lyons (1996) standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering v 2

... Hydrocarbons by Natural Means 22 5 Definitions and Concepts 21 4. Important Pressure Transient Analysis Equations 22 2. Petroleum Reservoir Definitions 22 5. Natural Gas Reservoirs 22 5. Primary ... Primary Recovery of Crude Oil 22 5. Primary Recovery Factors in Solution -Gas- Drive Reservoirs 22 8. Material Balance and Volumetric Analysis 22 8 Material Bala...

Ngày tải lên: 04/06/2014, 13:25

... 1 .2. 6) b c u d a D 1 D 2 area = 1 /2 D 1 D 2 sin u Note: a 2 +b 2 +c 2 +d 2 = D 2 1 +D 2 2 +4m 2 where m = distance between midpoints of D 1 and D 2 . ● Circles area = pr 2 = 1 /2 • Cr = 1/4 • Cd = 1/4 • pd 2 = 0.785398 ... 1.5.1. 1.5 .2 Higher-Order Derivatives The second derivative of a function y = f(x), denoted f  (x) or d 2 y/dx 2 is the derivative...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 16:08

... a D a a n L D D a D L D D a a L D c DD L D c L D c c L =+ π = − () + π− () −                 ∫∫ − () − − () − () − () − () 2 2 0 1 2 32 2 22 1 32 32 32 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 32 1 1 2 forfor for . ln . D Ha a EG a a a D Lc LL c ≠ =+ π       = 15 315 34 14 12 34 32 A n a ada D D a r a L L = () = − ∫ 0 2 A a © ... is S C D D D D ττ () = − () π− ()      ...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 09:15

... and lubricant spreading (Novotny et al., 1989; Novotny, 1990; Mate and Novotny, 1991; Mate, 1992a). This chapter presents an overview of lubrication studies of polar and nonpolar lubricants and ... Force Microscope Study of Boundary Layer Lubrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 22 40 22 42. O’Shea, S. J., Welland, M. E., and Pethica, J. B. (1994), “Atomic Force Microscopy...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 09:15

... at 2 mN MicroSample σ P -V a Microscale Initial Final Al 2 O 3 0.97 9.9 0.03 0.18 0 .2 0.6 3 .2 3.7 24 .8 15.0 Al 2 O 3 –TiC 0.80 9.1 0.05 0 .24 0 .2 0.6 2. 8 22 .0 23 .6 20 .2 Polycrystalline 2. 4 20 .0 ... grains. The coefficients of friction of TiC and Al 2 O 3 grains are 0.034 and 0. 026 , respectively, and the coefficient of friction of Al 2 O 3 –TiC comp...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 09:15

... at a normal load of 70 µN with a depth of indentation about 3 nm and hardness values of 15.8 and 19.5 GPa, respectively (Bhushan and Koinkar, 1994). Hardness values of virgin and C + -implanted ... characteristics and this behavior has been attributed to the chemical passivity of the oxide and lack of transfer of DLC from the disk to the pin. The behavior of PE...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 12:15

... equations Hertz DMT BCP JKRS Maugis PA A = = 3 2 ∆ PA A =− = 3 2 2 ∆ PA A A A =− − =− 3 2 3 2 1 1∆ PA A A A A =− =− 3 2 6 26 3 ∆ 1 2 12 1 4 3 11 1 11 4 3 1 2 22 2 2 22 322 2 2 22 =−+− −+−+− − =− −+ − =− − () [] [] [] [] λλ λ λ A mm ... nn = − +       − +       + − () − () + () + () + () ++ ()       3 4 3 82 13 13 23 23 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 1...

Ngày tải lên: 09/11/2013, 03:15

... 2 12 12 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 32 εε εε , γ= = π ≈ 1 2 0 2 24 30E A D mJ m 2 , © 1999 by CRC Press LLC to the shape and rigidity of the solvent molecules, to the presence of other components, and ... 117 51 4 2 01 122 25 7 12 0 . sinh . , :: . MM e E mV J m for monovalent salts = 0. 021 1 M mV J m for divalent salts -2 2 :2 -2 = [] () [] [] () [] − − 0 04 82...

Ngày tải lên: 17/12/2013, 11:15

... metallic tip in high vacuum (Binh and Vzan, 1987; Binh and García, 19 92) . Surface diffusion will induce migration of atoms from regions of high curvature to regions of lower curvature. Again, to ... displacement of a tungsten wire. As shown in Figure 6.5, the free end of this wire was bent and electrochemically etched to serve as a probing tip. With a typical length of 12...

Ngày tải lên: 25/12/2013, 23:18

... thickness. Similarly, for the case of a hard film on a softer substrate, the hardness can be expressed as HH V V H V V f f s s =+ HHX V V H V V f f s s =+ 3 HH V V HX V V s f s s =+ 3 X EH HE fs fs n =       H H H H EE ht s f s fs fs cf =+ ... hardness of a film/substrate composite is determined by a weighted average of the volume of plastically deformed material in th...

Ngày tải lên: 25/12/2013, 23:18