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature CA Conservation Area a.s.l Above sea level FPD Forest Protection Department VNUF Viet Nam National University of Forestry LIST OF FIGURE Figure Map Showing Landcover and Landuse of Nam Dong Conservation Area Error! Bookmark not defined Figure Map of survey transects in Nam Dong Conservation Area and surroundings (Source: T.S Dinh) Error! Bookmark not defined Figure Head scale nomenclature and their positional relationship and size illustrated by the adult female Sphenomorphus stellatus from the type locality of Bukit Larut, Perak, Malaysia Error! Bookmark not defined Figure Skink species richness of Scincidae in Nam Dong CAError! Bookmark not defined Figure Eutropis macularius (Photo: Lo V.Oanh) Error! Bookmark not defined Figure Scincella reevesii a) Dorsum view; b) Ventral view Photos: Lo V.Oanh Error! Bookmark not defined Figure Sphenomorphus cryptotis (Photo: Lo V.Oanh) Error! Bookmark not defined Figure Sphenomorphus indicus Error! Bookmark not defined Figure Tripidophorus hainanus a) Dorsum view; b) Ventral view Photos: Lo V OanhError! Bookmark not defined Figure 10 Distribution of Scincidae species across microhabitatsError! Bookmark not defined Figure 11 Distribution of Scincidae species following elevationsError! Bookmark not defined Figure 12 Similarity cluster analysis of the Scincidae family in Nam Dong and neighboring areas that have the same habitat Error! Bookmark not defined Figure 14 Percentage of prey items found in the stomachs of three specimens of Sphenomorphus cryptotis Error! Bookmark not defined Figure 13 Percentage of prey items found in the stomachs of five specimens of Sphenomorphus indicus Error! Bookmark not defined Figure 15 Percentage of prey items found in the stomachs of three specimens of Tropidophorus hainanus Error! Bookmark not defined Figure 16 Percentage of prey items found in the stomachs of three specimens of Scincella reevesii Error! Bookmark not defined Figure 17 Percentage of prey items found in the stomachs of one specimen of Eutropis macularius Error! Bookmark not defined Figure 18 Percentage of prey items found in the stomaches of species of Scincidae in Nam Dong Error! Bookmark not defined Figure 19 A The habitat detruction in Bang village B Farmer using fertilizers and pesticides Error! Bookmark not defined LIST OF TABLE Table List of ten surveyed transects 16 Table Field survey sheet 17 Table Abbreviations of morphological characters Error! Bookmark not defined Table List of skink species of the family Scincidae in Nam Dong (* = new record)Error! Bookmark not defined Table Distance index of the Scincidae in Nam Dong with neighboring areas that have the same habitat Error! Bookmark not defined CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Biodiversity is crucial to the maintenance of planet's ecosystem For that reason, biological diversity must be treated more seriously as a global resource, to be indexed, used, and above all, preserved Habitat loss, however, has been, and still is, the greatest threat to biodiversity (Brooks et al 2002; Hanski 2005; Groom et al 2006) The current extinction rate is assessed to exceed at least 1000 times higher than in the past (Böhm et al 2013; Pimm et al 2014) Deforestation, overexploitation, environmental pollutions, causes, toxicants, and climate change are the main causes of biodiversity loss (Barry et al., 2016) As many as 30% of reptile and amphibian species may bethreatened with extinction (Vié et al., 2009) Southeast Asia is known as one of the 35 hotspots of biodiversity (Myers et al 2000) and the region is also one of the most biotically threatened (Sheldon et al 2015) Especially, the environmental changes have extremely strong impact on the survival of species with narrow distribution ranges, low mobility and specified geographical area like reptiles and amphibians (Gibbons et al.2000; Bickford et al 2010; Böhm et al 2013) Southeast Asia has some of the highest deforestation rates in the world, with estimates of around 14.5% of regional forest cover lost in the last 15 years and an average rate of 1% loss annually (Miettinen et al 2011) Indochina belongs to the Southeast Asia region and is known as a global hotspot of biodiversity and endemism (Sheldon et al 2015) In recent checklist of Laos, it just recorded 16 species of family Scincidae In Cambodia and Thailand, the numbers of these species were found 26 and 56, respectively in In Mynamar, it was dicovered 24 species and the country that detection the highest number of species in the family Scincidae is Malysia with 85 species (Uetz et al 2019) According to World Conservation Monitoring Center 1992, Vietnam has been rated as the 16th most biologically diverse country in the world Between 1943 and 1991, forest cover decreased from 67% to 29% of Vietnam's total area At least 12.6 million of forest, including 8.0 million in Southern Vietnam, have been lost The northern mountains experienced the greatest decline, with forest cover dropping from 95% to 17% in only 48 years In the recent checklist of the Vietnam herpetofauna, Nguyen et al (2009) provided a list of 46 skink species of the family Scincidae Since then 12 new species have been described from Vietnam, increased the total number of species in this family to 58 (Uetz et al 2019) viz Scincella apraefrontalis Nguyen, Nguyen, Böhme & Ziegler, 2010 (Nguyen et al 2010a), Scincella darevskii Nguyen, Ananjeva, Orlov, Rybaltovsky & Böhme, 2010 (Nguyen et al 2010b), Tropidophorus boehmei Nguyen, Nguyen, Schmitz, Orlov & Ziegler, 2010 (Nguyen et al 2010c), Sphenomorphus tonkinensis Nguyen, Schmitz, Nguyen, Orlov, Böhme & Ziegler, 2011 (Nguyen et al 2011), Sphenomorphus sheai Nguyen, Nguyen, Van Devender, Bonkowski & Ziegler, 2013 (Nguyen et al 2013), Sphenomorphus yersini Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Orlov & Murphy, 2018 (Nguyen et al 2018) and three species newly recorded for the country, namely Scincella monticola (Schmidt, 1925), Sphenomorphus mimicus Taylor, 1962, and Sphenomorphus incognitus (Thompson, 1912) (Nguyen et al 2010d, 2011, 2012) The Nam Dong Conservation Area (CA) was established by the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa Province in 2014 It is located in Quan Son and Quan Hoa districts (coordinates: 20°18'07''–20°19'38''N and 104°52'08''–104°53'26''E), Thanh Hoa Province with a core zone of 646.95 and a buffer zone of 3,315.53 The CA is situated at elevations between 100 and 900 m a.s.l with the mountain slopes of 10–45%, and inclining from the Northwest to the Southeast The typical habitat of the Nam Dong CA is characterized by the limstone karst forest (Thanh Hoa FPD, 2016) In terms of 10 Sangpradub, N., Boonsoong, B (2006) Identification of freshwater invertebrates of the Mekong River and its tributaries Vientiane, Lao PDR, 276pp Sheldon, F H., H C Lim., and R G Moyle (2015) Return to the Malay Archipelago: the biogeogra-phy of Sundaic rainforest birds Journal of Ornithology 156:91–113 Simmons, J.E (2002) Herpetological collecting and collections management Revised edition Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular, 31: 1–153 Smith, M.A (1923) A review of the lizards of the genus Tropidophorus on the Asiatic mainland Proc Zool Soc London 1923: 775-781 Smith, M.A (1935) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma Reptiles and Amphibia, Vol II Sauria Taylor and Francis, London, 440 pp Taylor, E.H (1935) A taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan lizards of the genus Eumeces with an account of the distribution and relationships of its species The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 23, 1–643 https://doi.org/10.2307/1436337 Thai, T.V (1970) Classification of forest vegetation in Vietnam The People’s Committe of Thanh Hoa Province (2014) Decision on establish of Nam Dong Endangered Gymnosperm Conservation, Quan Hoa district, Thanh Hoa Province No.:87/QD-UB Thompson,J.C (1912) Herpetological notices, No On reptiles new to the island arcs of Asia Privately published, San Francisco, pp 1-4 Uetz, P., Freed, P & Hošek, J (eds.) (2019) The Reptile Database, http://www.reptiledatabase.org, accessed (2 August 2019) Vié, J C., Hilton- Taylor, C., Pollock, M.C., Ragle, J., Smart, J., Simon N Stuart, S.N., Tong, R (2009) The IUCN Red List: a conservation tool Páginas: 1-14 En: Vié, J C., HiltonTaylor, C y Stuart, S N (Eds.) Wildlife in a Changing World- Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN Gland, Switzerland.Vietnam Goverment Decree on management of endangered, precious and rare forest plants and animals Decree 32/2006/NĐ-CP WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Center) (1992) Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth’s Living Resources (585 p.) London: Chapman and Hall Ziegler, T (2002) Die Amphibien und Reptilien eines Tieflandfeuchtwald-Schutzgebietes in Vietnam Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 342 pp Ziegler, T., Herrman, H.W., Vu, T.N., Le, Q.K., Nguyen, H.T., Cao, C.C., Luu, T.M., Dinh, T.H (2004) The amphibians and reptiles of the Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh province Hamadryad 28(1/2):19-42 Ziegler, T., Nguyen, Q.T (2010) New discoveries of amphibians and reptiles from Vietnam Bonn zoological Bulletin 57 (2) 2010, 137-147pp Ziegler, T., Ohler, A., Vu, N.T., Le, K.Q., Nguyen, X T., Dinh, H T & Bui N T (2006a) Review of the amphibian and reptile diversity of Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park and adjacent areas, central Truong Son, Vietnam In Vences, M., Khler, J., Ziegler, T & Bhme, W (eds) Herpetologia Bonnensis II, Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Societas of Europaea Herpetologica, pp 247–262 Ziegler, T.; Vu, T.N., Le, Q.K., Nguyen, T.Q., Hallermann, J., Le, K.V., Hoang, M.T.(2006) Neue Verbreitungsnachweise einiger weniger bekannter vietnamesischer Amphibien und Reptilien Sauria 28 (2): 29-40 PUBLICATION Luong, L, K., Luu, V, Q., Nguyen, T, Q New records of skinks (Squamata: Scincidae) from Nam Dong Valuable Gymnosperm Conservation Area, Thanh Hoa province Journal of Forestry Science and Technology No (2019) ANNEX Annex 1: Measurements [mm] and scalation for species of family Scincidae that collected in Nam Dong CA measurements or scale counts are given as left/right For abbreviations see chapter Name Eutropis macularius Scincella reevesii Scincella reevesii Scincella reevesii Cod VNUF R.17.02 Female VNUF R.17.128 Female VNUF R 17.66 (lost tail) Female VNUF R.19.05 Female Sex m±SD (Scincella reevesii) min-max (Scincella reevesii) Measurements SVL 57,2 49,9 44,4 39,3 44,5±5,3 39,9-49,9 TaL 141,7 105,4 63,8 92,8 87,3±21,4 63,8-105,4 SVL/TL 0,4 0,5 0,7 1,9 1,0±0,8 0,5-1,9 AG 23,3 28,5 24,3 20,6 24,5±4,0 20,6-28,5 SL 4,7 3,2 3,6 2,4 3,1±0,6 2,4-3,6 STL 11,3 8,1 8,6 6,9 7,9±0,9 6,9-8,6 SFlL 20,1 16,0 16,1 13,3 15,1±1,6 13,3-16,1 END 2,9 2,2 2,1 1,3 1,9±0,5 1,3-2,2 EL 3,4 2,0 2,5 2,1 2,2±0,2 2,0-2,5 HL 12,4 9,6 10,4 8,8 9,6±0,8 8,8-10,4 HW 8,8 5,6 5,0 4,6 5,1±0,5 4,6-5,6 HH 6,1 4,2 4,0 4,0 4,1±0,1 4,0-4,2 TYD 0,9 1,0 1,3 2,2 1,5±0,6 1,0-2,2 FlL 15,7 9,8 10,9 8,6 9,7±1,1 8,6-10,9 HlL 22,3 16,8 15,7 13,0 15,2±1,9 13,0-16,8 SO 4/4 4/4 4/4 4/4 4±0,0 4-4 L 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 2±0,0 2-2 PreOc 1/1 2/2 1/1 1/1 1±0,6 1-2 SC 5/5 9/9 7/7 7/7 8±1,2 7-9 PostOc 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1±0,0 1-1 1° 3/3 2/2 2/2 2/2 2±0,0 2-2 2° 3/3 2/2 2/2 2/2 2±0,0 2-2 SPL 8/8 7/7 7/7 7/7 7±0,0 7-7 IFL 7/7 6/6 5/5 7/7 6±1,0 5-7 Scalation Lower eyelid (transparent Scale scales) SN (present, Absent absent) Windown Windown Windown Absent Absent Absent Dorsal scales (smooth, keeled, keeled carinated) Midbody scale 30 rows: Smooth Smooth Smooth 30 32 28 30±2 28-32 Paravertebral 68 66 65 66,3±1,5 65-68 66 67 60 64,3±3,8 60-67 9/10 10/10 10/10 9,8±0,5 9-10 15/16 16/16 14/14 15,2±1,0 14-16 37 scales: Ventrals transerve rows in 43 Subdigital lamellae on 4th 11/11 finger Subdigital lamellae on 4th 14/14 toe Name Cod Sex Sphenomorphus Sphenomorp Sphenomorph cryptotis hus cryptotis us cryptotis VNUF R.18.82 VNUF VNUF R.18.37 R.17.33 Female Male Female 68,4 65,9 50,9 m±SD min-max 61,7±9, 50,9-68,4 Measurements SVL TaL 166,0 165,8 147,7 159,8± 147,7-166,0 10,5 SVL/TL 0,4 0,4 1,9 0,9±0,9 0,4-1,9 AG 35,6 32,9 26,5 31,7±4, 26,5-35,6 SL 5,3 5,6 4,5 5,1±0,6 4,5-5,6 STL 13,8 14,1 11,9 13,3±1, 11,9-14,1 SFlL 21,9 25,2 19,5 22,2±2, 19,5-25,2 END 3,8 3,9 3,1 3,6±0,5 3,1-3,9 EL 3,8 4,7 2,4 3,6±1,2 2,7-4,7 HL 15,8 16,1 12,9 14,9±1, 12,9-16,1 HW 7,6 9,8 6,9 8,1±1,5 6,9-9,8 HH 6,5 7,6 5,9 6,7±0,9 5,9-9,8 TYD 2,8 2,5 1,8 2,4±0,5 1,8-2,8 FlL 18,3 19,9 16,3 18,2±1, 16,3-18,3 HlL 27,6 28,8 24,0 26,8±2, 24,0-27,6 Scalation SO 4/4 4/4 4/4 4,0±0,0 4-4 L 2/2 2/2 2/2 2,0±0,0 2-2 PreOc 2/2 2/2 2/2 7,0±4,4 2-2 SC 9/9 10/10 9/9 9,3±0,6 9-10 PostOc 1/1 1/1 1/1 1,0±0,0 1-1 1° 1/1 2/2 1/1 1,3±0,6 1-2 2° 2/2 2/2 2/2 2,0±0,0 2-2 SPL 7/7 7/7 7/7 7,0±0,0 7-7 IFL 7/7 7/7 7/7 7,0±0,0 7-7 Lower eyelid (transparent Scale Scale Scale SN (present, absent) Absent Absent Absent Dorsal scales (smooth, keeled, Smooth Smooth Smooth 33 34 34 33,7±0, 33-34 scales) carinated) Midbody scale rows: Paravertebral scales: 80 75 74 76,3±3, 74-80 Ventrals in transerve rows 78 72 72 74,0±3, 72-78 Subdigital lamellae on 4th 12/12 13/13 14/14 finger Subdigital lamellae on 4th toe 13,0±1, 12-14 19/19 19/19 19/19 19,0±0, 19-19 Name Cod Sphenomorphus indicus VNUF R.18.32 Sphenom orphus indicus VNUF R.18.55 Sphenomor phus indicus VNUF R.17.90 Sphenom orphus indicus VNUF Sphenomor phus indicus VNUF R.19.01 R.19.04 m±SD minmax (Lost tail) Sex Male Female Female Male Male 72,5 55,5 69,0 56,7 33,2 Measurements SVL TaL SVL/TL 111,6 0,6 133,4 0,4 80,3 0,9 170,5 0,3 77,3 0,4 63.4±1 33,2- 5,4 72,5 124.0± 77,3- 38,9 170,5 0.6±0, 0,3-0,9 AG SL 34,8 5,9 34,5 4,6 40,4 5,1 28,4 4,8 14,2 2,3 34.5±1 14,2- 0,0 40,4 5.1±1, 2,3-5,9 STL SFlL END 15,3 26,1 4,5 11,5 19,9 3,4 13,2 23,9 3,6 12,0 20,4 3,4 7,9 12,2 1,8 13.0±2 7,9- ,7 15,3 22.6±5 12,2- ,3 26,1 3.7±1, 1,8-4,5 EL 4,3 3,9 3,3 3,8 2,5 3.8±0, 2,5-4,3 HL HW HH 13,9 11,5 8,3 12,1 9,0 5,9 13,6 9,1 7,0 14,2 8,7 6,7 9,5 5,5 3,9 13.4±1 9,5- ,9 14,2 9.6±2, 5,5- 11,5 7.0±1, 3,9-8,9 TYD 2,0 2,0 1,9 1,7 1,2 1.9±0, 1,2-2,0 FlL HlL 18,6 29,4 15,5 26,0 18,1 30,6 16,8 28,1 10,5 15,6 17.2±3 10,5- ,3 18,6 28.5±6 15,6- ,0 30,6 4.0±0, 4-4 Scalation SO 4/4 4/4 4/4 4/4 4/4 L 2/2 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1.3±0, 1-1 PreOc 2/2 1/1 1/1 1/1 2/2 1.3±0, 1-2 SC 7/7 7/7 7/7 9/9 7/7 7.5±0, 7-9 PostOc 1/1 3/3 1/1 2/2 1/1 1.8±0, 1-3 1° 2/2 2/2 3/3 3/3 3/3 2.5±0, 2-3 2° 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 2.0±0, 2-2 SL 7/7 7/7 7/7 7/7 7/7 7.0±0, 7-7 SPL 7/7 7/7 7/7 7/7 7/7 7.0±0, 7-7 IFL Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale SN (present, Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Smooth Smooth Smooth Smooth Smooth 34 34 35 34 34 absent) Dorsal scales (smooth, keeled, carinated) Midbody scale 34.3±0 34-35 rows: Paravertebral ,4 69 67 76 68 66 scales: Ventrals in 66-76 ,0 69 69 84 63 63 transerve rows Subdigital 70.0±4 71.3±8 63-84 ,6 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 lamellae on 4th 11.0±0 11-11 ,0 finger Subdigital lamellae on 4th toe 18/18 19/19 16/16 19/19 16/16 18.0±1 ,5 16-19 Name Cod Sex Measurements SVL TaL SVL/TL AG SL STL SFlL END EL HL HW HH TYD FlL HlL Scalation SO L PreOc SC PostOc 1° 2° SPL IFL Lower eyelid (transparent scales) SN (present, absent) Dorsal scales (smooth, keeled, carinated) Midbody scale rows: Paravertebral scales: Tropidoph Tropidophor orus us hainanus hainanus VNUF VNUF R.17.91 R.19.02 Female Female Tropidopho rus hainanus VNUF R.19.03 Female m±SD min-max 57,0 92,7 0,6 33,5 3,2 10,3 19,5 2,3 3,5 9,8 7,0 6,2 3,2 14,1 21,6 37,1 48,8 0,8 20,7 3,3 8,2 14,2 2,5 2,1 8,8 4,9 3,8 1,7 9,4 17,0 37,9 87,7 0,4 17,8 3,2 8,2 14,6 2,0 2,3 10,6 5,6 4,1 1,3 11,6 16,8 44±11,2 76,4±24,0 0,6±0,2 24,0±8,4 3,2±0,1 8,9±1,2 16,1±2,9 2,3±0,2 2,6±0,8 9,7±0,9 5,8±1,1 4,7±1,3 2,0±1,0 11,7±2,4 18,5±2,7 37,1-57,0 48,8-92,7 0,4-0,8 17,8-33,5 3,2-3,3 8,2-10,3 14,2-19,5 2,0-2,3 2,1-3,5 8,8-10,6 4,9-7,0 3,8-6,2 1,3-3,2 9,4-14,1 16,8-21,6 4/4 2/2 2/2 5/5 1/1 3/3 3/3 6/6 5/5 Scale 4/4 2/2 2/2 5/5 1/1 3/3 3/3 6/6 5/5 Scale 4/4 2/2 2/2 5/5 1/1 3/3 2/2 6/6 5/5 Scale 4,0±0,0 2,0±0,0 2,0±0,0 5,0±0,0 1,0±0,0 3,0±0,0 2,7±0,6 6,0±0,0 5,0±0,0 4-4 2-2 5-5 5-5 1-1 3-3 2-3 6-6 5-5 Absent keeled Absent keeled Absent keeled 31 46 33 46 33 47 32,3±1,2 46,3±0,6 31-33 46-47 Ventrals in transerve 44 rows Subdigital lamellae on 11/11 4th finger Subdigital lamellae on 16/16 4th toe 49 51 48,0±3,6 44-51 11/11 12/12 11,3±0,6 11-12 18/18 19/19 17,7±1,5 16-19 Annex 2: The dietary items of the Eutropis macularius, Scincella reevesii, Sphenomorphus cryptotis, Sphenomorphus indicus, T.hainanus Class Order Sphenomorp Sphenomorph Tropidoph Scincell Eutropis hus indicus us cryptotis orus a macularius hainanus reversii F F Family F Coleoptera % F % Unknown 7,7 Coccinellid 15,4 % % F % 14,8 Formicidae 25,9 Apis 7,4 7,4 3,7 ae Insect Scarabaeid 23,8 ae Hemiptera Cimicidae 4,8 Hymenopte Unknown 9,5 Apidae 40 7,7 33, andrenifor mis Blattodae Isoptera 19,0 23,1 Periplaneta Lepidopter Erebidae 4,8 a Orthoptera Gryllidarae Unknown 1 4,8 7,7 Chilopo Scolopendr da omorpha Diplopo Spirobolida Caelifera 4,8 Unknown 9,5 3,7 14,8 3,7 7,4 11,1 da Arachni Acarina da 23,1 40 Acarifames 33, Araneae Unknown 19,0 15,4 20 33, Gastrop Gastropoda Unknown od Total 21 13 27 A C B D E F A, B) Field survey in Bin village; C) Camping in Bin village; D) Camping in Lo village; E,F) Survey team in Lo village