Monitoring changes in mangrove forests extents in phu long gia luan coast, cat hai district, hai phong, viet nam during 2010 2019

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY FOREST RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FACULTY ========================= STUDENT THESIS PROPOSAL MONITORING CHANGES IN MANGROVE FORESTS EXTENTS IN PHU LONG- GIA LUAN COAST, CAT HAI DISTRICT, HAI PHONG, VIET NAM DURING 2010 – 2019 Major: Natural Resources Management Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Pham Nhu Quynh Student ID: 1553100723 Class: K60 Natural Resources Management Course: 2015-2019 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Hai-Hoa Nguyen Vietnam National University of Forestry Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Ha Noi, 2019 ABSTRACT Mangrove forests are important coastal ecosystems located at the interface of the land and sea, that support fisheries production, coastline protection, water quality control and provide a nursery habitat for fish and other marine life Monitoring mangrove forests changes plays an important role for effective mangrove conservation and management The study has been conducted in Phu Long - Gia Luan region, which have the largest mangrove area in the Cat Ba Archipelago Biosphere Reserve, Hai Phong City, Vietnam However, the mangrove ecosystem of this island has suffered severe deforestation and forest degradation due to the conversion to shrimp aquaculture, increase in tourism and natural disaster The aim of this research to (1) investigate the status of mangrove forests and management scheme in Phu Long, Gia Luan commune, Cat Hai district, Hai Phong province, (2) quantify changes in mangrove forests extents in Phu Long and Gia Luan communes, Cat Hai, Hai Phong coast during 2010- 2019 and identify drives of changes, (3) Estimate soil organic carbon of mangrove forests and (4) Propose solutions to better manage mangrove forests in this area The land cover map was obtained by using unsupervised classification Estimate soil organic carbon stock by using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW)- based interpolation approach in study site The research presents results obtained from study in the period of 2010-2019 in Phu Long-Gia Luan including (1) Mangroves area in 2010 was 523.2 ha, in 2014, it increases to 900.6 but in 2019, it decreased to 576.0, in which region with large fluctuations mainly concentrated in Phu Long southern region meanwhile Gia Luan region is less changed (2) from 2010-2014, the implementation of many policies and projects had improved the quantify and quality of mangroves but from 2014-2019 mangroves area decreased due to conversion of mangrove forests to shrimp ponds, tourism development, mangroves rehabilitation and restoration projects had been implemented, but they were not effective, (3) The soil carbon stock of the mangrove forests in Phu Long- Gia Luan averages 200.38 ± 18.47 ton/ha, ranging from 175.50 ton/ha to 253.93 ton/ha This research shows the potential use of Satellite image combined with techniques in monitoring mangrove forests change in Vietnam KEYWORDS: Phu Long, Gia Luan, GIS, Remote Sensing, Landsat image, Mangrove forest management, Polices i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research is supported by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 105.08-2017.05 With the consent of Vietnam Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development faculty, we conducted the study First and foremost, I would like to give sincere thanks to my supervised and supported by Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Hai Hoa, who gave helpful advices and always patiently supervising me and urging me during implementation of thesis study I have learned a lot from him Without this helping, I could not have finished my study successfully Secondly, I would like to thank for the encourage and suggestions of the teachers of the Forest Resources and Environment Management Faculty, Vietnam Forestry University that helped me complete the thesis with the best quality In addition, the field research could not be finished and achieved good results without enthusiastic support of my friends, friendliness of local authority of Phu Long, Gia Luan commune and especially supporting of Cat Ba National Park during my field research period Last but not least, I would like to say big thanks to my family and friends who always supported and encouraged when I most needed it To my parents, thank you so much your unconditional love and moral support Due to the limited research capability and knowledge, the shortcoming of thesis is inevitable I am looking forward to receive comments, feedbacks from teachers, friends to enhancing the quality of my thesis Ha Noi, 10 October 2019 ii TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENT iii ABBREVIATION v LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF DIAGRAMS vi LIST OF TABLES vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of mangrove and remote sensing data 2.1.1 Mangrove 2.1.2 Remote sensing 2.2 Remote sensing application for mangrove monitoring 12 2.2.1 In the world 13 2.2.2 In Vietnam 14 2.2.3 In Phu Long and Gia Luan communes 16 CHAPTER III STUDY GOALS, OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY 17 3.3 METHODOLOGY 17 3.3.1 Study site 17 3.3.2 Data collection 18 3.3.3 Landsat images processing and classification 21 3.3.4 Data analysis 24 CHAPTER IV NATURAL, SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS 26 4.1 Natural characteristics 26 4.1.1 Geography 26 4.1.2 Topography, climate, hydrology, soil, coast and sea, natural resources 27 4.2 Socio-Economic and cultural conditions 31 4.2.1 Economic conditions 31 4.2.2 Social and cultural conditions 32 CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 34 5.1 Current status and management scheme of mangrove forests in Phu Long and Gia Luan communes 34 iii 5.1.1 History and current status of coastal mangrove forests in Phu Long and Gia Luan communes 34 5.1.2 Management scheme and policies framework on coastal mangrove management 36 5.2 Spatial-temporal dynamics of coastal mangrove extent during 2010-2019 42 5.2.1 Thematic maps of coastal mangroves in different year and accuracy assessment 42 5.2.2 Quantification of changes in mangrove forests and drives of changes 46 5.3 Soil organic carbon stocks 48 5.3.1 Spatial distribution map of Soil carbon stock of mangrove forest in 2019 48 5.3.2 Carbon price 54 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER STUDY 60 6.1 Conclusions 60 6.2 Limitations 61 6.3 Further study 61 REFERENCES 62 iv ABBREVIATION CMMP Coastal Mangroves Management Polities LULC Land Use/ Land Cover MSS Multi-Spectral Scanner TM Thematic Mapper ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper OLI Operational Land Imager TIRS Thermal Infrared Sensors PEES Payment for Forest Environment Services REDD+ Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation GIS Geographic Information System RS Remote Sensing GPS Global Positioning System NGOs Non-Government Organization MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MONRE Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment PPC Provincial People’s Committee DPC District People’s Committee FPD Forest Protection Department FPsD Forest Protection Sub-Department VNFOREST Vietnam Administration of Forestry GDLA The General Department of Land Administration VEA The Vietnam Environment Administration MCD Center for Marinelife Conservation and Community Development ERA Ecological Risk Assessments JRC Japanese red cross IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies WWF World Wild Fund FFI Fauna & Flora International CER Caron Emission Redution CDM Clean Development Mechanism v LIST OF FIGURES Fig 2.1 Physical and biological components of mangrove ecosystems Fig 2.2 Remote sensing process Fig 3.1 Study site 18 Fig 3.2 Plot Positions in Study site 21 Fig 5.1 Land cover in Phu Long and Gia Luan in 2010 (Landsat 5, 03/10/2010).………….48 Fig 5.2 Land covers in Phu Long and Gia Luan in 2015 (Landsat 5, 03/10/2010) … … 48 Fig 5.3 Land covers in Phu Long and Gia Luan in 2019 (Landsat 8, 18/05/2019) 45 Fig 5.4 Changes in mangrove forests in Phu Long and Gia Luan communes during October 2010 - May 2019 46 Fig 5.5 Land cover change from 2010 -2019 47 Fig 5.6 Carbon stock in different depths in sample plots 49 Fig 5.7 Soil organic carbon stocks of mangroves in Phu Long and Gia Luan in different soil layers 53 LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 3.1 Flow chart of overview methodology of research in Phu Long and Gia Luan communes 22 Diagram 5.1 Administrative structure of mangrove forest protection and management 37 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Mangrove Area and Loss, 2000-2012 in the Top 10 Mangrove Rich Countries and by Region Table 2.2 The extent of mangrove forest in Vietnam (in hectares) Table 2.3 Current distribution and origin of mangrove in Vietnam Table 2.4 Characteristics of Landsat Sensors 10 Table 2.5 Landsat Thematic mapper (TM) 11 Table 2.6 Land Image (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) 12 Table 3.1 Satellite Images used in the research 19 Table 5.1 Mangroves changes per commune in the Cat Ba island from 2010- 2015 35 Table 5.2 Mangrove plant species in Phu Long Gia Luan area (surveyed in March, 2008) 35 Table 5.3 Accuracy Assessments of the classified images in 2010, 2014 and 2019 by using Supervised classification (%) 42 Table 5.5 Soil carbon stock data set in different soil layers (ton/ha) 48 Table 5.6 Total soil carbon sequestration and storage in Phu Long and Gia Luan coummunes 54 Table 5.7 The commercial value of soil carbon sequestration of mangrove forests in Phu Long and Gia Luan communes 54 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Mangroves are dominant along many tropical and sub-tropical coastlines and are of the most productive ecosystems on Earth with a mean production of 8.8 t C/ha/yr (Jennerjahn and Ittekkot, 2002), play an important role in stabilizing shorelines and in helping reduce the devastating impact of natural disasters such as tsunamis and hurricanes As reviewed by Barbier (1994, 2007), mangrove forests provide not only indirect uses, including air pollution reduction, nutrient cycling, and watershed protection, they also provide important ecological and societal goods and services including breeding and nursing grounds for marine, food, medicines, fuel, and building materials for local communities (Wilkie and Fortune, 2003) In addition, they have a staggering ability to sequester carbon from the atmosphere, and serve as both a source and repository for nutrients and sediments for other inshore marine habitats, such as seagrass beds and coral reefs With 3260 km of coastline in Vietnam, mangroves are recognized as a highly valuable resource There are 30 provinces and cities that have been associated with coastal mangroves and coastal wetland areas (Hoa and Binh, 2016) But the area of mangrove forests has declined dramatically during the century in Vietnam Due to the lack of an integrated approach to sustainable management, utilization and protection of the coastal zone and economic interests in shrimp farming have led to the unstainable use of natural resources so Mangroves have been overexploited or converted to various other forms of land use, including agriculture, aquaculture, salt ponds, urban and industrial development and coastal roads and embankments (Schmitt et al,2013; Kirui et al, 2013) The mangrove forests are also affected by the impacts of climate change Climate change is predicted to cause increased intensity and frequency of storms, floods and droughts, increased saline intrusion, higher rainfall during the rainy season and rising sea levels (Kirui et al, 2013) In the early 1940s, Vietnam had more than 400,000ha of mangrove forests (Vietnam Environment Protection Agency [VEPA] 2005) In 2014, the mangrove forests area was reduced to 85,000 ha, with much lower biodiversity and biomass, and a very small percentage of that is natural forest (VNFOREST, 2015; Powell et al, 2011; Luu, 2000) Nowadays, the development of science and technology, especially the births of Geographical Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS) and satellite images, help us so much to research forest cover change, study and propose some methods to manage the natural resources and environment without direct contacts Remote Sensing (RS) information with many advantages like synchronous and updating information, broad covering ability and covered everywhere in the Earth… and with rapid development of technology such as supply information rapidly, exactly… So remote sensing has a great potential for monitoring changes in mangrove coverage Geographical Information System (GIS) can collect, update, manage and analyze, represent geographical data in order to service applied mathematics relating to geographical points of some subjects on the earth It is best supported tool for resources and environment management and planning There are few examining the relationship of spatial-temporal changes in coastal mangroves and coastal adjacent land-use in association with coastal development policy, such as the relationship between drivers of mangrove destruction and institutional arrangement and policy over coastal resources, and other socio-economic influences Therefore, certain questions remain unanswered, including what is the relationship between coastal mangroves and coastal shoreline erosion, and how resilient are coastal mangrove ecosystems to increasing frequency and intensity of extreme events? From this idea, I conducted the research “Monitoring changes in mangrove forest extents in Phu Long-Gia Luan coast, Cat Hai district, Hai Phong, Viet Nam during 2010 – 2019” 34 106°57'40.56"E 20°51'49.05"N other plants 202 106°56'47.46"E 20°48'26.66"N others 35 106°58'18.41"E 20°51'37.13"N other plants 203 106°55'6.15"E 20°48'8.90"N others 36 106°57'40.20"E 20°50'56.57"N other plants 204 106°55'7.52"E 20°47'57.51"N others 37 106°57'53.48"E 20°52'26.69"N other plants 205 106°55'21.77"E 20°47'56.84"N others 38 106°57'37.80"E 20°52'28.48"N other plants 206 106°55'41.27"E 20°47'53.89"N others 39 106°57'59.29"E 20°52'36.40"N other plants 207 106°55'52.79"E 20°47'48.40"N others 40 106°57'41.42"E 20°52'2.34"N other plants 208 106°56'21.18"E 20°47'46.59"N others 41 106°57'30.60"E 20°52'16.42"N other plants 209 106°56'43.94"E 20°47'46.16"N others 42 106°57'19.42"E 20°52'26.42"N other plants 210 106°57'1.42"E 20°47'38.17"N others 43 106°57'9.15"E 20°52'37.23"N other plants 211 106°56'55.82"E 20°47'45.26"N others 44 106°56'53.00"E 20°52'40.67"N other plants 212 106°57'0.12"E 20°48'2.82"N others 45 106°56'48.17"E 20°52'18.29"N other plants 213 106°56'56.06"E 20°48'13.32"N others 46 106°56'34.54"E 20°52'13.14"N other plants 214 106°56'53.88"E 20°48'18.33"N others 47 106°56'52.37"E 20°51'59.04"N other plants 215 106°56'52.96"E 20°48'22.09"N others 48 106°56'39.47"E 20°51'43.79"N other plants 216 106°56'50.11"E 20°48'24.91"N others 49 106°56'48.63"E 20°51'22.86"N other plants 217 106°56'28.39"E 20°48'23.53"N others 50 106°57'4.18"E 20°51'25.15"N other plants 218 106°56'37.86"E 20°48'27.72"N others 51 106°57'3.72"E 20°51'14.55"N other plants 219 106°56'43.75"E 20°48'23.98"N others 52 106°56'53.13"E 20°51'3.39"N other plants 220 106°56'42.89"E 20°48'18.27"N others 53 106°56'36.65"E 20°50'57.37"N other plants 221 106°56'28.33"E 20°48'17.63"N others 54 106°56'40.94"E 20°50'46.08"N other plants 222 106°55'25.20"E 20°48'18.22"N others 55 106°57'2.75"E 20°50'57.14"N other plants 223 106°55'26.04"E 20°48'10.92"N others 56 106°56'39.16"E 20°50'36.13"N other plants 224 106°55'30.13"E 20°48'13.76"N others 57 106°56'52.29"E 20°50'6.06"N 20°48'20.33"N others 58 106°56'41.87"E 20°49'55.76"N other plants 226 106°55'42.16"E 20°48'9.58"N others 59 106°56'20.47"E 20°49'35.11"N other plants 227 106°55'37.15"E 20°48'14.10"N others 60 106°56'9.68"E 20°49'35.02"N other plants 228 106°55'53.31"E 20°48'7.30"N others 61 106°56'46.85"E 20°49'35.42"N other plants 229 106°55'53.77"E 20°48'14.18"N others 62 106°56'46.31"E 20°49'7.51"N 20°49'3.70"N others 63 106°56'45.89"E 20°48'58.54"N other plants 231 106°55'27.86"E 20°48'28.70"N others 64 106°56'25.33"E 20°49'21.68"N other plants 232 106°55'0.90"E 20°48'43.90"N others 65 106°55'53.06"E 20°50'4.66"N 20°48'36.89"N others 66 106°55'39.56"E 20°50'25.90"N other plants 234 106°55'1.77"E 20°48'55.93"N others 67 106°55'53.34"E 20°50'23.68"N other plants 235 106°55'9.13"E 20°48'47.18"N others 68 106°56'12.78"E 20°50'43.70"N other plants 236 106°55'24.64"E 20°48'23.33"N others 69 106°56'46.49"E 20°50'20.36"N other plants 237 106°55'48.58"E 20°48'31.27"N others other plants 225 106°55'42.86"E other plants 230 106°54'53.52"E other plants 233 106°55'35.33"E 70 106°56'22.50"E 20°50'2.88"N other plants 238 106°56'20.31"E 20°48'45.45"N others 71 106°55'59.64"E 20°49'27.62"N other plants 239 106°56'10.10"E 20°48'52.08"N others 72 106°56'50.07"E 20°48'14.80"N other plants 240 106°56'7.41"E 20°48'33.54"N others 73 106°57'1.26"E 20°48'6.31"N 20°48'41.76"N others 74 106°57'7.95"E 20°47'45.32"N other plants 242 106°56'10.50"E 20°49'5.39"N others 75 106°56'24.64"E 20°48'36.57"N other plants 243 106°55'54.35"E 20°49'1.18"N others 76 106°56'35.87"E 20°49'30.73"N other plants 244 106°56'3.23"E 20°49'5.65"N others 77 106°56'14.85"E 20°48'59.82"N other plants 245 106°56'4.39"E 20°49'12.89"N others 78 106°56'33.56"E 20°49'2.83"N other plants 246 106°55'45.67"E 20°50'28.75"N others 79 106°56'49.65"E 20°48'41.15"N other plants 247 106°56'10.01"E 20°50'14.04"N others 80 106°55'54.21"E 20°50'37.93"N other plants 248 106°58'56.24"E 20°51'29.25"N others 81 106°56'34.41"E 20°50'4.30"N 20°50'46.80"N others 82 106°58'13.68"E 20°51'18.25"N other plants 250 106°58'51.18"E 20°51'1.64"N others 83 106°57'55.31"E 20°51'18.14"N other plants 251 106°59'4.89"E 20°51'11.65"N water 84 106°56'58.78"E 20°51'38.79"N other plants 252 106°58'53.93"E 20°50'49.65"N water 85 106°56'38.43"E 20°51'5.57"N other plants 253 106°58'41.50"E 20°51'21.36"N water 86 106°56'53.85"E 20°48'45.11"N other plants 254 106°58'10.58"E 20°51'14.29"N water 87 106°56'44.59"E 20°48'54.90"N other plants 255 106°57'37.31"E 20°51'4.88"N water 88 106°56'53.08"E 20°48'59.50"N other plants 256 106°59'9.36"E 20°51'48.52"N water 89 106°56'51.44"E 20°48'10.25"N other plants 257 106°58'32.79"E 20°51'59.80"N water 90 106°56'25.79"E 20°48'32.94"N other plants 258 106°58'21.74"E 20°52'10.78"N water 91 106°56'11.69"E 20°49'44.29"N other plants 259 106°57'55.10"E 20°52'19.00"N water 92 106°59'6.15"E 20°50'53.91"N mangroves 260 106°57'59.96"E 20°52'30.37"N water 93 106°59'2.41"E 20°50'51.35"N mangroves 261 106°57'34.01"E 20°52'42.62"N water 94 106°56'48.95"E 20°51'45.02"N mangroves 262 106°57'42.15"E 20°52'32.61"N water 95 106°56'6.23"E 20°50'35.29"N mangroves 263 106°57'50.23"E 20°52'13.71"N water 96 106°56'35.69"E 20°48'33.25"N mangroves 264 106°57'46.66"E 20°52'2.44"N water 97 106°55'26.65"E 20°48'47.76"N mangroves 265 106°57'15.97"E 20°52'26.82"N water 98 106°57'37.66"E 20°52'7.77"N 266 106°57'19.98"E 20°51'53.47"N water 99 106°56'45.37"E 20°50'31.91"N mangroves 267 106°57'2.90"E 20°52'42.09"N water 100 106°54'55.23"E 20°49'58.46"N mangroves 268 106°57'1.14"E 20°52'32.84"N water 101 106°57'2.70"E 20°47'53.94"N mangroves 269 106°56'42.84"E 20°52'14.47"N water 102 106°56'55.89"E 20°47'54.13"N mangroves 270 106°57'5.90"E 20°52'4.46"N water 103 106°56'49.86"E 20°47'55.92"N mangroves 271 106°56'50.80"E 20°51'36.26"N water 104 106°56'35.10"E 20°47'50.75"N mangroves 272 106°57'19.86"E 20°51'16.83"N water 105 106°56'25.22"E 20°47'48.83"N mangroves 273 106°56'55.55"E 20°51'24.59"N water other plants 241 106°55'55.65"E other plants 249 106°58'51.82"E mangroves 106 106°56'7.75"E 20°47'46.99"N mangroves 274 106°56'47.35"E 20°50'58.03"N water 107 106°55'59.05"E 20°47'48.80"N mangroves 275 106°56'35.61"E 20°51'2.37"N water 108 106°55'40.00"E 20°47'50.00"N mangroves 276 106°56'57.16"E 20°50'42.08"N water 109 106°56'34.30"E 20°48'33.01"N mangroves 277 106°56'30.93"E 20°50'46.94"N water 110 106°56'30.14"E 20°48'40.38"N mangroves 278 106°56'15.28"E 20°51'14.21"N water 111 106°56'45.44"E 20°48'43.39"N mangroves 279 106°56'19.91"E 20°50'36.70"N water 112 106°56'49.69"E 20°48'52.43"N mangroves 280 106°56'48.87"E 20°50'16.41"N water 113 106°56'30.64"E 20°48'59.54"N mangroves 281 106°56'50.64"E 20°49'58.95"N water 114 106°56'18.45"E 20°49'1.25"N mangroves 282 106°55'49.43"E 20°50'36.97"N water 115 106°56'39.65"E 20°49'1.80"N mangroves 283 106°56'5.86"E 20°50'29.60"N water 116 106°56'35.08"E 20°49'4.81"N mangroves 284 106°55'44.10"E 20°50'24.30"N water 117 106°56'40.64"E 20°49'8.85"N mangroves 285 106°56'5.40"E 20°50'7.17"N water 118 106°56'50.42"E 20°49'11.40"N mangroves 286 106°55'29.47"E 20°50'18.47"N water 119 106°56'48.34"E 20°49'24.36"N mangroves 287 106°55'54.01"E 20°49'58.03"N water 120 106°56'38.89"E 20°49'24.00"N mangroves 288 106°55'28.86"E 20°50'7.95"N water 121 106°56'32.42"E 20°49'10.14"N mangroves 289 106°54'54.51"E 20°50'15.97"N water 122 106°56'13.37"E 20°49'7.78"N 290 106°56'31.14"E 20°49'38.05"N water 123 106°56'15.68"E 20°49'18.08"N mangroves 291 106°56'6.69"E 20°49'31.41"N water 124 106°56'9.37"E 20°49'28.31"N mangroves 292 106°54'48.49"E 20°49'41.07"N water 125 106°56'22.91"E 20°49'30.05"N mangroves 293 106°54'41.00"E 20°49'14.46"N water 126 106°56'44.21"E 20°49'44.85"N mangroves 294 106°54'50.68"E 20°48'57.02"N water 127 106°56'16.05"E 20°49'41.27"N mangroves 295 106°55'14.64"E 20°48'59.79"N water 128 106°56'18.17"E 20°50'0.41"N 296 106°55'3.62"E 20°49'31.94"N water 129 106°56'1.34"E 20°49'36.93"N mangroves 297 106°55'16.40"E 20°49'11.21"N water 130 106°56'26.95"E 20°50'3.53"N 298 106°55'8.37"E 20°49'16.76"N water 131 106°56'12.91"E 20°49'55.71"N mangroves 299 106°55'27.33"E 20°49'30.76"N water 132 106°55'55.16"E 20°49'28.01"N mangroves 300 106°55'56.82"E 20°49'20.50"N water 133 106°55'56.91"E 20°49'54.17"N mangroves 301 106°55'44.40"E 20°49'28.25"N water 134 106°55'49.75"E 20°49'56.37"N mangroves 302 106°55'48.15"E 20°49'34.50"N water 135 106°55'45.22"E 20°49'32.73"N mangroves 303 106°54'59.55"E 20°48'51.94"N water 136 106°56'3.49"E 20°48'43.21"N mangroves 304 106°55'14.85"E 20°48'31.91"N water 137 106°55'51.95"E 20°48'35.21"N mangroves 305 106°55'20.02"E 20°48'47.99"N water 138 106°55'58.58"E 20°48'47.37"N mangroves 306 106°55'25.82"E 20°48'35.98"N water 139 106°55'51.56"E 20°48'49.29"N mangroves 307 106°55'36.20"E 20°48'27.29"N water 140 106°55'44.01"E 20°48'37.60"N mangroves 308 106°55'29.16"E 20°48'7.02"N water 141 106°55'47.35"E 20°48'54.57"N mangroves 309 106°55'50.42"E 20°47'58.69"N water mangroves mangroves mangroves 142 106°55'48.56"E 20°48'57.39"N mangroves 310 106°55'58.97"E 20°47'54.91"N water 143 106°55'53.10"E 20°49'7.32"N mangroves 311 106°55'26.09"E 20°47'49.37"N water 144 106°56'7.36"E 20°49'10.05"N mangroves 312 106°56'16.57"E 20°47'57.34"N water 145 106°55'59.31"E 20°49'14.39"N mangroves 313 106°56'26.29"E 20°47'56.64"N water 146 106°55'52.54"E 20°49'21.70"N mangroves 314 106°56'49.37"E 20°47'42.66"N water 147 106°55'28.84"E 20°49'28.08"N mangroves 315 106°57'2.02"E 20°47'44.35"N water 148 106°55'20.33"E 20°49'30.33"N mangroves 316 106°56'58.43"E 20°48'7.23"N water 149 106°55'36.35"E 20°49'24.72"N mangroves 317 106°56'51.98"E 20°48'33.84"N water 150 106°55'8.38"E 20°49'7.86"N mangroves 318 106°56'45.93"E 20°48'18.08"N water 151 106°55'29.25"E 20°48'56.28"N mangroves 319 106°56'22.86"E 20°48'21.60"N water 152 106°55'42.03"E 20°48'57.85"N mangroves 320 106°55'41.94"E 20°49'8.92"N water 153 106°55'16.43"E 20°49'22.31"N mangroves 321 106°55'57.06"E 20°49'8.63"N water 154 106°55'30.62"E 20°49'13.94"N mangroves 322 106°56'10.71"E 20°49'11.39"N water 155 106°55'9.34"E 20°48'57.25"N mangroves 323 106°56'49.90"E 20°49'45.35"N water 156 106°55'0.41"E 20°48'59.29"N mangroves 324 106°54'33.21"E 20°49'23.23"N water 157 106°55'3.96"E 20°48'51.46"N mangroves 325 106°54'45.57"E 20°49'12.75"N water 158 106°55'18.45"E 20°48'44.44"N mangroves 326 106°55'36.90"E 20°49'37.44"N water 159 106°55'10.21"E 20°48'50.70"N mangroves 327 106°55'36.60"E 20°49'49.96"N water 160 106°55'21.03"E 20°48'54.47"N mangroves 328 106°56'17.97"E 20°50'50.68"N water 161 106°55'44.58"E 20°49'47.76"N mangroves 329 106°56'49.60"E 20°50'47.32"N water 162 106°55'37.01"E 20°50'11.44"N mangroves 330 106°56'52.37"E 20°50'59.30"N water 163 106°55'36.66"E 20°50'3.85"N mangroves 331 106°56'52.47"E 20°51'12.14"N water 164 106°55'35.42"E 20°49'42.76"N mangroves 332 106°56'55.51"E 20°51'35.49"N water 165 106°55'19.24"E 20°50'12.76"N mangroves 333 106°57'4.33"E 20°51'21.73"N water 166 106°55'25.13"E 20°50'8.70"N 334 106°58'2.46"E 20°51'41.90"N water 167 106°55'24.98"E 20°49'59.22"N mangroves 335 106°58'33.26"E 20°51'10.35"N water 168 106°55'26.49"E 20°49'41.44"N mangroves 336 106°57'35.81"E 20°51'34.56"N water mangroves Ground truthing by GPS/Google Earth in 2014: ID 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Longitude 20°51'14.82"N 20°51'55.03"N 20°51'2.27"N 20°50'43.63"N 20°50'47.77"N 20°51'2.13"N 20°51'13.21"N 20°51'12.99"N 20°51'4.09"N 20°51'15.49"N 20°51'15.44"N 20°51'9.86"N 20°52'8.72"N 20°52'9.60"N 20°51'42.68"N 20°52'43.42"N 20°52'34.14"N 20°52'25.06"N 20°52'13.89"N 20°52'4.67"N 20°51'50.03"N 20°51'37.94"N 20°51'48.92"N 20°52'40.06"N 20°52'36.01"N 20°52'25.23"N 20°52'11.42"N 20°52'8.49"N 20°51'56.09"N 20°51'48.43"N 20°51'40.27"N 20°51'57.74"N 20°51'55.83"N 20°51'49.29"N 20°52'16.86"N 20°52'13.10"N 20°51'46.27"N 20°51'39.54"N 20°51'34.90"N 20°51'25.34"N 20°51'22.09"N 20°51'13.98"N Latitude 106°59'13.18"E 106°59'3.91"E 106°59'8.34"E 106°58'58.41"E 106°58'43.33"E 106°58'45.81"E 106°58'51.92"E 106°58'38.56"E 106°58'28.05"E 106°58'14.65"E 106°57'55.84"E 106°57'44.19"E 106°58'44.46"E 106°58'31.53"E 106°58'20.48"E 106°57'54.67"E 106°57'37.13"E 106°57'50.60"E 106°58'14.19"E 106°57'52.23"E 106°58'5.09"E 106°57'58.05"E 106°57'47.12"E 106°56'53.55"E 106°57'7.53"E 106°57'5.05"E 106°57'7.23"E 106°57'27.95"E 106°57'31.37"E 106°57'25.31"E 106°57'33.10"E 106°57'12.49"E 106°56'57.95"E 106°57'4.16"E 106°56'49.92"E 106°56'34.74"E 106°56'40.39"E 106°56'59.26"E 106°57'13.31"E 106°57'6.71"E 106°57'11.78"E 106°57'18.47"E Types other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants ID Longitude 159 20°52'40.54"N 160 20°51'38.66"N 161 20°52'18.28"N 162 20°52'11.62"N 163 20°51'42.72"N 164 20°51'49.83"N 165 20°51'59.80"N 166 20°51'54.78"N 167 20°51'9.06"N 168 20°51'8.31"N 169 20°51'23.32"N 170 20°51'20.83"N 171 20°51'5.22"N 172 20°50'51.26"N 173 20°48'30.32"N 174 20°49'45.68"N 175 20°49'5.18"N 176 20°51'57.91"N 177 20°52'11.76"N 178 20°52'0.45"N 179 20°52'5.73"N 180 20°51'48.99"N 181 20°52'9.86"N 182 20°51'44.77"N 183 20°52'15.81"N 184 20°51'46.93"N 185 20°51'5.55"N 186 20°50'57.04"N 187 20°51'5.67"N 188 20°51'18.32"N 189 20°50'48.87"N 190 20°51'5.13"N 191 20°50'51.55"N 192 20°50'33.56"N 193 20°50'56.55"N 194 20°50'53.44"N 195 20°50'35.45"N 196 20°50'32.16"N 197 20°50'21.00"N 198 20°50'13.95"N 199 20°50'13.72"N 200 20°50'3.17"N Latitude 106°57'45.91"E 106°58'6.48"E 106°58'6.71"E 106°58'39.45"E 106°58'28.51"E 106°57'34.13"E 106°58'36.62"E 106°58'51.55"E 106°59'5.09"E 106°58'53.72"E 106°58'41.40"E 106°58'5.49"E 106°57'38.01"E 106°57'35.84"E 106°55'42.16"E 106°56'48.90"E 106°55'0.38"E 106°57'46.65"E 106°57'41.83"E 106°57'25.54"E 106°58'28.37"E 106°58'30.16"E 106°56'42.65"E 106°56'48.51"E 106°56'37.81"E 106°57'13.58"E 106°59'9.01"E 106°59'3.71"E 106°58'33.22"E 106°56'59.75"E 106°56'57.18"E 106°56'17.90"E 106°55'36.84"E 106°56'6.56"E 106°56'21.83"E 106°56'46.21"E 106°56'51.51"E 106°56'49.61"E 106°56'53.73"E 106°56'45.21"E 106°56'40.42"E 106°56'27.88"E Types water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 20°51'14.54"N 20°50'53.90"N 20°50'55.17"N 20°51'22.75"N 20°50'52.34"N 20°50'42.12"N 20°50'52.09"N 20°50'21.05"N 20°50'39.20"N 20°50'41.75"N 20°50'33.10"N 20°50'29.94"N 20°50'8.79"N 20°50'6.05"N 20°50'3.40"N 20°50'21.74"N 20°50'11.60"N 20°50'22.36"N 20°51'3.49"N 20°50'19.66"N 20°50'1.06"N 20°49'51.85"N 20°49'45.78"N 20°49'35.29"N 20°49'32.65"N 20°49'34.80"N 20°49'19.11"N 20°49'7.47"N 20°48'56.75"N 20°48'42.29"N 20°48'24.53"N 20°48'11.43"N 20°47'51.30"N 20°48'49.90"N 20°48'56.59"N 20°48'12.88"N 20°49'38.78"N 20°49'26.22"N 20°49'22.53"N 20°48'41.26"N 20°48'29.30"N 20°48'28.41"N 20°48'12.04"N 20°48'23.96"N 20°49'13.32"N 106°57'29.13"E 106°57'42.34"E 106°57'32.00"E 106°56'48.94"E 106°56'54.99"E 106°57'6.47"E 106°56'39.85"E 106°56'59.60"E 106°56'28.23"E 106°56'13.54"E 106°55'55.41"E 106°55'43.29"E 106°55'56.11"E 106°56'16.65"E 106°56'22.65"E 106°56'6.98"E 106°56'29.58"E 106°56'22.77"E 106°56'52.50"E 106°56'42.98"E 106°56'56.58"E 106°56'43.28"E 106°56'35.30"E 106°56'23.07"E 106°56'35.98"E 106°56'50.12"E 106°56'53.06"E 106°56'48.36"E 106°56'48.08"E 106°56'49.82"E 106°56'58.02"E 106°57'2.68"E 106°57'8.08"E 106°56'32.73"E 106°56'13.88"E 106°56'49.17"E 106°56'9.39"E 106°55'59.52"E 106°56'27.60"E 106°56'24.52"E 106°56'42.35"E 106°56'31.19"E 106°55'26.40"E 106°55'26.29"E 106°56'13.74"E other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 20°49'56.18"N 20°50'0.95"N 20°49'54.31"N 20°49'55.87"N 20°49'54.09"N 20°49'57.08"N 20°50'20.14"N 20°49'50.24"N 20°49'44.06"N 20°49'42.00"N 20°50'24.43"N 20°50'9.58"N 20°49'35.28"N 20°49'36.08"N 20°50'14.96"N 20°50'12.85"N 20°50'2.27"N 20°50'3.92"N 20°49'48.34"N 20°49'44.91"N 20°49'43.57"N 20°49'21.61"N 20°49'29.65"N 20°48'56.56"N 20°48'53.23"N 20°48'49.90"N 20°48'57.43"N 20°48'46.11"N 20°48'44.33"N 20°49'9.05"N 20°49'22.02"N 20°49'0.85"N 20°48'48.90"N 20°48'9.85"N 20°48'1.06"N 20°47'50.91"N 20°47'48.98"N 20°47'48.57"N 20°47'51.14"N 20°47'54.17"N 20°47'54.68"N 20°48'38.66"N 20°48'48.14"N 20°47'54.44"N 20°48'58.36"N 106°56'28.63"E 106°56'17.14"E 106°56'11.67"E 106°56'13.24"E 106°55'56.65"E 106°55'49.92"E 106°55'37.64"E 106°56'47.02"E 106°56'44.38"E 106°56'18.47"E 106°55'2.02"E 106°54'48.46"E 106°54'27.52"E 106°54'39.06"E 106°55'20.43"E 106°55'36.84"E 106°55'38.41"E 106°55'17.02"E 106°55'43.63"E 106°55'33.79"E 106°55'11.10"E 106°54'42.83"E 106°54'54.55"E 106°54'54.30"E 106°55'3.02"E 106°55'11.08"E 106°55'9.72"E 106°55'28.72"E 106°55'17.69"E 106°55'7.95"E 106°55'15.81"E 106°55'41.06"E 106°55'49.47"E 106°55'15.76"E 106°55'41.69"E 106°55'40.69"E 106°55'58.78"E 106°56'25.09"E 106°56'34.23"E 106°56'55.31"E 106°57'3.48"E 106°56'30.24"E 106°56'44.13"E 106°56'26.48"E 106°56'31.20"E mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 20°52'19.41"N 20°49'41.37"N 20°52'2.81"N 20°51'35.13"N 20°48'39.22"N 20°48'53.03"N 20°49'47.68"N 20°50'49.98"N 20°50'40.26"N 20°51'8.92"N 20°50'3.56"N 20°50'3.36"N 20°48'51.67"N 20°48'10.66"N 20°47'55.82"N 20°47'51.38"N 20°49'8.17"N 20°49'21.82"N 20°49'6.35"N 20°49'3.26"N 20°48'38.76"N 20°47'35.83"N 20°47'42.26"N 20°47'51.40"N 20°48'15.68"N 20°48'3.20"N 20°47'54.94"N 20°47'56.81"N 20°48'7.15"N 20°48'26.21"N 20°49'0.19"N 20°48'39.47"N 20°48'42.01"N 20°48'41.87"N 20°49'6.09"N 20°48'53.95"N 20°49'16.22"N 20°49'26.39"N 20°49'2.96"N 20°49'2.28"N 20°49'28.00"N 20°49'25.58"N 20°49'35.13"N 20°49'47.95"N 20°49'40.72"N 106°57'17.88"E 106°56'52.21"E 106°58'5.90"E 106°56'47.10"E 106°56'16.68"E 106°56'8.02"E 106°56'10.27"E 106°57'1.24"E 106°57'3.08"E 106°56'55.17"E 106°56'36.70"E 106°55'46.99"E 106°55'20.94"E 106°55'19.71"E 106°55'48.09"E 106°56'4.57"E 106°56'9.09"E 106°56'2.07"E 106°56'34.10"E 106°55'17.23"E 106°55'43.01"E 106°57'3.08"E 106°56'17.55"E 106°55'21.73"E 106°55'8.21"E 106°55'37.80"E 106°56'6.10"E 106°56'32.23"E 106°56'52.06"E 106°56'24.71"E 106°56'51.25"E 106°56'12.94"E 106°55'10.80"E 106°55'53.83"E 106°55'57.50"E 106°55'55.52"E 106°56'9.60"E 106°56'3.97"E 106°55'12.08"E 106°54'47.02"E 106°54'26.93"E 106°55'4.79"E 106°55'29.67"E 106°55'57.89"E 106°54'47.72"E other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants other plants water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water 246 20°49'21.29"N 247 20°49'12.46"N 248 20°48'26.37"N 249 20°48'25.70"N 250 20°48'35.80"N 251 20°48'42.57"N 252 20°49'16.22"N 253 20°49'26.81"N 254 20°49'28.15"N 255 20°49'42.16"N 256 20°49'13.50"N 257 20°49'20.88"N 258 20°49'1.64"N 259 20°49'8.11"N 260 20°48'45.24"N 261 20°49'16.70"N 262 20°49'27.93"N 263 20°49'15.90"N 264 20°48'33.64"N 265 20°51'29.96"N 266 20°51'8.38"N 267 20°50'45.02"N 268 20°51'46.96"N 269 20°50'13.64"N 270 20°49'4.28"N 271 20°48'55.92"N 272 20°48'52.37"N 273 20°48'42.50"N 274 20°48'53.04"N 275 20°48'39.70"N 276 20°48'35.41"N 277 20°48'28.66"N 278 20°48'31.34"N 279 20°48'36.58"N 280 20°48'30.91"N 281 20°48'51.56"N 282 20°48'41.73"N 283 20°48'32.65"N 284 20°48'29.34"N 285 20°48'44.08"N 286 20°49'5.43"N 287 20°49'2.38"N 288 20°48'46.94"N 289 20°48'20.12"N 290 20°48'0.06"N 106°56'46.18"E 106°56'40.13"E 106°55'25.34"E 106°55'33.11"E 106°55'50.77"E 106°56'0.38"E 106°55'49.40"E 106°55'35.54"E 106°55'53.94"E 106°56'3.59"E 106°55'38.50"E 106°55'28.81"E 106°55'21.74"E 106°55'24.43"E 106°55'36.09"E 106°56'21.15"E 106°56'12.54"E 106°54'43.28"E 106°55'22.58"E 106°58'56.89"E 106°58'51.36"E 106°58'55.17"E 106°58'59.83"E 106°56'11.20"E 106°54'51.94"E 106°55'2.28"E 106°55'0.24"E 106°55'23.45"E 106°55'32.69"E 106°55'27.83"E 106°55'13.68"E 106°55'29.69"E 106°55'37.49"E 106°55'48.89"E 106°55'49.02"E 106°56'4.70"E 106°56'7.00"E 106°56'5.51"E 106°56'1.03"E 106°56'19.77"E 106°56'10.34"E 106°56'28.10"E 106°55'56.16"E 106°55'43.02"E 106°55'2.07"E mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves mangroves others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 20°49'52.29"N 20°50'0.97"N 20°50'18.75"N 20°50'16.95"N 20°50'41.02"N 20°51'0.24"N 20°50'40.59"N 20°50'5.40"N 20°49'55.33"N 20°49'59.06"N 20°50'11.41"N 20°50'38.66"N 20°50'56.98"N 20°51'6.15"N 20°51'33.18"N 20°51'45.41"N 20°52'0.94"N 20°52'18.35"N 20°52'22.21"N 20°51'41.60"N 20°52'15.03"N 20°51'22.52"N 20°51'43.38"N 20°52'19.42"N 106°54'36.04"E 106°54'59.26"E 106°55'29.92"E 106°55'48.71"E 106°55'41.02"E 106°56'4.03"E 106°56'18.40"E 106°56'6.14"E 106°56'23.20"E 106°56'48.35"E 106°56'50.24"E 106°56'47.29"E 106°56'30.42"E 106°56'45.94"E 106°56'52.70"E 106°56'33.21"E 106°56'46.23"E 106°56'40.79"E 106°56'57.51"E 106°57'18.93"E 106°57'23.27"E 106°57'22.86"E 106°57'43.45"E 106°57'37.07"E water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water water 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 20°48'3.19"N 20°47'57.28"N 20°47'53.94"N 20°47'49.10"N 20°47'45.50"N 20°47'46.22"N 20°47'57.52"N 20°47'48.81"N 20°47'45.35"N 20°47'41.66"N 20°47'45.63"N 20°48'22.82"N 20°48'13.45"N 20°48'28.22"N 20°48'17.37"N 20°49'19.13"N 20°49'25.82"N 20°48'13.63"N 20°48'17.90"N 20°48'16.21"N 20°48'7.78"N 20°48'40.94"N 20°48'16.84"N 20°48'24.96"N 20°50'54.80"N 20°47'52.86"N 106°55'11.00"E 106°55'19.69"E 106°55'31.99"E 106°55'51.60"E 106°56'4.68"E 106°56'20.95"E 106°56'21.92"E 106°56'44.26"E 106°56'54.61"E 106°57'0.89"E 106°56'35.73"E 106°57'3.39"E 106°56'53.69"E 106°56'49.91"E 106°56'35.80"E 106°56'9.62"E 106°55'52.04"E 106°55'53.88"E 106°55'22.89"E 106°55'34.29"E 106°55'52.68"E 106°55'3.15"E 106°55'14.34"E 106°55'53.60"E 106°55'45.43"E 106°57'0.19"E others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others others Ground truthing by GPS/Google Earth in 2019: ID Longitude Latitude Types ID Longitude Latitude Types 20°52'5.56"N 106°58'5.06"E Mangroves 176 20°50'13.86"N 106°56'11.28"E others 20°52'9.96"N 106°57'41.20"E Mangroves 177 20°51'53.69"N 106°57'26.29"E others 20°51'56.94"N 106°57'44.03"E Mangroves 178 20°51'55.88"N 106°58'30.57"E others 20°51'59.59"N 106°57'26.13"E Mangroves 179 20°51'27.90"N 106°58'56.45"E others 20°52'5.70"N 106°58'27.90"E Mangroves 180 20°51'8.22"N 106°58'50.95"E others 20°51'45.43"N 106°57'22.40"E Mangroves 181 20°50'46.95"N 106°58'51.55"E others 20°51'47.97"N 106°57'13.39"E Mangroves 182 20°50'25.29"N 106°55'20.73"E others 20°51'38.75"N 106°57'9.80"E Mangroves 183 20°50'10.33"N 106°55'32.05"E others 20°52'9.55"N 106°56'43.14"E Mangroves 184 20°50'24.34"N 106°55'7.96"E others 10 20°51'44.46"N 106°56'49.03"E Mangroves 185 20°49'30.78"N 106°55'33.27"E others 11 20°51'31.36"N 106°57'5.04"E Mangroves 186 20°49'31.11"N 106°55'25.91"E others 12 20°51'22.68"N 106°57'15.19"E Mangroves 187 20°49'27.95"N 106°55'42.98"E others 13 20°51'17.91"N 106°57'0.90"E Mangroves 188 20°49'19.41"N 106°55'58.66"E others 14 20°50'51.99"N 106°57'36.12"E Mangroves 189 20°51'46.64"N 106°59'1.90"E others 15 20°51'5.41"N 106°59'8.50"E Mangroves 190 20°49'26.12"N 106°56'35.63"E others 16 20°50'56.39"N 106°59'4.47"E Mangroves 191 20°48'26.97"N 106°55'48.07"E others 17 20°51'3.32"N 106°58'33.80"E Mangroves 192 20°48'35.82"N 106°55'47.98"E others 18 20°50'51.69"N 106°56'46.84"E Mangroves 193 20°49'45.91"N 106°56'0.61"E water 19 20°50'48.34"N 106°56'56.68"E Mangroves 194 20°49'47.53"N 106°56'7.10"E water 20 20°51'0.33"N 106°56'20.26"E Mangroves 195 20°49'29.56"N 106°55'40.26"E water 21 20°50'51.98"N 106°55'37.31"E Mangroves 196 20°47'53.84"N 106°56'38.89"E water 22 20°50'31.23"N 106°56'50.06"E Mangroves 197 20°48'35.25"N 106°56'32.99"E water 23 20°50'30.03"N 106°56'36.84"E Mangroves 198 20°48'37.85"N 106°56'43.79"E water 24 20°49'45.30"N 106°56'43.22"E Mangroves 199 20°49'11.31"N 106°54'58.57"E water 25 20°50'14.14"N 106°56'44.38"E Mangroves 200 20°48'42.06"N 106°55'36.39"E water 26 20°50'25.42"N 106°55'1.78"E Mangroves 201 20°48'38.56"N 106°55'46.21"E water 27 20°50'9.15"N 106°54'48.18"E Mangroves 202 20°48'55.82"N 106°55'48.38"E water 28 20°50'3.32"N 106°56'26.67"E Mangroves 203 20°48'33.46"N 106°55'54.66"E water 29 20°50'33.76"N 106°56'5.56"E Mangroves 204 20°51'8.79"N 106°59'9.77"E water 30 20°49'56.19"N 106°55'49.68"E Mangroves 205 20°50'49.34"N 106°58'53.27"E water 31 20°49'56.92"N 106°55'56.39"E Mangroves 206 20°51'33.90"N 106°58'56.52"E water 32 20°49'55.54"N 106°56'13.31"E Mangroves 207 20°51'11.09"N 106°58'32.29"E water 33 20°49'53.96"N 106°56'38.96"E Mangroves 208 20°51'14.25"N 106°58'9.99"E water 34 20°49'48.04"N 106°55'53.94"E Mangroves 209 20°51'17.42"N 106°57'30.47"E water 35 20°50'28.66"N 106°56'23.86"E Mangroves 210 20°51'2.40"N 106°57'38.68"E water 36 20°50'11.85"N 106°55'36.25"E Mangroves 211 20°51'18.17"N 106°57'19.35"E water 37 20°50'14.76"N 106°55'31.79"E Mangroves 212 20°51'44.88"N 106°58'11.03"E water 38 20°49'47.18"N 106°56'15.54"E Mangroves 213 20°51'49.13"N 106°58'32.03"E water 39 20°49'42.68"N 106°55'57.29"E Mangroves 214 20°51'53.40"N 106°59'16.36"E water 40 20°49'34.81"N 106°56'2.59"E Mangroves 215 20°52'8.59"N 106°58'21.70"E water 41 20°49'44.50"N 106°56'4.88"E Mangroves 216 20°52'20.02"N 106°57'54.39"E water 42 20°47'53.28"N 106°57'2.91"E Mangroves 217 20°51'57.72"N 106°57'35.68"E water 43 20°48'6.74"N 106°56'48.17"E Mangroves 218 20°52'28.49"N 106°57'15.84"E water 44 20°48'32.56"N 106°56'31.99"E Mangroves 219 20°52'16.33"N 106°56'41.56"E water 45 20°48'39.21"N 106°56'29.26"E Mangroves 220 20°52'3.16"N 106°57'0.84"E water 46 20°48'40.65"N 106°56'43.01"E Mangroves 221 20°51'41.40"N 106°56'56.20"E water 47 20°48'38.94"N 106°56'47.99"E Mangroves 222 20°51'20.10"N 106°57'4.77"E water 48 20°48'53.50"N 106°56'49.98"E Mangroves 223 20°50'41.74"N 106°56'57.36"E water 49 20°48'46.55"N 106°56'51.24"E Mangroves 224 20°50'47.86"N 106°56'49.61"E water 50 20°48'58.52"N 106°56'30.02"E Mangroves 225 20°50'47.43"N 106°56'22.66"E water 51 20°47'55.92"N 106°56'50.43"E Mangroves 226 20°50'39.82"N 106°56'18.75"E water 52 20°48'10.45"N 106°55'15.88"E Mangroves 227 20°50'35.67"N 106°55'51.31"E water 53 20°48'21.35"N 106°55'14.64"E Mangroves 228 20°50'24.93"N 106°55'44.45"E water 54 20°48'1.37"N 106°55'42.55"E Mangroves 229 20°50'29.51"N 106°56'5.76"E water 55 20°47'50.70"N 106°56'35.42"E Mangroves 230 20°50'32.50"N 106°56'41.75"E water 56 20°47'50.32"N 106°56'57.45"E Mangroves 231 20°49'57.01"N 106°56'48.83"E water 57 20°47'54.37"N 106°56'26.49"E Mangroves 232 20°49'44.97"N 106°56'49.34"E water 58 20°47'48.88"N 106°56'25.54"E Mangroves 233 20°47'54.51"N 106°55'22.94"E water 59 20°47'49.56"N 106°56'14.06"E Mangroves 234 20°47'35.50"N 106°57'5.57"E water 60 20°47'49.58"N 106°56'2.18"E Mangroves 235 20°47'44.51"N 106°57'1.44"E water 61 20°47'49.96"N 106°55'58.42"E Mangroves 236 20°48'7.67"N 106°56'53.00"E water 62 20°47'52.69"N 106°55'50.46"E Mangroves 237 20°48'30.11"N 106°56'52.78"E water 63 20°47'58.76"N 106°55'45.22"E Mangroves 238 20°48'51.24"N 106°56'51.47"E water 64 20°49'35.98"N 106°54'26.72"E Mangroves 239 20°49'0.26"N 106°56'51.12"E water 65 20°48'23.20"N 106°55'51.87"E Mangroves 240 20°47'56.78"N 106°55'52.13"E water 66 20°48'17.57"N 106°55'51.96"E Mangroves 241 20°47'52.98"N 106°56'29.63"E water 67 20°48'42.43"N 106°56'0.53"E Mangroves 242 20°48'48.43"N 106°55'19.77"E water 68 20°48'50.40"N 106°55'10.82"E Mangroves 243 20°48'28.51"N 106°56'26.55"E water 69 20°48'52.26"N 106°55'4.00"E Mangroves 244 20°48'41.83"N 106°56'18.06"E water 70 20°49'8.49"N 106°56'14.56"E Mangroves 245 20°48'36.96"N 106°56'19.69"E water 71 20°49'9.51"N 106°56'5.60"E Mangroves 246 20°48'3.68"N 106°55'34.98"E water 72 20°49'42.33"N 106°56'18.04"E Mangroves 247 20°48'14.90"N 106°55'18.38"E water 73 20°49'22.94"N 106°54'35.71"E Mangroves 248 20°48'29.30"N 106°55'52.85"E water 74 20°49'34.53"N 106°54'36.28"E Mangroves 249 20°48'39.93"N 106°55'56.29"E water 75 20°49'26.60"N 106°54'50.09"E Mangroves 250 20°48'19.79"N 106°55'36.49"E water 76 20°49'49.37"N 106°55'1.72"E Mangroves 251 20°48'35.81"N 106°55'39.29"E water 77 20°49'36.59"N 106°55'2.87"E Mangroves 252 20°48'47.72"N 106°55'52.92"E water 78 20°49'41.13"N 106°55'16.82"E Mangroves 253 20°48'54.81"N 106°56'44.55"E water 79 20°50'2.69"N 106°55'36.51"E Mangroves 254 20°48'30.55"N 106°55'34.05"E water 80 20°50'4.76"N 106°55'16.68"E Mangroves 255 20°48'51.57"N 106°55'55.10"E water 81 20°49'56.21"N 106°55'14.71"E Mangroves 256 20°50'7.60"N 106°56'5.38"E water 82 20°49'44.26"N 106°55'46.92"E Mangroves 257 20°50'7.25"N 106°55'28.56"E water 83 20°49'16.20"N 106°56'21.22"E Mangroves 258 20°51'53.78"N 106°56'49.02"E water 84 20°49'12.39"N 106°56'40.17"E Mangroves 259 20°49'31.48"N 106°55'3.61"E water 85 20°49'44.17"N 106°55'33.88"E Mangroves 260 20°49'32.03"N 106°54'23.48"E water 86 20°48'36.07"N 106°55'50.49"E Mangroves 261 20°49'34.40"N 106°54'44.14"E water 87 20°48'48.18"N 106°55'24.39"E Mangroves 262 20°50'23.81"N 106°55'15.84"E water 88 20°48'54.84"N 106°55'15.05"E Mangroves 263 20°49'56.16"N 106°55'53.71"E water 89 20°48'59.36"N 106°55'41.42"E Mangroves 264 20°49'54.55"N 106°56'36.95"E water 90 20°48'49.91"N 106°55'48.83"E Mangroves 265 20°49'38.02"N 106°56'14.36"E water 91 20°48'38.91"N 106°55'39.95"E Mangroves 266 20°49'20.87"N 106°56'18.22"E water 92 20°48'50.49"N 106°55'34.60"E Mangroves 267 20°48'24.59"N 106°55'30.19"E water 93 20°48'41.22"N 106°55'44.70"E Mangroves 268 20°48'37.77"N 106°55'2.53"E water 94 20°48'56.08"N 106°55'29.73"E Mangroves 269 20°49'4.09"N 106°55'10.85"E water 95 20°49'17.41"N 106°55'48.18"E Mangroves 270 20°49'11.64"N 106°55'16.61"E water 96 20°50'59.92"N 106°59'2.19"E Mangroves 271 20°49'9.58"N 106°55'54.52"E water 97 20°50'50.72"N 106°59'2.19"E Mangroves 272 20°50'11.97"N 106°55'23.59"E water 98 20°51'8.10"N 106°58'32.69"E Mangroves 273 20°49'48.96"N 106°55'36.59"E water 99 20°52'2.72"N 106°57'25.99"E Mangroves 274 20°49'42.18"N 106°55'7.69"E water 100 20°49'44.85"N 106°56'9.22"E Mangroves 275 20°49'58.10"N 106°56'27.49"E water 101 20°48'21.03"N 106°55'22.06"E Mangroves 276 20°50'45.23"N 106°56'36.96"E water 102 20°48'36.28"N 106°55'21.15"E Mangroves 277 20°50'59.27"N 106°56'58.33"E water 103 20°49'15.09"N 106°56'49.44"E Mangroves 278 20°49'32.32"N 106°56'3.17"E water 104 20°50'15.65"N 106°55'21.00"E Mangroves 279 20°49'35.04"N 106°55'49.11"E water 105 20°49'59.34"N 106°54'43.70"E Mangroves 280 20°47'55.65"N 106°55'26.41"E water 106 20°49'58.83"N 106°54'55.67"E Mangroves 281 20°48'34.08"N 106°56'43.31"E water 107 20°50'4.80"N 106°55'7.56"E Mangroves 282 20°50'41.60"N 106°56'35.59"E water 108 20°49'58.54"N 106°55'7.04"E Mangroves 283 20°50'34.64"N 106°55'49.91"E water 109 20°49'44.57"N 106°54'35.15"E Mangroves 284 20°52'6.45"N 106°56'38.35"E water 110 20°50'10.38"N 106°56'43.59"E Mangroves 285 20°51'15.74"N 106°59'13.30"E other plants 111 20°48'58.76"N 106°54'54.57"E Mangroves 286 20°51'1.31"N 106°59'8.62"E other plants 112 20°48'53.32"N 106°54'57.10"E Mangroves 287 20°50'52.66"N 106°59'0.65"E other plants 113 20°49'15.36"N 106°55'0.67"E Mangroves 288 20°50'46.29"N 106°58'58.20"E other plants 114 20°49'46.31"N 106°55'7.86"E Mangroves 289 20°50'41.36"N 106°58'46.42"E other plants 115 20°47'55.64"N 106°55'45.05"E Mangroves 290 20°51'21.35"N 106°58'55.24"E other plants 116 20°48'3.45"N 106°55'45.61"E Mangroves 291 20°51'25.53"N 106°58'46.92"E other plants 117 20°48'26.57"N 106°55'34.46"E Mangroves 292 20°51'17.49"N 106°58'14.43"E other plants 118 20°48'25.13"N 106°55'23.31"E Mangroves 293 20°51'18.94"N 106°57'59.60"E other plants 119 20°48'34.07"N 106°55'32.87"E Mangroves 294 20°51'14.91"N 106°57'38.24"E other plants 120 20°48'44.89"N 106°55'0.85"E Mangroves 295 20°50'56.98"N 106°57'40.59"E other plants 121 20°48'47.02"N 106°55'7.46"E Mangroves 296 20°50'59.24"N 106°57'32.93"E other plants 122 20°48'29.03"N 106°55'16.64"E Mangroves 297 20°51'16.44"N 106°57'33.61"E other plants 123 20°48'40.13"N 106°55'15.05"E Mangroves 298 20°51'55.21"N 106°59'3.21"E other plants 124 20°48'53.44"N 106°55'33.23"E Mangroves 299 20°52'10.43"N 106°58'32.45"E other plants 125 20°48'54.99"N 106°55'45.24"E Mangroves 300 20°52'42.36"N 106°57'54.90"E other plants 126 20°49'29.61"N 106°55'25.11"E Mangroves 301 20°51'40.91"N 106°58'17.25"E other plants 127 20°48'36.56"N 106°55'5.74"E Mangroves 302 20°51'37.95"N 106°57'30.02"E other plants 128 20°48'46.97"N 106°55'16.15"E Mangroves 303 20°51'34.72"N 106°57'57.12"E other plants 129 20°48'5.76"N 106°56'43.30"E Others 304 20°52'28.89"N 106°57'37.59"E other plants 130 20°47'59.38"N 106°56'42.03"E Others 305 20°52'11.92"N 106°57'55.74"E other plants 131 20°48'20.55"N 106°56'34.07"E Others 306 20°52'40.63"N 106°56'52.31"E other plants 132 20°48'25.43"N 106°56'43.33"E Others 307 20°52'17.87"N 106°56'48.29"E other plants 133 20°48'21.84"N 106°57'4.35"E Others 308 20°52'13.78"N 106°56'33.62"E other plants 134 20°48'17.29"N 106°56'56.93"E Others 309 20°52'36.53"N 106°57'8.80"E other plants 135 20°47'37.10"N 106°57'14.09"E Others 310 20°52'10.29"N 106°57'4.89"E other plants 136 106°56'30.13"E 106°56'48.29"E Others 311 20°51'46.31"N 106°56'39.85"E other plants 137 20°48'12.76"N 106°55'6.06"E Others 312 20°51'22.10"N 106°56'49.23"E other plants 138 20°48'7.25"N 106°55'5.62"E Others 313 20°51'56.25"N 106°56'54.21"E other plants 139 20°47'57.79"N 106°55'10.05"E Others 314 20°51'21.98"N 106°57'18.00"E other plants 140 20°47'57.56"N 106°55'21.15"E Others 315 20°51'35.64"N 106°57'14.22"E other plants 141 20°47'54.99"N 106°55'33.30"E Others 316 20°51'3.78"N 106°56'52.93"E other plants 142 20°47'49.67"N 106°55'50.62"E Others 317 20°50'53.55"N 106°56'54.60"E other plants 143 20°47'45.43"N 106°56'15.94"E Others 318 20°50'26.38"N 106°57'0.69"E other plants 144 20°47'44.78"N 106°56'35.91"E Others 319 20°49'54.68"N 106°56'43.01"E other plants 145 20°47'36.55"N 106°57'9.96"E Others 320 20°49'34.99"N 106°56'22.07"E other plants 146 20°47'41.94"N 106°57'3.16"E Others 321 20°49'22.22"N 106°56'27.35"E other plants 147 20°47'47.32"N 106°56'43.40"E Others 322 20°49'35.59"N 106°56'47.64"E other plants 148 20°48'2.22"N 106°56'59.38"E Others 323 20°49'8.17"N 106°56'47.74"E other plants 149 20°48'12.34"N 106°56'54.84"E Others 324 20°48'58.46"N 106°56'46.09"E other plants 150 20°48'20.16"N 106°57'1.75"E Others 325 20°48'47.31"N 106°56'47.95"E other plants 151 20°48'19.57"N 106°56'53.59"E Others 326 20°48'30.76"N 106°56'55.15"E other plants 152 20°48'27.61"N 106°56'49.90"E Others 327 20°48'8.13"N 106°57'0.90"E other plants 153 20°48'27.39"N 106°56'38.95"E Others 328 20°47'33.52"N 106°57'9.21"E other plants 154 20°48'16.70"N 106°56'23.55"E Others 329 20°47'44.31"N 106°57'7.65"E other plants 155 20°48'18.01"N 106°56'43.32"E Others 330 20°48'12.08"N 106°56'48.89"E other plants 156 20°48'29.20"N 106°56'22.54"E Others 331 20°48'26.84"N 106°56'30.13"E other plants 157 20°48'6.33"N 106°55'53.37"E Others 332 20°49'3.24"N 106°56'31.88"E other plants 158 20°48'14.96"N 106°56'1.88"E Others 333 20°48'56.29"N 106°56'10.65"E other plants 159 20°48'13.73"N 106°55'54.31"E Others 334 20°48'35.11"N 106°56'22.05"E other plants 160 20°48'20.46"N 106°55'53.63"E Others 335 20°50'5.46"N 106°56'34.55"E other plants 161 20°48'14.40"N 106°55'12.41"E Others 336 20°50'5.67"N 106°55'53.92"E other plants 162 20°48'8.76"N 106°55'25.44"E Others 337 20°50'25.21"N 106°55'40.12"E other plants 163 20°48'20.72"N 106°55'43.18"E Others 338 20°50'41.87"N 106°56'13.11"E other plants 164 20°48'10.54"N 106°55'41.30"E Others 339 20°50'18.87"N 106°56'45.12"E other plants 165 20°48'14.96"N 106°55'26.37"E Others 340 20°50'57.25"N 106°56'37.35"E other plants 166 20°48'41.57"N 106°55'25.80"E Others 341 20°50'37.26"N 106°55'55.65"E other plants 167 20°48'44.43"N 106°56'19.90"E Others 342 20°50'41.06"N 106°56'23.67"E other plants 168 20°48'43.65"N 106°56'6.53"E Others 343 20°49'27.18"N 106°55'59.36"E other plants 169 20°49'4.37"N 106°54'51.90"E Others 344 20°51'16.49"N 106°57'51.81"E other plants 170 20°48'43.55"N 106°55'7.19"E Others 345 20°48'22.68"N 106°56'26.81"E other plants 171 20°48'56.19"N 106°55'3.03"E Others 346 20°48'33.40"N 106°56'25.74"E other plants 172 20°48'59.46"N 106°56'26.15"E Others 347 20°48'52.69"N 106°56'9.37"E other plants 173 20°48'58.92"N 106°56'42.10"E Others 348 20°49'2.69"N 106°56'22.99"E other plants 174 20°49'5.12"N 106°56'37.10"E Others 349 20°49'12.25"N 106°56'14.51"E other plants 175 20°49'6.35"N 106°56'10.58"E Others 350 20°49'48.13"N 106°56'10.46"E other plants 355 20°52'28.97"N 106°57'39.65"E other plants 351 20°49'43.89"N 106°56'11.64"E other plants 356 20°51'34.57"N 106°56'46.58"E other plants 352 20°50'28.60"N 106°55'45.29"E other plants 357 20°49'36.17"N 106°56'8.03"E other plants 353 20°51'5.04"N 106°56'38.73"E other plants 358 20°49'24.14"N 106°55'59.83"E other plants 354 20°52'12.66"N 106°56'41.98"E other plants 359 20°48'38.35"N 106°56'17.17"E other plants Appendix Soil organic carbon analysis Plot Depth 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20 Coordinate Field Dried soil (g) X Mas Mass in bring 20cm back Moist soil reweight Y 106.9371 20.85255 106.7621 20.85229 106.9275 20.800 106.9256 20.8002 106.9457 20.79598 1350 1360 1200 1240 1120 1120 1240 1220 1100 1120 1150 1260 1340 1280 1300 1280 1340 1180 1240 1180 1500 1300 1290 1450 1430 460 500 250 400 400 400 400 400 420 440 400 420 500 420 450 440 480 440 420 440 500 550 630 500 700 K coeficient Weight of Weight of Mass of soil dried soil Dry soil container K (M1) (M3) (M1) (m3) 249.9 162.85 6.3367 6.3056 12.1099 207.9 133.55 6.66 7.01 13.1365 176.7 105.71 5.18 7.13 12.306 212.49 116.63 6.33 6.97 13.3046 223.85 102.35 6.22 6.30 12.5194 171.07 101.43 6.316 5.932 11.667 213.58 112.62 6.376 5.9208 11.6877 267.16 162.35 6.5759 5.8451 11.9137 190.41 114.82 6.4498 6.2731 12.1869 180.95 88.1 5.4174 5.9524 10.6289 149.64 106.4 6.2611 6.0718 11.8086 232.83 157.31 4.8607 6.7061 11.0223 227.94 157.53 6.2817 6.943 12.637 184.89 122.15 6.373 6.5654 12.3653 244.33 160.89 6.0924 6.2423 11.8911 193.12 122.02 7.1453 6.5793 13.0779 26839 175.96 5.654 6.4094 11.5142 215.73 130.8 6.6153 6.4737 12.4274 216.08 132.58 6.1959 5.5568 11.2977 234.96 145.36 5.3224 6.2368 11.071 260.35 171.68 6.1642 6.7569 12.4029 252.92 144.57 6.5925 6.8807 12.6748 248.98 155.5 6.7696 9.1665 8.9524 278.04 185.38 6.7641 7.6448 14.0638 292.69 236.36 7.0171 7.1231 13.8868 Wakley black Soil Fe 2+ anaalyse (ml) d (g) 1.09 1.08 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.14 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.08 1.11 1.09 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.13 4.20 1.05 1.04 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 17.9 17.05 16.3 14.3 14.55 15.1 17.6 16.3 15.6 14.15 16.3 16.25 15.9 16.55 17.95 15.1 16.3 14.4 15 15.2 16.65 14.55 17.8 18.7 19.8 Total volume Bulk amount % C in of soil density a(h) soil 100g soil mold (g/cm3) sample 477.93 363.26 507.41 361.55 286.58 284.00 349.12 495.17 300.72 224.25 305.90 471.93 422.18 372.27 464.79 354.97 491.22 350.78 391.43 389.83 515.04 341.71 318.40 537.60 482.85 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 837.0774 0.57 0.43 0.61 0.43 0.34 0.34 0.42 0.59 0.36 0.27 0.37 0.56 0.50 0.44 0.56 0.42 0.59 0.42 0.47 0.47 0.62 0.41 0.38 0.64 0.58 2.2 3.1 4.0 6.3 6.0 5.4 2.6 4.0 4.8 6.6 4.0 4.0 4.4 3.7 2.2 5.4 4.0 6.2 6.5 5.2 3.6 6.1 9.0 1.3 0.3 Cacbon (ton/ha) 0.013 0.013 0.024 0.027 0.021 0.018 0.011 0.024 0.017 0.018 0.015 0.023 0.022 0.016 0.012 0.023 0.023 0.026 0.030 0.024 0.022 0.025 0.034 0.008 0.002 25.12 26.91 48.49 54.42 41.08 36.64 21.69 47.32 34.49 35.36 29.24 45.10 44.38 32.91 24.43 45.80 46.95 51.96 60.79 48.43 44.30 49.80 68.47 16.70 3.46 Pictures showing soil analysis and field survey conducted