Dust generation from quarrying activities of chinh long cooperative in dong phu commune, dong son district, thanh hoa province

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to illustrate my gratefulness to Msc Nguyen Thi Bich Hao for her support and instruction during the process of doing my graduation research In addition, I would like to say thanks to Professor Lee McDonald who also helped and guided me to the research I am also grateful to local people and local government in Dong Phu commune, Dong Son district because of their enthusiasm and warm welcome I also would like to say thanks to staff at Department of Natural Resources and Environment for helping me investigate and measure the results Finally, I want to say thanks to Vietnam National Forestry University for supporting us in completing the theses ABSTRACT The study focused on assessing the generation of dust from quarrying activities and granite stones manipulation of Chinh Long Cooperative in Dong Phu commune, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa Province Using some simple and inexpensive methods, the research took samples at the workshop sector and surrounding villages close to the study area In addition, through questionnaires, the author conducted a survey to primarily investigate the effects of particulate pollution on health of local people Keywords: air transportation pollution, dust, granite quarry, stone fabrication, TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACRONYMS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES Contents INTRODUCTION STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 GOALS 2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 STUDY AREA 3.1.1 Thanh Hoa Province 3.2 Dong Phu commune, Dong Son district 3.3 Chinh Long Cooperative 3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.2.1 Data collection by social survey 3.2.2 Research method 11 3.2.3 Analyzing method in laboratory 14 3.2.4.Comparative assessment method 15 3.2.5 Statistical analysis method 20 STUDY RESULTS 21 4.1 CURRENT STATE OF GRANITE QUARRYING AND MANIPULATION ATDONG PHU COMMUNE AND CHINH LONG COOPERATIVE 21 4.1.1 Current state of quarrying industry at Dong Phu commune 21 4.1.2 Technology and process for granite stones exploitation and production 22 4.2 Sources and concentrations of dust generated from quarrying and stones fabrication activities at Chinh Long cooperative 24 4.2.1 Sources of dust generated from quarry activities at Chinh Long Cooperative 24 4.2.2 Impact of dust generation to society 25 4.2.3 Results of dust deposited samples 27 4.2.3.1 Experiment results from daily measurement 27 4.2.3.2 Total dust deposition quantity per month 28 4.3 CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND DUST MITIGATION ACTIVITIES AT CHINH LONG COOPERATIVE 29 4.3.1 Environmental management 29 4.3.2 Dust mitigation activities 30 4.4 PROPOSING SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF DUST MANAGEMENT AT THE STUDY AREA 31 4.4.1 Solutions for Chinh Long cooprative 31 4.4.2 For the local government and environmental managers 33 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 35 5.1 DISCUSSION 35 5.2 CONCLUSION 36 5.3 LIMITATION 37 REFERENCES 38 APPENDICES 41 APPENDIX A 41 APPENDIX B: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 43 APPENDIX C 48 APPENDIX D 49 ACRONYMS Abbreviation Meaning G Gram ISO International Standard NZ New Zealand NSW EPA New South Wales, Austraulia Environment Protection Authorities Mg Miligram m2 Square SANS Republic of South Africa National Committee TCVN The standard of Vietnam Government WHO World Heath Organization LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: The map of Thanh Hoa province Figure 3.2: The map of Dong Phu commune, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa……………………………………………………………………………6 Figure 3.3: Chinh Long Cooperative (From Google Map- Satellite) Figure 3.4: Research methodology framework Figure 3.5: Filter paper and cling wrap 12 Figure 3.6: Establish the plot to measure the dustdeposition 13 Figure 4.2 Process to exploit and produce granite stones 13 Figure 4.2 Past and current health status of workers 25 Figure 4.3: Percentage of interviewees suffering from dust related diseases before and during quarrying 26 Figure 4.4 Dust deposition results and the NSWSPA standard 27 Figure 4.5.Dust deposited results in July-August and the NSW SPAstandard 28 Figure 4.6 Dust deposited results in August- September and the NSW EPAstandard 29 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Data form of the results of calculating the dust level in the study area 15 Table 3.2: Some country impact assessment criteria – Deposited dust 16 Table 3.3: SANS 1929; 2011 Four-Band Scale Evaluation Criteria – Deposited Dust 18 Table 3.4: SANS 1929; 2011 Target, Action And Alert Thresholds – Deposited Dust 19 Table 4.1: Observation on dust control 30 Introduction The process of getting useful stone by digging or taking materials from a quarry is known as quarrying The methods and equipment used in quarry depend on the purpose for which the stone is extracted Mineral exploitation, mining and processing have resulted in environmental damages including ecological disturbance, destruction of natural flora, pollution of air, land and water, instability of soil and rock masses, landscape degradation and radiation hazards (Aigbedion & Iyayi, 2007) Because of several observed negative influences on the environment, people are getting more concerned on potential impacts associated with quarrying operations such as blasting vibrations, noise and fly rocks, dust generation, etc There are various types of waste generated from quarrying process such as CO 2, CO, SO2, dust and waste stone Among these types of waste, dust is considered as the main source of air pollution in the surrounding environment The extent of particulate pollution depends on the local microclimate conditions, concentration of dust particles in the ambient air, the size of the dust particles and their chemistry (Hsin-Yi, 2012) Located in the suburban areas of Thanh Hoa city (Thanh Hoa provinces), Dong Son district is widely known for longstanding cultural traditions – the hometown of Dong Son drums It is the most popular archaeological location in Vietnam where the Dong Son culture of the Lac Viet people had been found Dong Son is also known for many products of granite and limestone with the best quality These products are used in construction and decoration The local quarrying industry has contributed significantly to the total income of the province as well as provided job opportunities to the local people Nevertheless, in addition to the acquired profit, quarrying activities is also generating a number of local environmental problems One of the most obvious environmental issues is dust generation during the process of limestone exploitation, transportation and manipulation The question is how particulates generated from this process affect human health, ambient environment, and agricultural system What are influence scales in terms of different distances? If the concentration of the dust continues to increase, how can we reduce the negative effect to the people? In the efforts to better understand those issues, I decided to choose the project of “Dust generation from quarrying activities of Chinh Long Cooperative in Dong Phu commune, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa province” with weighing method to relatively measure particulate nuisance Study Goals and Objectives 2.1 Goals The goal of the study is to assess the effects of dust generation from quarrying activities on the environment and human health, and then suggest some solutions to improve the effectiveness of environmental management and living quality of local people at Dong Phu commune, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa province 2.2 Specific objectives To achieve these overall goals, the thesis focuses on four main objectives as follows: (1) Studying current state of granite quarrying and manipulation at Chinh Long Cooperative - Studying current state of socio-economic and quarry industry in Dong Phu commune and Chinh Long Cooperative; - Examining the technology and processes used for exploiting and producing granite stones (2) Investigating sources and concentrations ofdust generated from quarrying and stones fabrication activities at Chinh Long cooperative - Doing survey on the current status of dust generation from quarrying and stones manipulation at Chinh Long Cooperative and residential area;  Determining main sources of dust dispersion from the production process;  Identifying impact levels of dust to human life and the environment - Taking dust samples to examining whether dust concentrations are exceeding the permissible exposure limits from quarry activities  Collecting deposited dust samples from the working atmosphere at various sections of manufacturing units and residential area;  Comparing the analysis results for dust deposition with the standard criteria for dust deposition (3) Investigating environmental management in Hoang Lap village and dust mitigation activities at Chinh Long cooperative  Environmental management in Hoang Lap village (the residential area);  Dust mitigation methods of Chinh Long Cooperative and Hoang Lap village (4) Providing a basis for solutions to improve efficiency of dust management at the study area REFERENCES Vietnamese materials Department of Industry and Trade in Thanh Hoa, Final report in 2003; Department of Industry and Trade in Thanh Hoa, Final Report period 2010-2014; Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Report in 2012; Statistical Yearbook in Thanh Hoa, 2014 and 2015 English materials - Specific sources: Allam M E., Bakhoum E S and Garas G L.(2014) Re-use of granite sludge in producing green concrete ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol 9, No 12, December 2014 Aigbedion, I N and Iyayi, S E (2007) Environmental effect of mineral exploitation in Nigeria International Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol (2), pp 033-038 Babatunde Saheed Bada, Kofoworola Amudat Olatunde & Oluwafunmilayo Abidemi Akande (2013) Air quality assessment in the vicinity of quarry site Environment and Natural Resources Research; Vol 3, No 2; 2013 Farmer Andrew M (1991) The effects of dust on vegetation - a review Environmental Pollution 79 (1993) 63-75 Hale A (1985) The human paradox in technology and safety Inaugural lecture, Safety Science Group, Delft University of Technology Hale A, Heming B, Carthy J, Kirwan B (1997) Modelling of safety management systems Safety Science 26(1/2):121-140 Hsin-Yi, C (2012) The impact of quarrying Retrieved December 14, 2012, from www.sustainablefloors.co.uk 38 U Younis, T Bokhari, M Raza Shah and Seema Mahmood and S Malik (2013) Dust interception capacity and alteration of various biometric and biochemical attributes in cultivated population of Ficus Carica L IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 4) Vallack, H W & Shillito, D E (1998), “Suggested guidelines for deposited ambient dust”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol.32 - Non - specific sources: Airborne Particulate Matter in the United Kingdom (1996).Third Report of the Quality Urban Air Review group DEC (2005) Approved Methods for the Modelling and Assessment of Air Pollutants in New South Wales Department of Environment and Conservation: Sydney Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (2002) Determination and Evaluation of Ambient Air Quality Manual of Ambient Air Monitoring in Germany.Hazard Prevention and Control in the Work Environment: Airborne Dust of WHO ISO (1987) International Standard 9001: Quality management Model for quality assurance in design, development, production, installation and servicing International Standard 9002: Quality management - Model for quality assurance in production and installation International Standard 9003: Quality management Model for quality assurance in final inspection and test International Standard 9004: Quality management - Model for quality assurance and quality system elements International Organization for Standardization, Geneva MfE.(2001) Good practice guide for assessing and managing the environmental effects of dust Environment: Wellington 39 emissions Ministry for the National Energy Research Development and Demonstration Council (NERDDC), 1988, Air Pollution from Surface Coal Mining:Volume Emission Factors and Model Refinement, prepared by Dames & Moore, 1988, for NERDDC, NERDDC Project Number 921 Quality of Urban Air Research Group (1996) "Airborne Particulate Matter in the United Kingdom: Third Report of the Quality of Urban Air Review Group", prepared at the request of the Department of the Environment University of Birmingham, Birmingham SANS 1929; 2011, South African National Standard; Ambient air quality – limits for common pollutants 40 APPENDICES Appendix A Standard TCVN 5498: 1995  Scope of application Standard TCVN 5498: 1995 represents methods of dry dust settles and the total amount of dust settle on the outside of the industrial enterprises  The method of determining the amount of dry dust accumulation  Principle A method based on the measuring instruments which were coated by sticky material to catch the dust Weigh the samples before and after the experiment to determine the amount of dust settles quickly in no rain condition Results are expressed as g / (m2.day) or mg/ (m2.day)  Tools  Sample container: plastic dish, with a cover by cling wrap and filter papers  Sticky material: white Vaseline  Sample processing tools: laboratory heating and drying oven and microbalance Prepare the tools before sampling: - Vaseline was put in containers with no more than 1cm thickness, dried at 100oC temperature for hours and after this process it was sealed for later use - Measuring dish is numbered and washed, then dried; after drying, put into microbalance with precision - 0.1 mg Record numbers of the dishes and theirs weight Take a piece of filter paper, coat with Vaseline was treated into the dish with the volume is 50 mg for each dishes  Perform the experiment:  Method requirement: Put measuring dishes were placed on identical stands, the height of them are 1.5m in horizontal surface; sampling 41 points are arranged in place of empty space and ventilated from all sides; the number of samples and the distribution of the sampling are samples in one location Time for measurement is 24 hours for one sample After collect the sample, use the cling wrap to cover the sample and move into laboratory to weigh Experiment conducts when no rain During measurementt not allow to touch the Vaseline surface The time to get the sample is from a.m until a.m in the next day  Manage the samples: separate the filter paper from measuring dish Put the filter papers include Vaseline and dust into the laboratory oven to dry at 400oC in two hours and not let them fall down Record the results  Calculation: the amount of dust deposition is calculated by formula: D= (mg/m2.day) Where: D: A measure of the average mass of particles settling on a unit area on a daily basis m1: Weight of sample dried constant weight before measure (mg) m2: Weight of sample dried constant weight after measure (mg) S: the area of study site (m2) t: time of measurement (24 hours-one day) Dry dust deposition at one time is the average value of the calculated amount of dust settles on the sample, after exclude errors  Determine the total amount of dust deposition: the total amount of dust deposition (Dt) in one month was determined by the total amount of the dust settlement on a daily basis (g/m2.month) 42 Appendix B: Survey Questionnaire OWNER SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (Dong Phu, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa) Date: /07/2016 How long did you manage your business? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… What kind of stones you quarry? ………………………………………………………………………………… What kind of product you make? ………………………………………………………………………………… How large is your workshop? Where is it? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Where is the main resource for your quarry? ………………………………………………………………………………… What methods you use to process the stones? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… What kind of the machines and the tools you use? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… What is the main vehicle to transport the stones and the products? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… During the production, does it have the discharge waste? What is it? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 43 10 How you handle this waste? Is there any method to keep it under control? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 11 How many labors you have in your cooperative? ………………………………………………………………………………… 12 Do you have any method to keep your labors safety? Do they have labor protection? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Does the local government have management plan and environmental monitoring in there? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Interviewee’s Signature 44 LABORS SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (Dong Phu, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa) Date: / /2016 Are you male/female? Male □ Female □ How long did you work in this workshop? ………………………………………………………………………………… What is your main responsible position in the workshop? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… What kind of machines you often use? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… What kind of waste you often see? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… How you protect yourself in your work? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………… How is your current health condition? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Do you check your periodic health? Yes/No Do you have insurance? Yes/No Interviewee‟s Signature 45 FARMERS SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (Dong Phu, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa) Date: / /2016 Are you male/female? Male □ Female □ How long did you work in your field? ………………………………………………………………………………… What kind of agriculture activities you in there? Rice field □ If Cattle □ you have both of them □ rice field, how large is it? If you raise cattle, what kind of cattle you raise? How many? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Do you have any awareness about the dust settlement around here? Yes/ No Why? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… How rice/cattle development in this situation? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Do you have any method to reduce the dust settlement? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Interviewee‟s Signature 46 HOUSEHOLDS SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (Dong Phu, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa) Date: / /2016 Are you male/female? Male □ Female □ How old are you? ……………………………………………………… What you do? …………………………………………………………… How long did you stay here? ………………………………………………………………………………… Do you have any trouble with the dust in your house? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Do you know where the dust comes from? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Do you have any method to reduce the dust in your house? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Interviewee‟s Signature 47 Appendix C Picture from the fieldwork Picture 01: the drilling granite stones Picture 02: the Vang Mountain Picture 04: inside workshop Picture 05: the product Picture 05: Dust samples Picture 06: sample on identical stand 48 Appendix D Dust deposition in one day Dust level in the sampling sites (mg/m2.day) Time No Drilling section Cutting and polishing section Transportation and loading goods section 1st July 195 202 82 3rd July 180 196 71 4th July 181 195 76 7th July 187 197 78 8th July 179 199 77 9th July 172 204 78 10th July 176 205 80 11th July 185 201 80 13th July 180 194 82 10 14th July 183 197 83 11 15th July 181 199 82 12 16th July 185 202 84 13 17th July 188 204 88 14 18th July 195 202 89 15 19th July 199 203 88 16 20th July 202 207 87 17 21st July 207 210 90 18 22nd July 210 212 92 49 19 23rd July 202 210 93 20 24th July 207 208 95 21 25th July 205 212 96 22 26th July 216 214 95 23 28th July 201 207 93 24 29th July 202 207 92 25 30th July 201 208 94 26 31st July 202 209 95 27 1st August 206 213 94 28 2nd August 208 214 93 29 4th August 202 218 89 30 6th August 207 208 86 31 7th August 220 207 60 32 8th August 224 213 79 33 12th August 210 201 75 34 13th August 213 202 77 35 15th August 206 202 78 36 16th August 209 205 82 37 18th August 202 200 83 38 20th August 198 196 82 39 23rd August 194 190 74 40 25th August 192 188 70 41 26th August 198 198 71 42 29th August 193 197 69 50 43 30th August 190 202 71 44 31st August 192 204 77 45 1st September 196 198 79 46 3rd September 189 196 75 47 4th September 194 203 75 48 8th September 191 206 65 49 9th September 195 207 69 50 11th September 191 207 70 51 12th September 195 210 69 52 15th September 199 212 66 53 16th September 196 205 68 54 17th September 198 204 71 55 18th September 193 203 71 56 Average 196.76 203.87 80.50 Note: the days not mentioned in the table did not have experiment because it rained 51 52