lyons (1996) standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering v 2

STANDARD WILLIAM C. LYONS EDITOR MEB X D 21 F= STANDARD HANDBOOK OF Engineering STANDARD HANDBOOK OF Engineering WILLIAM C. LYONS, PH.D., P.E. EDITOR Gulf Professional Publishing an imprint of Butternorth-Heinemann STANDARD HANDBOOK OF ROLEUM GAS Engineering Copyright 0 1996 by Butterworth-Heinemann. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. Originally published by Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Butterworth-Heinemann 225 Wildwood Avenue Tel: 78 1-904-2500 Fax: 781-904-2620 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.bh.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wobu, MA 01801-2041 Standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering / [edited by William Lyons]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-88415-642-7 (Vol. l), ISBN 0-88415-643-5 cV01.2) 1. Petroleum engineering. 2. Natural gas. I. Lyons, William (William C.) TN870.S6233 1996 665.5-dc20 96- 13965 CIP ISBN 0-88415-643-5 Printed on Acid-Free Paper (-) iV Contributing Authors vii Preface ix 5-Reservoir Engineering 1 Basic Principles, Definitions, and Data, 3 Formation Evaluation, 86 Pressure Transient Testing of Oil and Gas Wells, 214 Mechanisms and Recovery of Hydrocarbons by Natural Means, 225 Material Balance and Volumetric Analysis, 228 Decline-Curve Analysis, 244 Reserve Estimates, 249 Secondary Recovery, 259 Fluid Movement in Waterflooded Reservoirs, 269 Estimating Waterflood Residual Oil Saturation, 30 1 Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods, 319 References, 344 6-Production Engineering 363 Properties of Hydrocarbon Mixtures, 365 Flow of Fluids, 426 Natural Flow Performance, 533 Artificial Lift Methods, 594 Stimulation and Remedial Operations, 664 Surface Oil Production Systems, 702 Gas Production Engineering, 754 Corrosion and Scaling, 889 Environmental Considerations, 939 Offshore Operations, 964 References, 971 7-Petroleum Economics , , , 985 Estimating Oil and Gas Reserves, 987 Classification of Petroleum Products, 989 Methods for Estimating Reserves, 990 Non-Associated Gas Reservoirs, 99’7 Production Stimulation, 1004 Determining the Value of Future Production, 1010 The Market for Petroleum, 1010 Economics and the Petroleum Engineer, 1012 Preparation of a Cash Flow, 1012 Valuation of Oil and Gas Properties, 1023 Risk Analysis, 1025 References, 1030 Appendix: Units and Conversions (SI) 1035 Index 1049 Contributing Authors Robert 4. Col it@ P.G. Consultant in Ecology and Geophysics Socorro, New Mexico Micheal J. Economides, Ph.D. Texas A & M University College Station, Texas Kazimierz Glowacki, Ph.D. Consultant in Energy and Environmental Engineering Krakow, Poland Reza G. Kashmiri International Lubrication and Fuel, Incorporated Rio Rancho, New Mexico Joseph V. LaBlanc Consultant in Petroleum Engineering Conroe, Texas Julius P. Langlinais, Ph.D. Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana F. David Martin New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro, New Mexico Richard J. Miller Richard J. Miller and Associates, Incorporated Huntington Beach, Calqornia vii Charles Nathan, Ph.D., P.E. Consultant in Corrosion Engineering Houston, Texas Pudji Permadi, Ph.D. Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung, Indonesia Floyd W. Preston, Ph.D. University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas Chris S. Russell, P.E. Consultant in Environmental Engineering Grand Junction, Colorado Oleg Salzberg Consultant in Corrosion Engineering Houston, Texas Ardeshir K. Shahraki, Ph.D. Dwight's Energy Data, Inc. Richardson, Texas Viii Preface This petroleum and natural gas engineering two-volume handbook is written in the spirit of the classic handbooks of other engineering disciplines. The two volumes reflect the importance of the industry its engineers serve (i.e., Standard and Poor’s shows that the fuels sector is the largest single entity in the gross domestic product) and the profession’s status as a mature engineering discipline. The project to write these volumes began with an attempt to revise the old Practical Petroleum Engineer’s Handbook that Gulf Publishing had published since the 1940’s. Once the project was initiated, it became clear that any revision of the old handbook would be inadequate. Thus, the decision was made to write an entirely new handbook and to write this handbook in the classic style of the handbooks of the other major engineering disciplines. This meant giving the handbook initial chapters on mathematics and computer applications, the sciences, general engineering, and auxiliary equipment. These initial chapters set the tone of the handbook by using engineering language and notation common to all engineering disciplines. This common language and notation is used throughout the handbook (language and notation in nearly all cases is consistent with Society of Petroleum Engineers publication practices). The authors, of which there are 2’7, have tried (and we hope succeeded) in avoiding the jargon that had crept into petroleum engineering literature over the past few decades. Our objective was to create a handbook for the petroleum engineering discipline that could be read and understood by any up-to-date engineer. The specific petroleum engineering discipline chapters cover drilling and well completions, reservoir engineering, production, and economics and valuation. These chapters contain information, data, and example calculations related to practical situations that petroleum engineers often encounter. Also, these chapters reflect the growing role of natural gas in industrial operations by integrating natural gas topics and related subjects throughout both volumes. This has been a very long and often frustrating project. Through- out the entire project the authors have been steadfastly cooperative and supportive of their editor. In the preparation of the handbook the authors have used published information from both the American [...]... of Initial Oil and Gas in Place 20 8 Productivity Index 21 0 21 4 Mechanisms and Recovery of Hydrocarbons by Natural Means 22 5 Pressure Transient Testing of Oil and Gas Wells Definitions and Concepts 21 4 Important Pressure Transient Analysis Equations 22 2 Petroleum Reservoir Definitions 22 5 Natural Gas Reservoirs 22 5 Primary Recovery of Crude Oil 22 5 Primary Recovery Factors in Solution -Gas- Drive... 3.58 26 30 34 38 42 01 gravity 1 "API Values of a x l o 5 T = 120 °F 0.7 0.8 0.9 2. 47 2. 85 3 .29 3.80 4.38 3. 02 3.48 4.01 4. 62 5.33 1.95 2. 27 2. 65 3.09 3.60 2. 38 2. 78 3 .24 3.79 4. 42 2.91 3.39 3.96 4.61 5.38 Values of b T "F 120 140 160 180 ~~ From Reference 21 b 1. 024 1.0 32 1.040 1.048 40 Reservoir Engineering where y is a constant that depends on temperature, gas gravity and oil gravity Values of y... Definitions 25 9 Gas Injection 26 0 Water Injection 26 2 Spacing of Wells and Well Patterns 26 2 26 9 Displacement Mechanisms 26 9 Viscous Fingering 27 5 Mobility and Mobility Ratio 27 6 Recovery Efficiency 27 7 Displacement Sweep Efficiency 27 9 Volumetric Sweep Efficiency 27 9 Permeability Variation 28 4 Estimation of Waterflood Recovery by Material Balance 29 2 Prediction Methods 29 3 Performance Evaluation 29 3 1 4... Reservoirs 24 0 Volumetric Calculations for Recovery of Gas and Oil 24 1 Decline-CurveAnalysis Exponential Decline 24 6 Hyperbolic Decline 24 7 Harmonic Decline 24 8 Production Type Curves 24 8 Reserve Estimates Definition and Classification of Reserves 24 9 Methods of Estimating Reserves 25 4 Quality of Reserve Estimates 25 8 Fluid Movement in Waterflooded Reservoirs Secondary Recovery 25 9 Definitions... Solution gas- oil ratio can be estimated from: (5-10) R = Y P'." s Table 5-3 Values of Constants for Equation 5-9 Oil gravity "API Gas gravity: T = 140°F 0.7 0.8 0.9 2. 09 2. 44 2. 85 3.33 3.89 Gas gravity: 26 30 34 38 42 2.55 2. 98 3.48 4.07 4.75 3.10 3.61 4 .21 4.90 5.71 2. 03 2. 38 2. 78 3 .26 3. 82 2.58 3.01 3.51 4.10 4.78 3.13 3.64 4 .24 4.93 5.74 0.7 T = 160°F 0.8 0.9 0.7 T = 180°F 0.8 0.9 2. 02 2.33 2. 69 3.10... hydrocarbon mixtures of gas and liquid: formation volume of bubble point liquids [1 ,2] 5 6 Reservoir Engineering MMPLE Figure 5-4 Properties of natural hydrocarbon mixtures of gas and liquid: formation volume of gas plus liquid phases [1 ,2] Figure 5-5 Properties of natural hydrocarbon mixtures of gas and liquid: density and specific gravity of mixtures [1 ,2] Basic Principles, Definitions, and Data 7 suitable... Reservoirs 22 8 22 8 24 4 24 9 Material Balance and Volumetric Analysis Material Balance for Gas Reservoirs 23 1 Material Balance Equations in Oil or Combination Reservoirs 23 3 Generalized Material Balance Equation 23 4 Material Balance for SolutionGas-Drive Reservoirs 23 7 Predicting Primary Recovery in Solution -Gas- Drive Reservoirs 23 8 Predicting Primary Recovery in Water-Drive... solution gas, gravity of solution gas, API gravity of the stock tank oil, and reservoir temperature by using the correlations of Standing [1 ,2] Figure 5-3 provides Standing's empirical correlation of bubble-point oil formation volume factor as a function of the variables mentioned Total formation volume factors of both solution gas and gas- condensate systems can be obtained from Standing's correlations given... 1.008 1.011 1. 020 1. 028 1.036 1.0 52 1.068 1.085 1.193 1.351 1.557 1.9 02 From Reference 12 Gas Formation Volume Factor The behavior of gas can be predicted from: pV = znRT where p V T absolute pressure volume of gas = absolute temperature n = number of moles of gas R = gas constant z = factor to correct for nonideal gas behavior = = (5-1) 14 Reservoir Engineering 1.14 2 o 1. 12 1.10 I 8 1.01 f 1.a 1.04 1.6... at Varlous Temperatures 1 "C , 1 "F , vlscOsltyl cp 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 32 50 68 77 86 104 122 140 158 176 194 21 2 1.787 1.307 1.0 02 0.8904 0.7975 0.6 529 0.5468 0.4665 0.40 42 0.3547 0.3147 0 .28 18 From Reference 12 Table 5 -2 Vlscosities of Sodium Chlorlde Solutions at 68°F NaCl (wt X) Vlscoslty (cp) 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.o 1.5 2. 0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20 .0 25 .0 1.004 1.008 1.011 1. 020 1. 028 . STANDARD WILLIAM C. LYONS EDITOR MEB X D 21 F= STANDARD HANDBOOK OF Engineering STANDARD HANDBOOK OF Engineering WILLIAM C. LYONS, PH.D., P.E. EDITOR Gulf Professional. Hydrocarbons by Natural Means 22 5 Definitions and Concepts 21 4. Important Pressure Transient Analysis Equations 22 2. Petroleum Reservoir Definitions 22 5. Natural Gas Reservoirs 22 5. Primary. Primary Recovery of Crude Oil 22 5. Primary Recovery Factors in Solution -Gas- Drive Reservoirs 22 8. Material Balance and Volumetric Analysis 22 8 Material Balance for Gas Reservoirs 23 1. Material