Wireless and cellular telecommunications

Đây là cuốn sách gối đầu giường của dân Điện tử viễn thông. Trình bày rõ về thông tin di động, wireless và phạm vi hoạt động của nó.

WIRELESS AND CELLULAR TELECOMMUNICATIONS This page intentionally left blank WIRELESS AND CELLULAR TELECOMMUNICATIONS William C Y Lee, Ph.D Chairman, Treyspan, Inc (Formerly Vice President and Chief Scientist of Vodafone AirTouch PLC, and Chairman of LinkAir Communications, Inc.) Third Edition McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2006, 1995, 1988 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-150141-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-143686-3 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise DOI: 10.1036/0071436863 Professional Want to learn more? 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If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Preface xix Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgments xxiii xxi Chapter Trend of Mobile Wireless 1.1 History of Mobile Cellular / 1.1.1 AMPS System (First-Generation System) / 1.1.2 Second-Generation System / 1.1.3 3G Systems / 1.1.4 4G Systems / 1.1.5 Other Cellular-Like Systems / 1.2 Wireless Data Networks / 1.2.1 General Description / 1.2.2 Wireless LAN Standards / 1.2.3 Wireless WAN Evolution / 1.3 Communication Satellite Systems / 1.3.1 History / 1.3.2 Attributes / 1.3.3 Satellites in Different Orbits / 1.4 Paging Systems / 11 1.5 Standards Bodies / 11 1.5.1 International Standard Bodies / 11 1.5.2 Standards Bodies in Different Areas / 13 1.6 Spectrum Allocation / 15 1.6.1 Spectrum Allocation in the United States / 16 1.6.2 ITU: Spectrum for 3G (IMT-2000) / 18 1.6.3 The Other Areas of the World / 19 1.7 Spectrum Efficiency Considerations / 20 Chapter Introduction to Cellular Systems 23 2.1 Basic Cellular Systems / 23 2.1.1 Circuit-Switched Systems / 23 2.1.2 Packet-Switched System / 25 2.2 Performance Criteria / 26 2.2.1 Voice Quality / 26 2.2.2 Data Quality / 27 2.2.3 Picture/Vision Quality / 27 2.2.4 Service Quality / 27 2.2.5 Special Features / 28 v vi CONTENTS 2.3 Uniqueness of Mobile Radio Environment / 28 2.3.1 Description of Mobile Radio Transmission Medium / 28 2.3.2 Model of Transmission Medium / 30 2.3.3 Mobile Fading Characteristics / 32 2.3.4 Direct Wave Path, Line-of-Sight Path, and Obstructive Path / 39 2.3.5 Noise Level in Cellular Frequency Band / 40 2.3.6 Amplifier Noise / 41 2.4 Operation of Cellular Systems / 41 2.4.1 Operation Procedures / 41 2.4.2 Maximum Number of Calls Per Hour Per Cell / 42 2.4.3 Maximum Number of Frequency Channels Per Cell / 44 2.5 Concept of Frequency Reuse Channels / 45 2.5.1 Frequency Reuse Schemes / 45 2.5.2 Frequency Reuse Distance / 46 2.5.3 Number of Customers in the System / 47 2.6 Cochannel Interference Reduction Factor / 48 2.7 Desired C/I from a Normal Case in an Omnidirectional Antenna System / 49 2.7.1 Analytic Solution / 49 2.7.2 Solution Obtained from Simulation / 52 2.8 Handoff Mechanism / 52 2.9 Cell Splitting / 54 2.9.1 Why Splitting? / 54 2.9.2 How Splitting? / 54 2.10 Consideration of the Components of Cellular Systems / 55 2.10.1 Antennas / 56 2.10.2 Switching Equipment / 56 2.10.3 Data Links / 57 2.11 Different Cellular Systems and B3G-Systems / 57 Chapter Specifications of Analog Systems 59 3.1 Definitions of Terms and Functions / 59 3.2 Specification of Mobile Station (Unit) in the United States / 61 3.2.1 Power / 61 3.2.2 Modulation / 61 3.2.3 Limitation on Emission / 63 3.2.4 Security and Identification / 64 3.2.5 Supervision / 64 3.2.6 Call Processing / 65 3.2.7 Mobile Station Controls on the Voice Channel / 67 3.2.8 Signaling Format / 68 3.3 Specification of Land Station (United States) / 70 3.3.1 Power / 70 3.3.2 Limit on Emission / 70 3.3.3 Call Processing / 70 3.3.4 Signaling Formats / 75 3.3.5 Additional Spectrum Radio (ASR) Issues / 78 3.4 Different Specifications of the World’s Analog Cellular Systems / 79 Chapter Digital Cellular Systems (2G Systems) 4.1 Introduction to Digital Systems / 85 4.1.1 Advantages of Digital Systems / 85 4.1.2 Digital Technologies / 86 85 CONTENTS 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 vii 4.1.3 ARQ Techniques / 99 4.1.4 Digital Speech / 104 Global System for Mobile (GSM) / 110 4.2.1 GSM Architecture / 111 4.2.2 Layer Modeling (OSI Model) / 114 4.2.3 Transmission / 115 4.2.4 GSM Channels and Channel Modes / 117 4.2.5 Multiple-Access Scheme / 119 4.2.6 Channel Coding and Interleaving / 121 4.2.7 Radio Resource (RR) Management / 124 4.2.8 Mobility Management (MM) / 125 4.2.9 Communication Management / 127 4.2.10 Network Management (NM) / 129 4.2.11 Overview of GSM / 130 North American TDMA / 130 4.3.1 History / 130 4.3.2 NA-TDMA Architecture / 131 4.3.3 Transmission and Modulation / 131 4.3.4 Time Alignment and Limitation of Emission / 137 4.3.5 Error Corrections / 138 4.3.6 Interleaving and Coding / 140 4.3.7 SCM and SID / 141 4.3.8 NA-TDMA Channels / 142 4.3.9 Discontinuous Transmission on a Digital Traffic Channel / 143 4.3.10 Authentication / 143 4.3.11 Signaling Format / 143 4.3.12 Word Format / 145 4.3.13 Enhanced NA-TDMA (IS-136) / 145 CDMA / 146 4.4.1 Terms of CDMA Systems / 147 4.4.2 Output Power Limits and Control / 149 4.4.3 Modulation Characteristics / 152 4.4.4 Joint Detection (JD) / 166 4.4.5 Authentication, Encryption, and Privacy / 167 4.4.6 Malfunction Detection / 169 4.4.7 Call Processing / 170 4.4.8 Handoff Procedures / 172 Miscellaneous Mobile Systems / 175 4.5.1 TDD Systems / 175 4.5.2 Other Full-Duplexed Systems / 178 4.5.3 Noncellular Systems / 181 Chapter B2G Systems 5.1 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) / 187 5.1.1 GPRS Air Interface / 187 5.1.2 GPRS Network Architecture / 189 5.1.3 Transmission Plane and Signaling Plane / 190 5.1.4 GPRS Traffic Performance / 192 5.2 EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evaluation) / 193 5.2.1 Introduction / 193 5.2.2 Network Architecture / 194 5.2.3 Network Control / 195 5.3 HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) / 196 5.4 iDEN (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network) / 197 5.4.1 History / 197 187 viii CONTENTS 5.4.2 Description of iDEN’s Attributes / 197 5.4.3 iDEN’s Unique Features / 198 5.4.4 iDEN Communications Network / 198 5.4.5 Radio Link / 202 5.4.6 Dispatch Call Processing / 206 5.4.7 Packet Data Networking / 209 5.5 PHS (Personal Handy Phone System) / 211 5.5.1 Introduction / 211 5.5.2 PHS Network Structure and System Components / 211 5.5.3 Value Added Service Platform / 212 5.5.4 PHS Physical Layer / 213 5.5.5 PHS Protocol / 215 5.5.6 PHS Basic Functions and Services / 217 5.6 IS-95B (RTT 1X) / 219 Chapter 3G Systems 6.1 WCDMA-UMTS (UTRA-FDD) Physical Layer / 226 6.1.1 Description of Physical Layer / 226 6.1.2 Transport Channels / 228 6.1.3 Physical Channels / 229 6.1.4 Transmission Characteristics / 230 6.1.5 User Data Transmission / 233 6.1.6 Physical Layer’s Functions / 234 6.2 WCDMA-ARIB Physical Layer / 235 6.2.1 FDD Mode / 235 6.2.2 TDD Mode / 239 6.2.3 Common Physical Layers for Both FDD and TDD Modes / 239 6.3 WCDMA-TDD Physical Layer / 240 6.3.1 WCDMA-TDD Channel Structure / 240 6.3.2 Channel Mapping / 241 6.3.3 Spreading (Channelization) Codes / 241 6.3.4 Modulation and Spreading / 242 6.3.5 Bandwidth Requirement and Capacity / 242 6.4 UMTS Network Architecture / 243 6.4.1 Description / 243 6.4.2 MAC Layer / 245 6.4.3 RLC Layer / 247 6.4.4 PDCP Layer / 248 6.4.5 BMC Layer / 248 6.4.6 RRC Layer / 249 6.4.7 Overview of 3GPP Release 99 Network / 250 6.5 Evolution of UMTS-3GPP Release and Beyond (Release 5, 6, 7) / 254 6.5.1 Release Core Network Architecture / 254 6.5.2 VoIP Technology / 254 6.5.3 3GPP Release Core Architecture (HSDPA, IMS, PoC) / 259 6.5.4 3GPP Release (MBMS, EUDCH) / 261 6.5.5 3GPP Release / 262 6.6 cdma2000 Physical Layer / 263 6.6.1 Physical Channels / 263 6.6.2 Radio Interface Parameters of cdma2000 FDD / 265 6.6.3 Transmission Characteristics for cdma2000 TDD / 270 6.7 cdma2000 Network / 271 6.7.1 MAC Sublayer / 271 6.7.2 RLP Layer / 273 6.7.3 SRBP (Signaling Radio Burst Protocol) Layer / 275 225 .. .WIRELESS AND CELLULAR TELECOMMUNICATIONS This page intentionally left blank WIRELESS AND CELLULAR TELECOMMUNICATIONS William C Y Lee, Ph.D Chairman, Treyspan, Inc (Formerly Vice President and. .. Chapter 11 Handoffs and Dropped Calls 11.1 Value of Implementing Handoffs / 485 11.1.1 Why Handoffs / 485 11.1.2 Types of Handoff / 485 11.1.3 Two Decision-Making Parameters of Handoff / 486... Hard Handoffs / 487 11.1.5 Number of Hard Handoffs Per Call / 487 11.1.6 Area of Soft Handoffs in a Cell / 488 11.2 Initiation of a Hard Handoff / 489 11.3 Delaying a Handoff / 490 11.3.1 Two-Handoff-Level