chemical process equipment - walas

[...]... velocities of 0. 1-0 .2 ft/sec, and intense agitation ai 0. 7-1 .0 ft/sec 2 Intensities of agitation with impellers in baffled tanks are measured by power input, HP/1000 gal, and impeller tip speeds: Operation Blending Homogeneous reaction Reaction with heat transfer Liquid-liquid mixtures Liquid-gas mixtures Slurries HP/lO(DO gal 0. 2-0 .5 0. 5-1 5 1. 5-5 ,.0 5 5-1 0 10 Tip speed (ft/min) 7. 5-1 0 1 0-1 5 1 5-2 0 1 5-2 0 3 Proportions... Double-pipe exchanger is competitive at duties requiring 10 0-2 00 sqft 10 Compact (plate and fin) exchangers have 350sqft/cuft, and about 4 times the heat transfer per cuft of shell-and-tube units 11 Plate and frame exchangers are suited to high sanitation services, and are 2540% cheaper in stainless construction than shell-and-tube units 12 Air coolers: Tubes are 0.7 5-1 .00in OD, total finned surface 1 5-2 0... Requirements of an Air Cooler 199 Process Design of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger 204 Sizing a Condenser for a Mixture by the Silver-Bell-Ghatly Method 207 Comparison of Three Kinds of Reboilers for the Same Service 209 Peak Temperatures 214 Effect of Stock Temperature Variation 214 Design of a Fired Heater 217 Application of the Wilson-Lobo-Hottel equation 219 Two-Stage Propylene Compression Refrigeration... fused salts below 1100"F, direct fire or electricity above 450°F Electricity: 1-1 00 Hp, 22 0-5 50 V; 20 0-2 500 Hp, 230 0-4 000 V VESSELS (DRUMS) REFRIGERATION 1 A ton of refrigeration is the removal of 12,000Btu/hr of heat 2 At various temperature levels: 0-5 0"F, chilled brine and glycol solutions; -5 0-4 0"F, ammonia, freons, butane; -1 50 50"F, ethane or propane 3 Compression refrigeration with 100°F condenser... Towers, tray Water cooling towers Design Variable Range of Safety Factor (%) piston displacement diameter power input area area area 1 1-2 1 8-2 1 1 5-2 1 a 1 1-2 1” 1 4-2 0a 1 1-1 8 impeller diameter diameter diameter diameter volume 7-1 4 7-1 1 1 1-1 8 1 0-1 6 1 2-2 0 aBased on pilot plant tests [Michelle,Beattie, and Goodgame, Chem Eng Prog 50,332 (1954)l only to a certain accuracy AT may be uncertain because of possible... geology, geography Processes Processes subject to explosive reaction or detonation Processes which react energetically with water or common contaminants Processes subject to spontaneous polymerisation or heating Processes which are exothermic Processes containing flammables and operated at high pressure or high temperature or both Processes containing flammables and operated under refrigeration Processes in... spaced on 3t-in centers 23 tubes per row spaced on 6-in centers S = 3150 sqft A, = 133 sqft Boiler 25 rows of 244x1 OD tubes, approx 18ft long Rows in line and spaced on 3a-in centers 35 tubes per row spaced on 4-in centers S = 10,300 sqft A, = 85.0 sqft Economizer 10 rows of 2-in OD tubes (0.148-in thick), approx 10ft long (a) Rows in line and spaced on 3-in centers 47 tubes per row spaced on 3-in centers... limited to a 1 0-1 5 ft depth unsupported, metal to 2 0-2 5 ft Liquid redistributors are needed every 5-1 0 tower diameters with pall rings but at least every 20ft The number of liquid streams should be 3-5 /sqft in towers larger than 3 ft dia (some experts say 9-1 2/sqft), and more numerous in smaller towers 25 Height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) for vapor-liquid conlacting is 1. 3-1 .8ft for 1in... about chemical manufacturing processes, the main encyclopedic references are Kirk-Othmer (197 8-1 984), McKetta and Cunningham (1976-date) and Ullmann (197 2-1 983) (References, Section 1.2, Part B) The last of these is in German, 1.5 CODES, STANDARDS, AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES A large body of rules has been developed over the years to ensure the safe and economical design, fabrication and testing of equipment, ... in Equipment Design: Results of a Questionnaire Equipment Compressors, reciprocating Conveyors, screw Hammer mills Filters, plate-and-frame Filters, rotary Heat exchangers, shell and tube for liquids Pumps, centrifugal Separators, cyclone Towers, packed Towers, tray Water cooling towers Design Variable Range of Safety Factor (%) piston displacement diameter power input area area area 1 1-2 1 8-2 1 1 5-2 1 . (ft/min) Blending 0. 2-0 .5 Homogeneous reaction 0. 5-1 5 7. 5-1 0 Reaction with heat transfer 1. 5-5 ,.0 1 0-1 5 Liquid-liquid mixtures 5 1 5-2 0 Liquid-gas mixtures 5-1 0 1 5-2 0 Slurries 10 3 Publication Data Walas, Stanley M. Chemical process equipment (Butterworth- Heinemann series in chemical engineering). series in chemical engineering). 1. Chemical engineering-Apparatus and. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Walas, Stanley M. Chemical process equipment. (Butterworth-Heinemann series in chemical engineering) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Chemical