nano- and micromaterials, 2008, p.344

[...]... and Materials Science Rice University Houston, TX 77005, USA biy@rice.edu 1 General Introduction K Ohno In a fundamental part of the field of nano- and microscale science, revolutional progress has been made since last two decades, in a way highly respected by the society, politics, and economics In this stream, scientists and engineers from different fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, and. .. the standard band structure calculation Similar and related topic is a synthetic metals and organic Mott insulators For example, the high-temperature phase of an organic radical 1,3,5-trithia-2,4,6-triazapentalenyl (TTTA) crystal exhibits a Mott insulator phase [19] (see Chap 5) The state-of-the-art T -matrix calculation solving the Bethe–Salpeter equation can handle the multiple scattering and short-range... interest than these 1D structures Ge nanoislands were formed by taking advantage of the Stranski–Krastanow (SK) growth mode [12,13] Coherent SK growth was explained in terms of elastic deformation around the islands The island size and spacing grow progressively more uniform, when Si layers and Si0.25 Ge0.75 layers are formed alternately on these nanoislands [14] An approach toward nanointegration... steps, and the phase boundaries of reconstructed domains – was proposed [15] On the other hand, as for III–V group semiconductors, the flat (211), (311), and (111) GaAs surfaces break up into regular facets and make superlattices with lateral corrugation of the interfaces during multilayer molecular beam epitaxy [16] Quantum dots have been developed since dislocation-free strained In0.5 Ga0.5 As islands... show the front view and lower figures show the side view The structure of SSS1Pc-2 (b) is three-dimensional due to steric hindrance between the peripheries Fig 1.8 (Color online) Amplitude of the wave function at the ground state of SSS1Pc-2 The cubes are the unit cells For each level, the points at the center and the upper right side show the core and the periphery, respectively Gray and black areas denote... Pupysheva, B.I Yakobson, and Y Kawazoe 219 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Landauer’s Transport Formalism: The Green’s Function Implementation 220 8.2.1 Multichannel Landauer’s Formula 220 8.2.2 Surface Green’s Function Matching Method 221 8.2.3 Scattering Matrix and Transport Properties... created by light absorption induce a reaction 2H2 O→ 4H+ +O2 +4e− and produce an oxygen molecule, while two electrons induce a reaction 2H+ + 2e− →H2 and produce a hydrogen molecule (b) Two independent reactions using different catalysts can induce oxygen and hydrogen molecules separately extremely small, this energy E becomes large and exceed the thermal energy kB T In this case, the electron transfer... number and nonlocal 20 M Tanaka et al charge distribution of transferred charge play important roles of the reconstruction Prototype of nanopatterned metal surfaces is observed on vicinal Au(111) and nitrogen-covered Cu(001), and the pattern formation is explained by the elastic continuum model [4] Long-range elasticity is dominant to form not only these prototypes but also all kinds of adlayers, and. .. starting from 1 cm in 1950, and it is certainly ∼ 50 nm in 2007 as shown in Fig 1.1 Figure 1.2 shows the atomic structure of the interface between Si and SiO2 [1, 2] For example, a titanium deposition on top of silicon surfaces (Fig 1.3) [3] is considered as a way to increase the mobility of the electronic devices A lot of experimental and theoretical efforts have been devoted to these and many related but... Kubo in 1962 [4], and this is often called as the Kubo effect Consider for example metals Near the Fermi level, metals have continuum spectra and the splitting between adjacent quantum levels is quite small and 2 K Ohno Fig 1.1 Moore’s law of the minimum size of transistor used in the integrated circuit Fig 1.2 Si/SiO2 interface (a) (b) Fig 1.3 Ti on Si (001) surface (a) Pedestal site and (b) dimer vacancy . 105 3.3.1 PrincipleofTransientGratingSpectroscopy 105 3.3.2 Transient Grating Spectroscopy Combined with a Phase Mask:ExperimentalSetupandResults 107 3.4 Femtosecond Real-Time Pump-Probe Imaging Spectroscopy. Imaging Spectroscopy . . . . . . 109 3.4.1 Principle of Real-Time Pump-Probe Imaging Spectroscopy . 109 3.4.2 Experimental Demonstrations of Real-Time Pump-Probe ImagingSpectroscopy 112 References. in Scanning Probe Microscopy 3 Preparation, Properties, and Applications Editors: A. Inoue and K. Hashimoto 4 Materials Science i n Static High Magnetic Fields Editors: K. Watanabe and M. Motokawa 5