Landsat imagery and ndvi differencing to detect coastal mangrove changer case study in dai hop and bang la communes, hai phong

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS LANDSAT IMAGERY AND NDVI DIFFERENCING TO DETECT COASTAL MANGROVE CHANGES Case study in Dai Hop and Bang La communes, Hai Phong Major: Natural Resources Management (Advanced Curriculum) Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Nguyen Cong Quang Student ID:1053090504 Class: K55 Natural Resources Management Course: 2010 - 2014 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Dr Nguyen Hai Hoa Hanoi, November 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the assistance, advice and support of a number of people Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Hai Hoa Nguyen for his and advice throughout my undergraduate thesis In particular, I am deeply appreciative of the time and consideration given by him whenever I needed it This study depended to a large extent on the co-operation of my mangrove friends and coastal inhabitants in Dai Hop and Bang La communes, who not only provided access to their properties for my field studies, but often also opened their homes to me and allowed me to gain an understanding of life on the coast I would like to say a very big thank you to my friends and family for putting up with me and providing encouragement and moral support when I most needed it Special mention goes to my lecturers in Faculty of Forest Resource and Environmental Management, Vietnam Forestry University who encouraged and morally supported whenever I most needed To my parents, thank you so much for your unconditional love and moral support Due to the limited research capability and time budget, the shortcoming of thesis is inevitable I therefore would like to receive feedbacks from lecturers, researchers and friends for enhancing the quality of my thesis ii ABSTRACT Fringe mangroves are recognized as a highly valuable resource due to their provision of multiple ecosystem services In this study, we propose a vegetation change detection analysis based on the NDVI differencing technique in order to assess mangrove forests changes related to mangrove forest expansion for the Kien Thuy and Do Son coasts, Hai Phong, Vietnam using multi-temporal imageries from 2003 to 2014 Using the method techniques and algorithms used to detect changes in the different phases of the objects on remote sensing have been established based on the development of remote sensing technology in the space characteristics, spectral, thermal and time Method to detect changes in mangroves is a way of comparing the differences between two images (Singh, 1989) In this study, NDVI (Normalised Differencing Vegetation Index) is applied to detect changes in coastal mangroves and other coastal land use/covers Two pairs of images are used to analyze changes, including a pair of 2003 - 2009 and 2009- 2014 And use GIS applications to detect mangrove changes To assess the accuracy of classification methods on the thematic use of the same set of test data points on the field in the state forests, other objects and other countries in the area of investigation, determining the GPS and proceed to compare the actual value with the value on image classification, which assess the accuracy of classification methods and compare the accuracy of the years during the period 2003-2014 The accuracy of classification, interpretation performed on image classification in 2003, 2009 and 2014 Mangrove forests have large fluctuations in the period 2003 - 2014 In 2003, there were 219.87 of mangroves which were the lowest land cover by mangrove extent in comparison with 2009 (401.13 ha) and 2014 (181.26 ha) The results showed that the increase of the area of mangroves 2003-2014 was derived from policies to protect the mangroves good, concrete support of government agencies, local government advocacy, educational programs iii KEY WORDS Bang La, Coastal areas, Dai Hop, Landsat image, Land Use/Land Cover, Local people, NDVI, Mangroves iv ACRONYMS GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index SD Standard Deviation v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii ABSTRACT iv KEY WORDS iv ACRONYMS Error! Bookmark not defined TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii INTRODUCTION STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES STUDY SITES AND MATERIALS METHODS 4.1 Investigation of coastal mangrove structures and its management status 4.2 Quantification of spatial-temporal dynamics of coastal mangroves over 11 years 13 4.3 Identification of the main drivers of changes in coastal mangrove extent 14 4.4 Implications for enhancing sustainable mangrove management in study areas 14 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 14 5.1 Mangrove management and its structures in study sites 14 5.2 Spatial-temporal dynamics of coastal mangrove extent during 2003 -2014 17 5.3 Potential of mangrove changes during the period of 2003- 2014 26 5.4 Effective measures to improve the management of mangroves 27 CONCLUSION, EXISTENCE AND FURTHER STUDY 31 6.1 Conclusion 31 6.2 Existence and study 32 References 33 APPENDIX 36 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Landsat Data used for detecting changes in coastal mangroves Table 5.1 NDVI values for mangroves and non-mangroves for studied sites different 18 years Table 5.2 Mangrove area in studied sites in different years 18 Table 5.3 Accuracy of image classification in 2003 21 Table 5.4 Accuracy of image classification in 2009 21 Table 5.5 Accuracy of image classification in 2014 21 Table 5.6 Changes in mangrove areas during periods 2003-2009, 2009-2014 (ha) 22 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Study sites in Hai Phong where: (a) Viet Nam map, (b) Hai Phong city map, (c) Selected sites as Kien Thuy District and Do Son County Figure 4.1 Processes of Landsat image interpretation using of NDVI Figure 5.1 Distribution of coastal mangroves: (a) Mangrove areas in 2003, (b) 11 19-20 Mangrove areas in 2009, (c) Mangrove areas in 2014 Figure 5.2 Mangroves changes in Hai Phong during the period of (a) 2003-2009 and 23 (b) 2009-2014 Figure 5.3 Mangrove changes in Hai Phong during the period of 2003 – 2014 24 Figure 5.4 Mangrove changes in different periods 25 viii INTRODUCTION Globally, mangroves have been recognized as having an important functional role in preventing coastal erosion, mitigating effects of wind-induced waves, currents and storm surges, and protecting coastal habitats and adjacent shoreline land-uses from extreme hydrodynamic and meteorological phenomena (Kathiresan and Rajendran, 2005; Tamin et al., 2011) Fringe mangroves or tide-dominated mangroves are distributed along shallow shorelines with modest slopes, where they may receive freshwater runoff and nutrients from rainfall and have a high salinity concentration (Rivera-Monroy et al., 2004) Moreover, they are subject to wave actions and storm surges (Baldwin et al., 2001), and are flushed by regular tides (Lugo and Snedaker, 1974) As being very effective in their role as a protective barrier for coastal land use and human infrastructure (Ewel et al., 1998), their function in dissipating wave energy is particularly important for the protection of the shoreline from erosion as a result of the increased frequency and intensity of damaging storms associated with climate change (Mendez and Losada, 2004; Suzuki et al., 2011) Despite these significant functional values, mangroves are still being destroyed and degraded globally for human settlement and aquaculture, leading to a loss of ecosystem services and associated economic benefits Consequently, a rapid decline of fringe mangrove extent linked to the associated impacts of increased severity of storms has the potential to impact on coastal communities referring to catastrophically incidents In Vietnam mangroves are recognized as a highly valuable resource These unique coastal forests provide multiple ecosystem services including carbon storage, wood production for the building sector, fish trap construction and firewood, habitat for aquatic food resources, and shoreline stability and erosion control being considered as most significant The area of mangroves has rapidly declined over time in Vietnam; from an estimated 408,500 in 1943 to 290,000 in 1962, to 252,000 in 1982; and to 155,290 in 2000 (Government of Vietnam, 2005; Sam et al., 2005) However, there is evidence that the area of mangroves increased by 51,450 in 2006 due to a National Action Plan for mangrove protection and development (Government of Vietnam, 2005) Despite this national increase, some areas are still in decline In addition to the standardized techniques for pre-processing and differencing images, the most important step for vegetation change detection analysis is the differentiation between real changes and seasonal or inter-annual variability, represented by a threshold between these factors, which is generally determined by applying the standard deviation (SD) from the NDVI differencing image (Hayes & Sader 2001, Coppin et al 2004, Desclée et al 2006, Sepehry & Liu 2006, Pu et al.2008) In this study, we propose a vegetation change detection analysis based on the NDVI differencing technique in order to assess mangrove forests changes related to mangrove forest expansion for the Kien Thuy and Do Son coasts, Hai Phong, Vietnam using multi-temporal imageries from 2003 to 2014 Hai Phong is a coastal city with a length of 125 km of sea dykes, with a natural land area of nearly 152,000 ha, located in the downstream region of the Thai Binh river systems Together with the provinces of Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Quang Ninh, Hai Phong is one of the potential area for local mudflats and mangroves In particular, the area of mangroves can mainly be divided into four coastal districts and three counties, namely Thuy Nguyen, Kien Thuy, Tien Lang, Cat Hai, Do Son, Duong Kinh and Hai An Recently, many major storms have struck the coastal areas of mangroves plantations where the protection of the sea dyke remained firm against large waves On the other hand, deforestation leads to an increase in wind speed at the earth’s surface altering the mode of heat and moisture in the air layer near the ground and an increase in the intensity of total evaporation Furthermore, as a consequence of deforestation climate change over large distances can adversely affect the living conditions of the organism This will result in an increase in water vapor condenses, a reduction of the amount of rain fall, a loss of shelter and a reproduction of organisms increasing temperature, etc Aiming to reduce the adverse effects of natural disasters, Hai Phong has enlisted the province for being supported in planting In general, mangrove forests have large fluctuations in the period 2003 - 2014 In particular, the area of mangroves increased by planting and protecting mangrove disaster preparedness in period of 2003 - 2009 The mangroves has been preserved, barely clearing phenomenon Individuals and organizations who violate rules of communal forest protection are dealt Besides, mangrove plantation is supported by the central government through the 327 program (now 661) and the program of the Danish Red Cross, resulting in a significant increasee of mangrove forest area in Dai Hop and Bang La 600 500 Ha 400 Mangroves 300 Non-Mangroves 200 Water 100 2003 2009 2014 Year Figure 5.4 Mangrove changes in different periods Figure 5.4 showed that there were three types of land use and cover in Hai Phong during three time periods, namely mangroves, non-mangroves and waters In general, mangrove areas increased from 2003 to 2014 while non-mangroves (other coastal plants, wetlands and bare soil) increased from 2003 to 2009, but decreased then in 2014 In 2003, there were 219.87 of mangroves which were the lowest land cover by mangrove extent in comparison with 2009 (401.13 ha) and 2014 (181.26 ha), respectively The reason for the massive increase in mangrove area in this region is due to the development, regeneration of mangrove forests to be mobilized crown forests leads to this stage has a large area Forest area in 2014 increased slightly to 408.96 Thus, an increase of mangrove areas 25 from 2003 to 2014 has been resulted from the good mangrove protection policies, particular support of government agencies, local government advocacy, education programs 5.3 Potential of mangrove changes during the period of 2003- 2014 Through our research results show that changes in mangroves between 2003 and 2014 have resulted from a number of reasons: Period 2003 - 2009: The area of mangroves increased in 2003 with an area of 219.87 in 2009 but rose to 401.13 ha, thus increasing to 181.26 within years Period 2009- 2014: Mangrove area increased but not as much as the period of 20032009 In 2009, mangrove area was 401.13 and increased slightly to 408.96 in 2014 An increase of mangroves was responsible for a number of reasons: The State has the steering tight allocation, forest contractors on site for coastal protection mangrove forest Forest managers are assigned Individuals or organizations rights and responsibility of using land and forests The rights and obligations of using mangroves has clearly defined in study sites and components allocation are made clearly for by responsible management Issuance of certificates of land use rights of mangrove forests is ensured to make people conscious of their forest land protection The exploitation of non-timber forest products (flowers, fruit, shrimp, and seafood) requires the competent authority decides from local government Exploitation should follow the planning, plans, ensuring minimal disruption to the protection function; regulate the environment (climate change, soil erosion runoff) of forest State policies to support farmers to plant more seedlings and to take good care of the trees should be encouraged There remuneration should provide for the people assigned to take care of the trees 26 The application of information technology in the management and monitoring of forest resources: The organization, Coastal Protection Forest unit are fully involved in the management and monitoring of forest resources in the system of database on the computer at the local and the whole province, timely replenishment of forest resources to Department Agriculture and Rural Development and People’s Committee grasp and direct the protection and development of forests timely compliance with plan The State shall create conditions to strengthen capital budget for the protection, regeneration and plant regeneration Protection Forest, the mangroves: the protection and development of forest vegetation and fauna; research and applying the results of scientific research, technology development and training of human resources for the protection and development of forests; forest fire, forest pest control State propaganda through mass media: newspapers, radio and television for information on climate change, impacts of climate change, the role of mangroves and coastal Protection Forest in the mitigation of coastal erosion and other damage due to extreme natural disasters make people understand the role of forests for people and our environment Moreover, education and training activities should be applied such as seminars on issues related to mangroves, specialized staff training, organizing training courses for social units in the method of construction and deployment of coastal livelihoods model to improve the income of the people of mangroves to contribute to the protection and development of mangroves 5.4 Effective measures to improve the management of mangroves Mangroves have a large role in protecting coastal areas, biodiversity and economic development of human life An alarming figure because the attention, care and development of mangrove forests in Kien Thuy district and Do Son, Hai Phong is extremely necessary and 27 important From fluctuations in the mangrove area, a number of measures to reduce deforestation in Kien Thuy and Do Son in Hai Phong are proposed as below: Management measures: Affairs, exchange of forests and forest land It is strictly forbidden to deforestation, indiscriminate exploitation of forest as well as the value of mangroves Many mangroves have a protective effect but cut watershed brought firewood for living freely Also, in the forest sector, many people often go crabbing, fishing inside affecting the growth and development of plants such as stepping on dead saplings, twigs caught breaking way, affect the development Directing strict allocation, forest contractors in the field of coastal protection forest, mangrove forests Forest management are: Individuals or organizations assigned land and forests, the state should clearly define the rights and obligations when using mangroves And those components are assigned to forest tree management will be responsible before the law for violations Need to make some own rules on the issue of indiscriminate exploitation, deforestation, excessive feed for aquaculture: today, many mangrove forests have been replaced by aqua dress production, this is a model of economic development is very good, but due to the overuse led to a decline in forest cover State needs tougher in FLA combines economic development Offer limited to mining licenses, as well as developing aquaculture seafood Certificate of land use rights and mangrove forests Demarcation of boundaries of coastal protection forest should be clearly defined while existing management of mangrove forests are regularl supervised by the Mangrove Protection and Management Board and the local representatives For plantations Protection planting area, the exploitation of non-timber forest products (flowers, fruit, shrimp, seafood) require the competent authority decides to allow Exploitation 28 plans must comply plans to ensure the least impact on the protection function, conditioned environment (climate change, soil erosion runoff) of forest Strengthen inspection and strict control handle cases of forest encroachment, conversion of land use purpose that is unlawful Support farmers to plant more seedlings, take good care of the trees have been planted There are treatment regime, or provide for the care her son was Affairs trees So the model developed 'coastal livelihoods adaptation' ability aquaculture under the canopy of mangroves, and can apply four methods link 'home' (Farmers, businesses, researchers education, local government) to form the technical demonstration new aquaculture Technical measures: planting and restoration programs Technical grown plants comply with the specifications of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development issued the guidelines of the provincial Department of Agriculture Planting is supported under the Decision No 100/2007/QD-TTg for protection forest, production forest, a number of other decisions of the provincial environmental organizations and other international investment in the area, forest owners’ capital investment Construction of the monitoring stations, the satellite system technology, the center field survey in areas where forest edges or to Affairs between mangroves and areas such as residential areas, coastal, to have able to catch up quickly and movements as well as the current status of mangrove areas around Continued implementation of applied research and technology transfer in forestry saplings to forest lands and coastal islands: Promote scientific breeding techniques, applied research, pilot plant some lines labor, mangrove, cypress, tiger has many branches have developed root systems to improve protection against storms, waves, fixed and soil conservation, groundwater resource development Application of information technology on management and monitoring changes in forest resources should be encouraged The organizational units of coastal protection forest 29 owners to participate fully in the management and monitoring changes in mangroves at the local and the whole province, timely replenishment of forest resources to DARD and PPC capture and direct the protection and development of forests in time to the planning Encouraged investment policy support + Strong support than in the economic development of other models A model has been people's Son Kien Thuy district and apply In recent years, the Party and State's attention, the district is now developing a new business model that is growing vegetables for export to foreign countries such as planting only natural chili, garlic, one small tubers , pipe tobacco plants However, this type of model is only applicable to small-scale, retail, and is not science Should apply the garden pond model barn, to be able to make good use of the area as well as maximizing the economic efficiency of the sector, or large-scale expansion, according to planning and long-term development rather style of small, spontaneous current Combining ecotourism development with mangrove protection programs should be carried on such as the construction of ecological mangrove forests as ecosystems sightseeing by canoe, made a documentary film about beauty of coastal mangrove ecosystem and economic values of mangroves The budget protection should be increased to ẹnhance mangrove planting and management, especially for coastal mangrove protection and development; research and applying the results of scientific research, technology development and training of human resources for the protection and development of forests; prevention of forest fires, forest pests and diseases Communication solutions: Need to strengthen propaganda on the mass media: newspapers, radio and television for information on climate change, impacts of climate change, the role of mangrove forests and coastal protection forest in mitigating coastal erosion and other damage caused by extreme natural disasters 30 There should be a training of specialized staff, organizing training courses for social units in the area of construction methods and deployment models coastal livelihoods to improve people's incomes to contribute mangroves to the cause of protection and development of mangroves CONCLUSION, EXISTENCE AND FURTHER STUDY 6.1 Conclusion According to the results obtained by studying the evolution of mangroves based on the application of remote sensing and GIS technology for identifying volatile mangroves with Landsat image in Kien Thuy district Do Son, Hai Phong period 2003 - 2014, the following conclusions can be drawn: The study area nearly covers an area of 813.42 hectares of Kien Thuy district Do Son, Hai Phong The study subjects with major mangrove trees that have not yet been delivered to the residents living around the area However, due to various reasons, mangrove management was not effective and is due to be optimized In the period of 2003 - 2009 tended to increase The mangrove area declined during the years 2009 – 2014 This proves that, in recent years, people have become more aware of the role of mangroves in the lives of the people The main causes for mangrove decline between 2009 and 2014 were land conversion activities for other land use purposes There are also other reasons such as natural disasters, overfishing In the period of 2003 – 2009, the mangrove forests of Kien Thuy district Do Son, Hai Phong tend to a slight increase due to the regeneration by forest restoration On this basis, subjects were given a number of measures to restore mangrove forests in the study area In addition to communication solutions to people, as well as local authorities, there are a number of measures such as strong sanctions for actions like illegal forest exploitation, and the development of field observations to conduct regular monitoring of environmental fluctuations, climate change for the timely handling measures Thereby, 31 improvements in quality and quantity of mangroves in Kien Thuy district Do Son, Hai Phong serve people's lives 6.2 Existence and study Although it has achieved some significant results, study still remains shortcomings The scope of study is quite large, some coastal areas with mangroves could be missing To overcome the shortcomings and achieve better results, furhter studies should be 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