TeAm YYePG Digitally signed by TeAm YYePG DN: cn=TeAm YYePG, c=US, o=TeAm YYePG, ou=TeAm YYePG, email=yyepg@msn.com Reason: I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document Date: 2005.03.14 14:34:11 +08'00' Wireless Internet Telecommunications For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, turn to the back of this book. Wireless Internet Telecommunications K. Daniel Wong www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wong, K. Daniel. Wireless Internet telecommunications / K. Daniel Wong. p. cm.—(Artech House mobile communications series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-711-1 (alk. paper) 1. Wireless Internet. 2. Wireless communication systems. I. Title. II. Series TK5103.4885.W5718 2005 004.67’8—dc22 2004058540 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Wong, K. Daniel Wireless Internet telecommunications. —(Artech House mobile communications series) 1. Wireless Internet 2. Computer network protocols 3. Wireless communication systems I. Title 621.3’8212 ISBN 1-58053-711-1 Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner © 2005 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ - ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa - tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade - mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-711-1 10987654321 Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 An Exciting Future 1 1.2 Requirements 3 1.2.1 Technological Requirements 4 1.3 Preview 6 1.4 Themes and Principles 8 1.5 Scope 11 1.6 Summary 12 References 13 CHAPTER 2 The Internet 15 2.1 Short History 17 2.2 Routing 18 2.2.1 Addressing 19 2.2.2 Hierarchical Routing 23 2.3 Protocols 23 2.3.1 IP 24 2.3.2 TCP 24 2.4 Building the Internet 26 2.4.1 The Internet in Practice 26 2.4.2 Design Philosophy 28 2.4.3 Applications 28 2.4.4 New Requirements and Recent History 29 2.5 Further Reading and Summary 30 References 30 2.5 Appendix 2A The IP Header 30 2A.1 IETF Working Groups 32 v CHAPTER 3 Wireless Networks 35 3.1 Short History 36 3.2 Types of Wireless Networks 39 3.2.1 Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN): GSM 40 3.2.2 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): 802.11 46 3.2.3 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN): Bluetooth 49 3.3 Summary 52 References 52 3.3 Appendix 3A Brief Introduction to Aspects of the Wireless Physical Layer 53 CHAPTER 4 Multimedia over IP 55 4.1 Motivation 56 4.1.1 Efficient Digital Voice Coding 56 4.1.2 Support for Different Levels of Quality and Different Media 57 4.1.3 Network and Service Integration 57 4.1.4 Statistical Multiplexing 57 4.1.5 Assessment 58 4.2 Requirements 59 4.2.1 QoS and Transport Requirements 59 4.2.2 Coding Requirements 59 4.2.3 Other Network Elements 60 4.2.4 Signaling Requirements 63 4.3 Issues and Challenges 63 4.4 Transport Protocols 64 4.4.1 TCP 64 4.4.2 UDP 65 4.4.3 RTP 65 4.5 Wireless Multimedia over IP 68 4.6 Summary 69 References 69 CHAPTER 5 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 71 5.1 Requirements for Session Initiation 73 5.1.1 Basic Requirements and Characteristics 73 5.1.2 Additional Requirements 74 5.2 Fundamentals of SIP 74 5.2.1 Locating Other SIP Users 76 5.2.2 SIP Registration 80 5.2.3 Session Parameter Negotiation 81 vi Contents 5.2.4 SIP for Telephony and PSTN Interworking 81 5.3 Digging Deeper 82 5.3.1 Requests 83 5.3.2 Responses 83 5.3.3 More on SIP Proxies 85 5.4 SDP, Parameter, and QoS Negotiations 86 5.4.1 SDP Design Philosophy 86 5.4.2 Using SDP with SIP 86 5.5 SIP in Wireless Networks 87 5.6 Summary 87 References 88 5.6 Appendix 5A Notation 88 5A.1 ISUP Signaling 88 CHAPTER 6 Mobility Management 91 6.1 A Network-Level Solution: Mobile IP 92 6.1.1 The Problem Addressed 92 6.1.2 Mobile IP 92 6.2 Mobility Concepts 100 6.2.1 Location Management and Handoffs 100 6.2.2 Types of Mobility 101 6.2.3 Layer 2 Versus Layer 3 Mobility 104 6.3 Alternative IP Mobility Schemes 105 6.3.1 SIP-Based Mobility 106 6.3.2 Transport-Layer Approaches 107 6.3.3 Dynamic DNS 108 6.4 Micromobility and Fast Handoff 109 6.4.1 Hierarchical Mobile IP 110 6.4.2 Host-Based Routing Schemes 111 6.4.3 802.11 WLAN 113 6.4.4 GPRS 115 6.4.5 Other Fast Handoff Approaches 115 6.4.6 Reducing the Impact of Handoff Latency 116 6.5 Summary 116 References 117 CHAPTER 7 QoS 119 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 IP QoS: Mechanisms 120 7.2.1 Introduction to IP QoS 120 7.2.2 Scope and Outline 121 Contents vii 7.2.3 Requirements 121 7.2.4 Resource Reservation 122 7.2.5 Admission Control 123 7.2.6 Packet Classification and Marking 125 7.2.7 Queuing Disciplines 125 7.2.8 Traffic Shaping 127 7.2.9 Policing 129 7.2.10 Routing Control and Traffic Engineering 130 7.3 IP QoS Frameworks 131 7.3.1 IntServ 132 7.3.2 DiffServ 133 7.4 QoS in Wireless Networks 135 7.4.1 WLAN QoS Support 135 7.4.2 QoS and Mobility 139 7.5 Summary 140 References 141 CHAPTER 8 Network Security 143 8.1 Introduction 143 8.1.1 Requirements 144 8.1.2 Solutions 146 8.2 IP Security 148 8.2.1 The Need for Security 148 8.2.2 IPsec 151 8.3 Security in Wireless Networks 152 8.3.1 WLAN Security 153 8.3.2 GSM Security 154 8.3.3 Security and Mobile IP 157 8.4 Summary 161 References 161 CHAPTER 9 IPv6 163 9.1 IPv6 Design Considerations 163 9.1.1 Shortcomings of IPv4 164 9.1.2 Other Desirable Features 165 9.2 IPv6 Feature Overview 165 9.2.1 Implications of Larger Address Space 166 9.2.2 Addressing 168 9.2.3 Coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 170 9.3 IPv6 Selected Procedures 170 9.3.1 Header Processing 170 viii Contents 9.3.2 Address Autoconfiguration 171 9.3.3 Neighbor Discovery 173 9.4 IPv6 and Wireless 175 9.4.1 Mobile IPv6 175 9.4.2 Security Issues in MIPv6 178 9.5 Summary 179 References 179 CHAPTER 10 Services and Applications 181 10.1 IP Connectivity or More? 181 10.2 Middleware—Open Service Access 183 10.2.1 How OSA Works 184 10.3 Wireless Device Service–Enabling Technologies 185 10.4 Applications of the Future 187 10.4.1 Location-Based Services 188 10.4.2 Presence 188 10.5 Summary 188 10.5 References 189 CHAPTER 11 Evolution from GSM to UMTS 191 11.1 From GSM to GPRS 192 11.1.1 Overview 192 11.1.2 More Details 193 11.1.3 GPRS and Mobility 196 11.1.4 GPRS and QoS 198 11.1.5 GPRS and Security 199 11.1.6 GPRS and Wireless IP 200 11.2 Moving Towards 3G 200 11.3 UMTS 203 11.3.1 QoS 203 11.3.2 Security 207 11.3.3 Different Releases 208 11.3.4 Comparison with cdma2000 Development 210 11.4 Summary 212 11.4 References 212 CHAPTER 12 The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 213 12.1 Motivations and Requirements 213 12.1.1 Using SIP 215 12.1.2 Other Requirements 217 Contents ix [...]... the reasons why maintaining security is challenging in wireless Internet telecommunications 1.3 Preview Wireless communications and Internet- based communications have been growing rapidly in recent years In the early years of wireless cellular systems, most of the interest in wireless was focused on circuit-switched voice communications However, the Internet has been growing, and the volume of packet-switched... “host” only in the classical Internet terminology sense (i.e., hosts are end users of the Internet) We distinguish the Internet (the one global network) from the technology that makes this possible, called Internet technology Internet technology includes all the services and protocols used in the Internet At the core of Internet technology is the Transport Control Protocol /Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)... I am trying to predict the future I am predicting that wireless communications and the Internet are both going to continue growing healthily I am predicting that the intersection of wireless and the Internet is going to increase in significance The bases for making these predictions are very stable and strong The demands for wireless and for the Internet continue to grow Meanwhile, the supporting technologies... are revolutionizing telecommunications devices The convergence of wireless and the Internet is the subject of this book, and the convergence of communications systems looks set to continue into the future, greatly impacting the architecture of 4G wireless systems Voice and video over IP (and more generally, multimedia over IP) is one of the most important applications of the wireless Internet This application... because they help us appreciate better the fast-paced developments in wireless Internet telecommunications, and to have a broad perspective on what is going on After all, technology is often not created in a vacuum, but is part of the broader context of technology development and issues in that field This applies to wireless Internet telecommunications too 1.5 1.5 Scope 11 Scope I have made difficult... further The subject of wireless is very broad, and this book focuses on the category of wireless personal communications and, more specifically, terrestrial wireless personal communications systems We will be interested mainly in wireless systems that support mobility and handoffs between points of attachment to the network Thus, we do not consider here wireless satellite communications, wireless broadcasting... broadcasting (such as TV or radio), and fixed wireless systems (such as point-to-point microwave systems and wireless local loop) Cordless phones are also out of our scope because they do not support handoffs The wireless systems that support mobility and handoffs are infrastructure-backed wireless networks and infrastructureless wireless networks Infrastructure-backed wireless networks have an infrastructure,... of new wireless technologies are hitting the market faster than in the past, and Internet standards are growing in number faster than ever before The range of applications and services that need to be supported by wireless and the Internet has broadened, and the technology has been challenged to keep up with the requirements There is tremendous interest and market potential in the wireless Internet. .. Section 2.3 The protocols that specify how computers communicate with one another, as part of the Internet, are formalized in Internet standards Internet standards specify the way that components of the Internet should work (see Appendix 2A.1) 2.1 Short History The Internet began as a series of experiments in internetworking, inspired in part by Kleinrock’s seminal work on packet-switching theory, and... seen how pervasive the phenomenon of convergence in modern telecommunications is At the broadest level, there is a Multimedia session control (5) and transport (4) Services and middleware (10) 3G 4G 4G and the future (13) Example system (UMTS; 11, 12) re Building a wireless Internet system tu IPv6 (9) Mobility (6) QoS (7) Security (8) Wireless (3) Internet (2) Introduction (1) Figure 1.3 Organization of . +08'00' Wireless Internet Telecommunications For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, turn to the back of this book. Wireless Internet Telecommunications K 32 v CHAPTER 3 Wireless Networks 35 3.1 Short History 36 3.2 Types of Wireless Networks 39 3.2.1 Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN): GSM 40 3.2.2 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): 802.11 46 3.2.3 Wireless. Wireless Internet. 2. Wireless communication systems. I. Title. II. Series TK5103.4885.W5718 2005 004.67’8—dc22 2004058540 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Wong, K. Daniel Wireless Internet