chemical engineering vol 2 particle technology and separation processes 5ed

Coulson and Richardson’s CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME 2 FIFTH EDITION Particle Technology and Separation Processes Related Butterworth-Heinemann Titles in the Chemical Engineering Series by J. M. COULSON & J. F. RICHARDSON Chemical Engineering, Volume 1, Sixth edition Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer (withJ.R.BackhurstandJ.H.Harker) Chemical Engineering, Volume 3, Third edition Chemical and Biochemical Reaction Engineering, and Control (edited by J. F. Richardson and D. G. Peacock) Chemical Engineering, Volume 6, Third edition Chemical Engineering Design (R.K.Sinnott) Chemical Engineering, Solutions to Problems in Volume 1 (J. R. Backhurst, J. H. Harker and J. F. Richardson) Chemical Engineering, Solutions to Problems in Volume 2 (J. R. Backhurst, J. H. Harker and J. F. Richardson) Coulson and Richardson’s CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME 2 FIFTH EDITION Particle Technology and Separation Processes J. F. RICHARDSON University of Wales Swansea and J. H. HARKER University of Newcastle upon Tyne with J. R. BACKHURST University of Newcastle upon Tyne OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier Science Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 First published 1955 Reprinted (with revisions) 1956, 1959, 1960 Reprinted 1962 Second edition 1968 Reprinted 1976 Third edition (SI units) 1978 Reprinted (with revisions) 1980, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989 Fourth edition 1991 Reprinted (with revisions) 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001 Fifth edition 2002 Copyright  1991, 2002, J. F. Richardson and J. H. Harker. All rights reserved The right of J. F. Richardson and J. H. Harker to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 0LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0 7506 4445 1 Typeset by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bounded in Great Britain by the Bath Press, Bath Preface to the Fifth Edition xvii Preface to the Fourth Edition xix Preface to the 1983 Reprint of the Third Edition xxi Preface to Third Edition xxiii Preface to Second Edition xxv Preface to First Edition xxvii Acknowledgements xxix INTRODUCTION xxxi 1 Particulate Solids 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.2. PARTICLE CHARACTERISATION 2 1.3. PARTICULATE SOLIDS IN BULK 22 1.4. BLENDING OF SOLID PARTICLES 30 1.5. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID PARTICLES 37 1.6. SEPARATION OF SUSPENDED SOLID PARTICLES FROM FLUIDS 67 1.7. FURTHER READING 91 1.8. REFERENCES 92 1.9. NOMENCLATURE 93 2 Particle Size Reduction and Enlargement 95 2.1. INTRODUCTION 95 2.2. SIZE REDUCTION OF SOLIDS 95 2.3. TYPES OF CRUSHING EQUIPMENT 106 2.4. SIZE ENLARGEMENT OF PARTICLES 137 2.5. FURTHER READING 143 2.6. REFERENCES 143 2.7. NOMENCLATURE 144 3 Motion of Particles in a Fluid 146 3.1. INTRODUCTION 146 3.2. FLOW PAST A CYLINDER AND A SPHERE 146 3.3. THE DRAG FORCE ON A SPHERICAL PARTICLE 149 3.4. NON-SPHERICAL PARTICLES 164 3.5. MOTION OF BUBBLES AND DROPS 168 3.6. DRAG FORCES AND SETTLING VELOCITIES FOR PARTICLES IN NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS 169 3.7. ACCELERATING MOTION OF A PARTICLE IN THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 173 3.8. MOTION OF PARTICLES IN A CENTRIFUGAL FIELD 185 3.9. FURTHER READING 187 3.10. REFERENCES 188 3.11. NOMENCLATURE 189 4 Flow of Fluids through Granular Beds and Packed Columns 191 4.1. INTRODUCTION 191 4.2. FLOW OF A SINGLE FLUID THROUGH A GRANULAR BED 191 4.3. DISPERSION 205 4.4. HEAT TRANSFER IN PACKED BEDS 211 4.5. PACKED COLUMNS 212 4.6. FURTHER READING 232 4.7. REFERENCES 232 4.8. NOMENCLATURE 234 5 Sedimentation 237 5.1. INTRODUCTION 237 5.2. SEDIMENTATION OF FINE PARTICLES 237 5.3. SEDIMENTATION OF COARSE PARTICLES 267 5.4. FURTHER READING 286 5.5. REFERENCES 286 5.6. NOMENCLATURE 288 6 Fluidisation 291 6.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDISED SYSTEMS 291 6.2. LIQUID-SOLIDS SYSTEMS 302 6.3. GAS-SOLIDS SYSTEMS 315 6.4. GAS-LIQUID SOLIDS FLUIDISED BEDS 333 6.5. HEAT TRANSFER TO A BOUNDARY SURFACE 334 6.6. MASS AND HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN FLUID AND PARTICLES 343 6.7. SUMMARY OF THE PROPERTIES OF FLUIDISED BEDS 357 6.8. APPLICATIONS OF THE FLUIDISED SOLIDS TECHNIQUE 358 6.9. FURTHER READING 364 6.10. REFERENCES 364 6.11. NOMENCLATURE 369 7 Liquid Filtration 372 7.1. INTRODUCTION 372 7.2. FILTRATION THEORY 374 7.3. FILTRATION PRACTICE 382 7.4. FILTRATION EQUIPMENT 387 7.5. FURTHER READING 434 7.6. REFERENCES 435 7.7. NOMENCLATURE 435 8 Membrane Separation Processes 437 8.1. INTRODUCTION 437 8.2. CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBRANE PROCESSES 437 8.3. THE NATURE OF SYNTHETIC MEMBRANES 438 8.4. GENERAL MEMBRANE EQUATION 442 8.5. CROSS-FLOW MICROFILTRATION 442 8.6. ULTRAFILTRATION 446 8.7. REVERSE OSMOSIS 452 8.8. MEMBRANE MODULES AND PLANT CONFIGURATION 455 8.9. MEMBRANE FOULING 464 8.10. ELECTRODIALYSIS 465 8.11. REVERSE OSMOSIS WATER TREATMENT PLANT 467 8.12. PERVAPORATION 469 8.13. LIQUID MEMBRANES 471 8.14. GAS SEPARATIONS 472 8.15. FURTHER READING 472 8.16. REFERENCES 473 8.17. NOMENCLATURE 474 9 Centrifugal Separations 475 9.1. INTRODUCTION 475 9.2. SHAPE OF THE FREE SURFACE OF THE LIQUID 476 9.3. CENTRIFUGAL PRESSURE 477 9.4. SEPARATION OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS OF DIFFERENT DENSITIES 478 9.5. SEDIMENTATION IN A CENTRIFUGAL FIELD 480 9.6. FILTRATION IN A CENTRIFUGE 485 9.7. MECHANICAL DESIGN 489 9.8. CENTRIFUGAL EQUIPMENT 489 9.9. FURTHER READING 500 9.10. REFERENCES 500 9.11. NOMENCLATURE 501 10 Leaching 502 10.1. INTRODUCTION 502 10.2. MASS TRANSFER IN LEACHING OPERATIONS 503 10.3. EQUIPMENT FOR LEACHING 506 10.4. COUNTERCURRENT WASHING OF SOLIDS 515 10.5. CALCULATION OF THE NUMBER OF STAGES 519 10.6. NUMBER OF STAGES FOR COUNTERCURRENT WASHING BY GRAPHICAL METHODS 526 10.7. FURTHER READING 540 10.8. REFERENCES 540 10.9. NOMENCLATURE 540 11 Distillation 542 11.1. INTRODUCTION 542 11.2. VAPOUR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM 542 11.3. METHODS OF DISTILLATION TWO COMPONENT MIXTURES 555 11.4. THE FRACTIONATING COLUMN 559 11.5. CONDITIONS FOR VARYING OVERFLOW IN NON-IDEAL BINARY SYSTEMS 581 11.6. BATCH DISTILLATION 592 11.7. MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURES 599 11.8. AZEOTROPIC AND EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION 616 11.9. STEAM DISTILLATION 621 11.10. PLATE COLUMNS 625 11.11. PACKED COLUMNS FOR DISTILLATION 638 11.12. FURTHER READING 649 11.13. REFERENCES 649 11.14. NOMENCLATURE 652 12 Absorption of Gases 656 12.1. INTRODUCTION 656 12.2. CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN LIQUID AND GAS 657 12.3. THE MECHANISM OF ABSORPTION 658 12.4. DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS 666 12.5. ABSORPTION ASSOCIATED WITH CHEMICAL REACTION 675 12.6. ABSORPTION ACCOMPANIED BY THE LIBERATION OF HEAT 681 12.7. PACKED TOWERS FOR GAS ABSORPTION 682 12.8. PLATE TOWERS FOR GAS ABSORPTION 702 12.9. OTHER EQUIPMENT FOR GAS ABSORPTION 709 12.10. FURTHER READING 714 12.11. REFERENCES 715 12.12. NOMENCLATURE 717 13 Liquid Liquid Extraction 721 13.1. INTRODUCTION 721 13.2. EXTRACTION PROCESSES 722 13.3. EQUILIBRIUM DATA 725 13.4. CALCULATION OF THE NUMBER OF THEORETICAL STAGES 728 13.5. CLASSIFICATION OF EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT 742 13.6. STAGE-WISE EQUIPMENT FOR EXTRACTION 744 13.7. DIFFERENTIAL CONTACT EQUIPMENT FOR EXTRACTION 750 13.8. USE OF SPECIALISED FLUIDS 763 13.9. FURTHER READING 766 13.10. REFERENCES 767 13.11. NOMENCLATURE 769 14 Evaporation 771 14.1. INTRODUCTION 771 14.2. HEAT TRANSFER IN EVAPORATORS 771 14.3. SINGLE-EFFECT EVAPORATORS 778 14.4. MULTIPLE-EFFECT EVAPORATORS 780 14.5. IMPROVED EFFICIENCY IN EVAPORATION 791 14.6. EVAPORATOR OPERATION 802 [...]... 127 139 157 180 21 1 50 40 0.0100 0.0 125 25 4 347 30 0.0166 422 20 16 0. 025 0 0.03 12 635 7 92 12 10 8 0.0416 0.0500 0.0 620 1056 127 0 1574 5 0.1000 25 40 0.0017 0.0 021 0.0 024 0.0 029 43 53 61 74 170 150 115 100 80 65 0.0035 0.0041 0.0049 0.0058 0.0069 0.00 82 89 104 125 147 175 20 8 60 0.0097 24 6 48 42 35 32 28 0.0116 0.0133 0.0164 0.0195 0. 023 2 29 5 351 417 495 589 24 20 16 14 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 0. 027 6 0.0 328 ... 0.0 021 0.0 026 0.0030 0.0035 0.0041 0.0049 0.0060 53 66 76 89 104 124 1 52 85 0.0070 178 72 60 52 0.0083 0.0099 0.0116 21 1 25 1 29 5 44 36 30 25 22 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 0.0139 0.0166 0.0197 0. 023 6 0. 027 5 0.0336 0.0395 0.0474 0.0553 0.0660 0.0810 0.0949 0.1107 0.1 320 353 422 500 600 699 853 1003 120 4 1405 1676 20 57 24 11 28 12 3353 20 0 0.0 025 63 150 0.0033 84 120 100 90 80 70 60 0.00 42 0.0050 0.0055 0.00 62. .. 1651 1981 23 62 2794 3 327 39 62 4699 Nominal aperture in µm 325 27 0 23 0 20 0 170 0.0017 0.0 021 0.0 024 0.0 029 0.0034 44 53 61 74 88 140 120 100 80 70 60 50 45 40 35 30 0.0041 0.0049 0.0059 0.0070 0.0083 0.0098 0.0117 0.0138 0.0165 0.0197 0. 023 2 104 125 150 177 21 0 25 0 29 7 350 420 500 590 25 20 18 16 0. 028 0 0.0331 0.0394 0.0469 710 840 1000 1190 14 12 10 8 0.0555 0.0661 0.0787 0.0937 1410 1680 20 00 23 80 7... 1 .23 , 2. 8, 2. 34, 13.39, 13.40 Buss (UK) Ltd, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire for Figs 1 .24 , 14 .24 Dorr-Oliver Co Ltd, Croydon, Surrey for Figs 1 .26 , 1 .29 , 7.15, 7 .22 , 10.8, 10.9 Denver Process Equipment Ltd, Leatherhead, Surrey for Figs 1 .27 , 1.30, 1. 32, 1.47, 1.48 Wilfley Mining Machinery Co Ltd for Fig 1.33 NEI International Combustion Ltd, Derby for Figs 1.34, 1.35, 1.36, 1.37, 2. 10, 2. 20 2. 24, 2. 27, 2. 30,... 14 .20 APV Baker Ltd, Crawley, Sussex for Figs 14 .21 , 14 .22 , 14 .23 , 14 .24 , 14 .25 , 14 .26 The Editor and Publishers of Chemical and Process Engineering for Figs 14 .28 , 14.30 APV Pasilac Ltd, Carlisle, Cumbria for Figs 16.10, 16.11 Buflovak Equipment Division of Blaw-Knox Co Ltd for Figs 16.17, 16.18, and Table 16.3 Dr N Dombrowski for Figs 16.19, 16 .22 Ventilex for Fig 16 .29 INTRODUCTION The understanding... first volumes, acquires some of the design-orientated material from Volume 2, particularly that related to the hydraulics of packed and plate columns The new sub-title of Volume 2, Particle Technology and Separation Processes, reflects both the emphasis of the new edition and the current importance of these two topics in Chemical Engineering Particle Technology covers the basic properties of systems of particles... the heading of solids blending The volume concludes with chapters on evaporation, crystallisation and drying Volumes 1, 2 and 3 form an integrated series with the fundamentals of fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer in the first volume, the physical operations of chemical engineering in this, the second volume, and in the third volume, the basis of chemical and biochemical reactor design, some of... Fourth Edition of Volumes 1 and 2 and to be followed by new editions of the other volumes, have been set out in the Preface to the Fourth Edition of Volume 1 The revision involves the inclusion in Volume 1 of material on non-Newtonian flow (previously in Volume 3) and the transference from Volume 2 to Volume 1 of Pneumatic and Hydraulic Conveying and Liquid Mixing In addition, Volume 6, written by Mr R K... 2. 30, 14.18, 16 .23 Lockers Engineers Ltd, Warrington for Figs 1.40, 1.41, 1. 42 Master Magnets Ltd, Birmingham for Figs 1.43, 1.44, 1.45 AAF Ltd, Cramlington, Northumberland for Figs 1.54, 1.68, 1.70, 1. 72 Vaba Process Plant Ltd, Rotherham, Yorks, successors to Edgar Allen Co Ltd for Figs 2. 4, 2. 7, 2. 13, 2. 14, 2. 29 Hadfields Ltd for Fig 2. 5 Hosokawa Micron Ltd, Runcorn, Cheshire for Fig 2. 12 Babcock & Wilcox... gaining in importance and the underlying theory of both process control and computation The solutions to the problems listed in Volumes 1 and 2 are now available as Volumes 4 and 5 respectively Furthermore, an additional volume in the series is in course of preparation and will provide an introduction to chemical engineering design and indicate how the principles enunciated in the earlier volumes can be translated . Coulson and Richardson’s CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME 2 FIFTH EDITION Particle Technology and Separation Processes Related Butterworth-Heinemann Titles in the Chemical Engineering Series. READING 23 2 4.7. REFERENCES 23 2 4.8. NOMENCLATURE 23 4 5 Sedimentation 23 7 5.1. INTRODUCTION 23 7 5 .2. SEDIMENTATION OF FINE PARTICLES 23 7 5.3. SEDIMENTATION OF COARSE PARTICLES 26 7 5.4 RICHARDSON Chemical Engineering, Volume 1, Sixth edition Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer (withJ.R.BackhurstandJ.H.Harker) Chemical Engineering, Volume 3, Third edition Chemical and Biochemical