Assessing the impact of development social economics on sustainable forest management in thuong an commune, ngan son district, bac kan province, viet nam

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY LƯU HUỲNH ĐỨC Assessing the impact of socioeconomic development on protecting forests and sustainable forest management in Thuong An Commune, Ngan Son District, Bac Kan Province, Viet Nam BACHELOR THESIS Study mode: Full-time Major: K49_Environmental Science and management Faculty: Advanced Education Program Office Batch: (2017-2021) Thai Nguyen, 19/1/2022 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Student name Student ID Thesis Title Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Lưu Huỳnh Đức DTN1754290005 Assessing the impact of development social-economics on sustainable forest management in Thuong An commune, Ngan Son district, Bac Kan province, Viet Nam Supervisor (s) Asso Prof Tran Thi Thu Ha Supervisor’s Signature i Abstract: In the late decades, forestry issues become a new main situation of the world One main of them have been exiting for long time ago, but now it happening as a huge way, it called “deforestation” Our humans are cutting down trees, destroying the ecosystem without intention or establishing for rasing economics, making a new society, etc So the research appeared to ask the question: “Wether is there any impacts of development social-economics effect on foresty areas and sustainable forest management (SFM)? The research was carried out the main case study in Thuong An commune, Ngan Son district, Bac Kan province In Thuong An commune, six cases study villages were selected The methodology of this study based on the technique for assessing sustainable forest and forest land management in northern Vietnam was established (Tran, 2007) The methodology included gathering and analyzing socioeconomic and forest statistics at the province and commune levels, as well as conducting primary research in the case study villages at the family and landscape size The surveys were collected by asking the local people, head villages in villages of Thuong An commune Besides, the forest rangers, land use department also were a part of the surveys The researcher stayed there in Ngan Son districts and went to every village of Thuong An commune about 50km to 60km and chose randomly local people in each village so there were 18 local respondents, 12 head villages and secretary, and local authorities who answered the surveys The second data collected on:  The documentation: Policies, laws, decisions, planning, and management strategies  The statistics: General conditions: geography (location), natural aspects (land area, forest land, and forest area, agricultural land), socio-economic aspect (cultural, population and growth rate, income) ii  Previous studies: results from the author's previous studies were also used for this research The results gave general information about the development and management of forestry in Thuong An commune the how development social-economics in that area The report showed out the traditional policies that exist for a long time and which one does suit, and which one does not suit anymore and suggested some the law and policies that can be better in that area, as well as the feedback and local speak, were also included in the research On the other hand, the report shows the difficulties while doing the projects and following the policies and regulations in villages The second data was used to compare the difference between the past and now Sustainable forest management, social- economics, Ngan Son Keywords: commune, Ngan Son district, Bac Kan province, Community Forest management Several pages: 83 pages Date of Submission: iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to Advanced Education Program lecturers as well as lecturers at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, who have provided me with in-depth knowledge not only of my subjects but also of my soft skills, as well as the opportunity to complete my thesis I want to thank my supervisor, Asso Prof Tran Thi Thu Ha, for her unquestioning support of my bachelor thesis, as well as her patience, encouragement, passion, and vast expertise Her advice was invaluable during the research and writing of this thesis For my thesis, I could not have asked for a greater adviser and mentor Besides my advisor, I would like to thank Dr Truong Thi Anh Tuyet, for her encouragement, insightful comments, and advice for my thesis My sincere gratitude also goes to Mr Hung Pham, Mr Hung Nguyen, and Mr Phong for assisting and caring for me while I was surveying Ngan Son And also Thank you very much to the People's Committee of Thuong An commune for making it possible for me to finish the survey Last but not the least, I'd want to convey my gratitude to my family and friends, who have always been there for me Their encouragement and support were the fuel that propelled me to achievement Sincerely! Luu Huynh Duc iv TABLE OF CONTENT DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv TABLE OF CONTENT v LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research Objective 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1.3.1 Research questions 1.3.2 Hypotheses 1.4 Significant of research 1.5 Limitations 1.6.Definitions PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Define and History of Forest conservation 2.1.1 Forest conservation 2.1.2 History of Forest conservation 2.1.3 Forest conservation in Southeast Asia and Viet Nam 2.2 The principles of sustainable forest management 11 v 2.3 Relationship between Socio-economic aspect and sustainable forest management 12 2.4 The impact of socio-economics on forest management 14 2.5 Sustainable forest management in South-East Asian countries 15 2.6 Relationship between minority ethnic groups and sustainable forest management 18 2.6.1 Dao’s Ethnics 18 2.6.2 Tay’s Ethnic 19 2.7 Overview research area in Bac Kan province 20 PART III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND CONTENTS 22 3.1 Study area 22 3.2 Materials 23 3.3 Methodology 23 3.3.1 Research data collection 23 3.3.2 Interview design and process 23 3.4 Contents 27 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 4.1 General information of respondents 28 4.1.1 Education of local people 28 4.1.2 Main sources of income 28 4.2 The knowledge of local people on sustainable forest management 32 4.3 The impacts of socio-economics development into forest management 34 4.4 Impacts of policies, regulations, and projects on forest management 38 vi 4.4.1 Impacts of rules, regulations, and projects into forest management in Ngan Son district 38 4.4.2 Local people’s participation in the rules, regulations, and projects 41 4.5 Local concepts for applying into sustainable forest management 41 4.5.1 Putting up a fence 41 4.5.2 Coordinate patrolling in groups 42 4.6 Discussion and approach suggestion for sustainable forest management in local concept 42 4.6.1 Discussion 42 4.6.2 Suggestion 44 PART V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 46 5.1 Conclusion 46 5.2 Recommendation 47 REFERENCES 48 APPENDICES 58 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Under the five shared socioeconomic paths (SSPs) (2015–2050), maps depicting geographically allocated predicted forest Cambodia (inset 2), Malaysia (inset 3) and Indonesia (inset 4) 10 Figure 2.2: Forest replacement analyzed commodities 2001-2015 15 (Source: (Mikaela Weisse and Elizabeth Dow Goldman, 2021)) 15 Figure 3: Map of the research area 22 (Source: Google map 2021) 22 Figure 4.1 Product quantities per crop per inhabitant in the research area 31 Figure 4.2 The quantities of the industrial products depend on harvest time 31 Figure 4.3 The variety of agricultural products and industrial crops in the research area 32 Figure 4.4 Photos of deforestation a and b: burned the forest to grow maize; 35 c and d: cleared natural plants to grow acacia 35 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1:Structure of questionnaire for surveying the local people based on the table of open-ended questions for interviewing key informants at the village level, head village, and local government 25 Table 4.1: Background of respondents in villages in Thuong An commune 29 Table 4.2: The responses of participants in people awareness 33 Table 4.3: the awareness of respondents in the reseach area 34 Table 4.4: the numbers of respondent in the research area 34 Table 4.5: Reasons of socio-economic development impacts on SFM 37 Table 4.6: Reasons for deforestation from interviews 37 ix APPENDICES This section presents the survey questions that had been used for the research and some of the photos during the field trip Appendix 1: Surveying the impact of socio-economic development on sustainable forest management (local people's level) Respondent’s name: _ Address: Ethnicity: _ Age: _ Education: _ I General knowledge Have you ever heard of "sustainable forest management"? (If not, let’s Move on to question) Yes, I have heard of it no, I haven’t heard of it Where did you hear that term? (Please write it clearly) _ Have you heard of "socio-economic development"? (If not, let's move on to question 5) Yes, I have heard of it no, I haven’t heard of it 58 Where did you hear that term? (Please write it clearly) _ What is the relationship between maintaining socio-economic and sustainable forest management? (Choose the best idea) a Is the use of forest resources for economic and unlimited development b It is the use of money from the socio-economic sector to manage forests unconditionally c It is a close collaboration with each other to complement the development and sustainability What traditional rules and institutions on forest protection and management still apply here? _ II Laws, policies, and relationships between socio-economic development and sustainable forest management Is there a place where you can see the impact of the socio-economic forest? (If not so, please give your name and move on to the next sentence if you not apply to verse 12.) _ What kind of socio-economic impact is it most? (Social, cultural, or economic Why? _ 59 How you assess the current level of forest management and forest development in your home country? (Scale from 0-5) a c e b d f 10 How you assess the level of socio-economic development in your locality? (Scale from 0-5) a c e b d e 11.Are there any traditional or new rules that are in place to protect forests to avoid socio-economic impact? (If so, for example If you don't explain why?) _ 12.Are there traditional or new policies or regulations that apply to economic deforestation? (If you ask for an example If you don't ask for a reason.) _ 13 Do sustainable forest management policies apply locally? (If so, please go to the next sentence If you don't ask for 15) Yes, has been applied Yes, but has not applied yet No, not have any 60 14 Are there any notable impacts of socio-economic development on sustainable forest management? If you ask for an example if you don't want to explain _ 15 As a resident, he or she agreed to contribute some money to protect the existing forests and increase the area of forests a Yes, at any cost b Yes, but at a certain price c No, but I'm willing to help with my strength d Never because it's not my responsibility 16.Are you willing to be part of the government to work with the authorities to protect forests, balance the economy, and develop forests? If you don't ask for a reason.) _ III Management of forest land and agricultural products 17.What you think you have done to manage and protect your forest? Is it easy to manage? If it's hard, how you fix them? 18.What is the main type of agriculture in your household? 19.What is the annual yield of the crop from the soil of a grandfather/ grandmother? a Many c Low 61 b Medium d Very low 20.What products you take from the forest? (If so for specific products If you don't ask for 23.) 21 When did you exploit this type of product? 22.You see a change in the forest products that you exploit compared to the past based on factors such as "location, output, and quality" 23 Do you think of the activities that people that affect the management of forests the most? for example Thank you very much for taking the time to our survey 62 Appendix 2: Surveying the impact of socio-economic development on sustainable forest management (head village and secretary) Respondent’s name: _ Address: Ethnicity: _ Age: _ Education: _ I General knowledge When did this village have been there? Where exactly is this village? (Google maps can be used to identify) _ What is the population of this village? How many households are living? How many ethnic brothers live here? (Please give the full names of those people.) 63 II Policies, Land use impact (socio-economic) on sustainable forest development in sustainable forest management What are the main products of the village and how much general income is it a year? _ Are there plans to preserve land and forest area? (If yes, please specify the location If not have one, please explain why not _ Changes in village policy in using forest areas and protecting them from socioeconomic development? a Unchanged b Change and become more demanding than before c Change and become more flexible and smoother than before Do you think sustainable forest management policies are easy to apply in your village? a Hard b Easy c Normally, like other policies Thank you very much for taking the time to our survey 64 Appendix 3: Surveying the impact of socio-economic development on sustainable forest management (local government level) Respondent’s name: _ Address: Ethnicity: _ Age: _ Education: _ Is there a household that returns forest land for not being able to the economy? What are the main causes of this? Are there any traditional laws or policies to protect forests? What is the problem with the officer when it comes to solutions to overcome problems? According to you, what are the benefits and obstacles of current policies and regulations on sustainable forest management as well as sustainable forest development? 65 Should we change any policies, especially forest land policies, to encourage SFM? _ What policies can be applied to make a socio-economic impact on sustainable forest management better? _ Thank you very much for taking the time to our survey 66 Appendix 4: Photos Preparing and drying tobacco 67 Meetings at the villages 68 Tobacco Farms 69 Roads to go the villages 70 Maize Farm The result of cutting trees 71 Pine forest 72