An assessment on the effectiveness of forest management in ngoc son thanh hoa household forest certificate group after receiving fsc forest management certification

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY TRANG LE THI HUYEN AN ASSESSMENT ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT IN NGOC SON - THANH HOA HOUSEHOLD FOREST CERTIFICATE GROUP AFTER RECEIVING FSC FOREST MANAGEMENT CERTIFICATION MASTER THESIS IN FOREST SCIENCE Hà Nội, 2022 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY TRANG LE THI HUYEN AN ASSESSMENT ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT IN NGOC SON - THANH HOA HOUSEHOLD FOREST CERTIFICATE GROUP AFTER RECEIVING FSC FOREST MANAGEMENT CERTIFICATION Major: Forest Science Code: 8620201 MASTER THESIS IN FOREST SCIENCE Academic advisor: DUC DUONG TIEN, Ph.D HIEN CAO THI THU, Ph.D Ha Noi, 2022 i GUARANTEE I hereby guarantee that this Thesis is my own work conducted under the scientific instruction of Dr Duong Tien Duc- General Director of the Institute of Tropical Forest Research and Development and Dr Cao Thi Thu Hien- Vietnam National University of Forestry The data and research results in this thesis are true and don’t overlap with other topics I hereby guarantee to take full responsibility for this Thesis Ha Noi ……2022 Le Thi Huyen Trang ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would never have been able to finish my graduation thesis without the guidance of my supervisors, help from friends, colleagues, and support from my sweet family I would gratefully give acknowledgment of their support and motivation during the time of doing this research First and foremost, I have thanks to my supervisor, Dr Duong Tien Duc - General Director of the Institute of Tropical Forest Research and Development Who trusted in me and was continuously supporting me in every problem that occurred throughout the progress of this thesis Without his dedicated support at every step throughout the process, this thesis would have never been accomplished I would gratefully give acknowledgment to the leaders and colleagues of the Institute of Tropical Forest Research and Development for creating favorable conditions for me in terms of time and support during the process of studying and working here I would like to state my thanks to Dr Cao Thi Thu Hien, who gave me suggestions on how to shape the study and has always been most willing and ready to give me valuable advice, helpful comments as well as correction of my thesis Thank you to the teachers at Vietnam National University of Forestry, who helped me during my study at the school As of last, my special thanks approve to my parents, my brother, and my sister for their endless love, care, and for having the most assistance and motivation for me for the whole of my life I also would like to explain my thanks to my siblings, brothers, and sisters for their support and care for me all the time Ha Noi ……2022 Le Thi Huyen Trang iii ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing forest management after achieving the FSC forest management Certificate in the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group The number of sample plots to be established at the study site is 12 plots (500m2/plot) for growth and yield assessment for species: Indosasa amabilis and Dendrocalamus membranaceus The total survey of 50 households growing I amabilis and 50 households growing D membranaceus in 02 communes Tam Thanh and Tam Lu To assess the economic, social, and environmental efficiency The results showed that: D Membranaceus has an average density of 209 clusters/ha, the average number of trees/cluster is from 10 to 16 trees, the average number of trees in the forest is 1.700 trees/ha, the average volume is 52,4 tons/ha and good growth The quality of I amabilis forest has very good growth and high yield with tree density of 7.487 trees/ha and reserve of 16,2 tons/ha In 2021, from planting I amabilis and D membranaceus, many households have economic development, the income of 30 - 45 million/year, higher than in 2018 when there wasn’t a forest certificate But now, the market is still not stable, the price of I amabilis and D membranaceus products with forest certificates is sold at market prices In 2021, the price of I amabilis and D membranaceus products is 1,8 million/tons of I amabilis and 1,1 million/tons of D membranaceus Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group after receiving FSC forest Certification, which has ensured long-term business activities with high productivity and efficiency, meet the needs of the local community, society, economy, and environment in sustainable development iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter INTRODUCTION Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Awareness of sustainable forest management 2.2 Sustainable development and sustainable management in the World 2.2.1 Sustainable forest management 2.2.2 Forest certificate 10 2.3 Sustainable forest management and forest certification in Vietnam 12 2.3.1 Sustainable Development and sustainable forest management 12 2.3.2 Activities on sustainable forest management in Vietnam 15 Chapter METHODOLOGY 20 3.1 Study area 20 3.1.1 Natural and socio-economic conditions of the Quan Son district 20 3.1.2 Natural and socio-economic conditions of the areas being provided FSCTM forest certification 21 3.1.3 General assessment of disadvantages and advantages in forestry production and sustainable forest management of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group 23 3.2 Data collection and data analysis 26 3.2.1 General method 26 3.2.2 Detailed methods 27 3.2.3 Scientific and practical significance 32 Chapter RESULTS 33 4.1 The situation of forest management of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group 33 4.1.1 Growing and developing history of Indosasa amabilis, Endrocalamus membranaceus forest in the project area 33 v 4.1.2 Production result of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group in years (2013 - 2017) (Before participating in forest certification) 37 4.1.3 Social impacts 42 4.1.4 The impacts on the environment 45 4.2 Results of sustainable forest management in Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group after receiving FSC Forest Management Certification (2018-2021) 46 4.2.1 Implementation information 46 4.2.2 Growth and productivity of D membranaceus and I amabilis of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa forest Certification group after receiving FSC Forest Management Certification 48 4.3 Assess the economic, social, and environmental efficiency in Ngoc Son Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group after achieving FSC-FM 54 4.3.1 Assess the economic efficiency 54 4.3.2 Assess the social efficiency 61 4.3.3 Assess the environmental efficiency 64 4.4 SWOT Analysis 66 4.5 Propose maintaining solutions and developing the efficiency in sustainable forest management in Quan Son district, Thanh Hoa province 69 Chapter CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION 72 REFERENCES 74 APPENDIX 77 vi LIST OF TABLE Table 3.1 Number of plots in each commune 27 Table 3.2 Number of interviewers in each commune 29 Table 4.1 Production result of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group in years from 2013-2017 (before participating in forest certification) 38 Table 4.2 Production result of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group in years from 2013 - 2017 (before participating in forest certification) 40 Table 4.3 Statistics on the number of labor of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group in years (2013-2017) (before participating in forest certification) 44 Table 4.4 Stand characteristics of D Membranaceus in the study area 49 Table 4.5 Stand characteristics of I amabilis in the study area 50 Table 4.6 Annual growth volume of D membranaceus forest (year/hectare) of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group (2016-2021) 52 Table 4.7 Annual growth volume on I amabilis forest (year/hectare) of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group (2016-2021) 53 Table 4.8 Statistics of harvesting reserves and average income of I amabilis and D membranaceus (2018-2021) 55 Table 4.9 Household Income Statistics from production I amabilis and D membranaceus 57 Table 4.10 Income of households after receiving FSC-FM 59 Table 4.11 Labor of the household group in 2019-2021 62 Table 4.12 Environmental impact assessment 64 Table 4.13 SWOT Analysis 66 vii LIST OF FIGURE Figure 3.1 Vegetation map of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group 24 Figure 3.2 Interviewing households participating in forest certification 30 Figure 4.1 Some enterprises produce chopsticks and toothpicks in communes Tam Lu and Tam Thanh 35 Figure 4.2 I amabilis is processed in Tam Lu and Tam Thanh commune 37 Figure 4.3 Income structure during the period from 2013 - 2017 of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group 41 Figure 4.4 Structure of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group 47 Figure 4.5 Average annual growth on D membranaceus forest of Ngoc Son Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group (2016-2021) 51 Figure 4.6 Average annual growth on I amabilis forest of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group (2016-2021) 51 Figure 4.7 Harvesting reserves and income from I amabilis 55 Figure 4.8 Harvesting reserves and income from D membranaceus 56 Figure 4.9 Household income data from production I amabilis 57 Figure 4.10 Household income data from production D membranaceus 58 Figure 4.11 Income of households planted I amabilis 59 Figure 4.12 Income of households planted D membranaceus 60 Figure 4.13 Meeting Group in Tam Lu commune in 2020 63 viii ABBREVIATION D membranaceus Dendrocalamus membranaceus I amabilis Indosasa amabilis FSC Forest Stewardship Council FSC-FM FSC-Forest Management Certificate FSC-CoC FSC-Chain of Custody Certificate FSC-CoC/CW FSC-Chain of Custody/Control Wood Certificate SFM Sustainable Forest Management ITTO International Tropical Timber Organisation UNCED United Nations Conference on Evironment and Development EU European Union VNFOREST Vietnam Administration of Forestry NFS National Forestry Strategy VRG Viet Nam Rubber Group MARD Agriculture and Rural Development VAFS Vietnamese Academy of Forest Science VFCS Vietnam Forest Certification Scheme 70 promotion is extremely important Create product promotion strategies to promote I amabilis and D membranaceus products With the right product promotion strategy, the product will be more widely available I amabilis and D membranaceus products have been after achieving FSC-FM with legal raw materials, good quality, and confirmed brands - Solutions to strengthen and expand the partnership relationship with the organization: Strengthening the capacity of the organization with collaboration requires a combination of strengthening relationships with customers The representative board of FSC-FM connects with companies/enterprises purchasing certified I.amabilis, D membranaceus products to plan to promote these products to the market Connecting with Vietnam Timber and Forest Products Association - VIFORES helps connect businesses looking for markets and output sources for certified I.amabilis, D membranaceus products Currently, the output of certified raw materials has not met the purchasing needs of enterprises local and exported to international markets - Scientific-technologic solution: of I.amabilis, D membranaceus plantation forests of the group of households Certificated Ngoc Son forest Thanh Hoa was previously planted in the traditional extensive way Select the suitable types of I.amabilis, D membranaceus to adapt to topographic conditions and have high productivity; monitor the growth of the plantation; apply the harvesting process of the plantation at low impact;… It is necessary to apply silvicultural techniques to forest care, using the method integrated IPM prevention to manage pests and diseases of forest trees based on ecology, which will increase productivity, protect the sanitation environment, reduce toxicity due to drug use and reduce investment costs Use pesticides only when necessary After afforestation for chemical packaging, the bags are collected, delivered, and concentrated for treatment according to regulations 71 - Human resources: Training in technique and forest management for the members and local people in the short term; training agricultural expansion or forestry expansion to guide the techniques for local people… - Forest management and protection: It is necessary to educate and propagandize local people about forest protection, create jobs, improve the living standards for local people living near the forest, reduce pressure regarding the forest; strengthening patrols in the forest 72 Chapter CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusions From 2018 - 2021, the implementation of the development of SFM plans, the households group has taken measures for sustainable production and lowimpact exploitation Therefore, the average annual growth of I amabilis and D membranaceus forests has continuously increased, leading to an increase in annual exploitation in yields, bringing high economic efficiency to households The households of the group have had 03 years of experience in implementing SFM and knowledge in the process of producing and forest certification The average exploitation reserves of I amabilis and D membranaceus increase respectively: from 15.09 tons in 2018 to 23.91 tons in 2021, an increase of 58.4% of I amabilis reserves; in 2018 has 21.55 tons to 28.68 tons in 2021, an increase of 33.08% of D membranaceus reserves The price of I amabilis and D membranaceus products increased from 1,5 and 0,9 million/tons in 2018 to 1.8 and 1.1 million dongs in 2021, respectively the price of I amabilis and D membranaceus products in 2021 increased by 20% and 22.2% compared to 2018 However, the source of output products is not stable, the purchasing price of I amabilis and D membranaceus is still equal to the market price The achievement of the forest management certificate is not as expected because the output for I amabilis and D membranaceus 's products has not been found, which is already certified for the forest The results of data synthetic the social effect of I amabilis and D membranaceus after receiving FSC-FM in Quan Son district is very significant The social efficiency detail: the total number of employees from 2018 to 2021 increased from 1.272 to 1.525 employees who are people living near forests with jobs and income sources from production activities I amabilis and D 73 membranaceus, the number of main laborers of the household group increased from 630 people to 721 people; the number of hired laborers increased from 642 to 804 people The level of awareness and capacity of cadres and people participating in the implementation of FSC forest certification has been improved Besides, it also raises awareness and understanding for forest owners who haven't participated in FSC-FM in the locality in Quan Son district in particular and other localities in general There should be solutions to maintain and promote the effectiveness of SFM in Quan Son district, Thanh Hoa province Funding for forest certification maintenance activities is also a difficult problem for forest owners who have obtained FSC-FM of the household Group Therefore, it is necessary to have mechanisms and policies from the government to promote the potential and strengths as well as create opportunities to improve the value of I.amabilis, D membranaceus trees of the household group 5.2 Limitations Because of the limited time and scope of the study, the study can't avoid shortcomings and only evaluates the main effects (socio-economic- environmental) in the implementation of sustainable forest management for Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa households forest Certificate Group 5.3 Recommendations Need expanded research to evaluate the effectiveness of sustainable forest management implement the forest owners to understand and implement SFM and to promote group forest certification in Quan Sơn - Thanh Hoa in particular and the country in general 74 REFERENCES Vietnamese [1] Ngọc Anh (24/07/2019), “Phát triển hiệu bền vững giá trị Luồng xứ Thanh”, báo Thanh Hóa [2] Bộ Nơng nghiệp PTNT (2000), Quyết định ban hành tiêu chuẩn ngành 04TCN-21-2000, 04TCN22-2000, 04TCN23-2000 [3] Bộ Nông nghiệp PTNT (2000) Thông tư số 33/2018/TT-BNNPTNT Quy định điều tra, kiểm kê theo dõi diễn biến rừng [4] Phạm Văn Điển (chủ biên), Bùi Thế Đồi, Lê Viết Lâm, Trần Thị Thu Hà (2012) Hướng dẫn kỹ thuật thâm canh tre nứa, NXB Nông nghiệp, Hà Nội [5] Hà Sĩ Đồng (2017), Luận án tiến sĩ lâm nghiệp “Đánh giá quản lý rừng bền vững giám sát thực sau cấp chứng rừng công ty lâm nghiệp Bến Hải, tỉnh Quảng Trị, Trường đại học Lâm nghiệp [6] Nguyễn Hoàng Nghĩa (2005), “Tre trúc Việt Nam”, NXB Nơng nghiệp, Hà Nội [7] Hồi Thu (20/04/2019), “2 xã huyện Quan Sơn cấp chứng quản lý rừng bền vững”, báo Thanh Hóa [8] Tổng cục Lâm nghiệp (2019), “Sổ tay, tài liệu hướng dẫn thực Quản lý rừng bền vững”, NXB công thương, Hà Nội [9] Nguyễn Tử Ưởng (2012), “Nghiên cứu Vầu đắng (Indosasa amabilis McClure)”, Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam [10] UBND huyện Quan Sơn (2020), Báo cáo Kinh tế xã hội huyện Quan Sơn tỉnh Thanh Hóa [11] Ủy ban nhân dân xã Tam Lư (2018, 2019, 2020, 2021), Báo cáo tình hình phát triển kinh tế - xã hội, quốc phòng xã Tam Lư [12] Ủy ban nhân dân xã Tam Thanh (2018, 2019, 2020, 2021), Báo cáo tình hình phát triển kinh tế - xã hội, quốc phòng xã Tam Thanh [13] Viện nghiên cứu Phát triển Lâm nghiệp Nhiệt đới (2017), “Báo cáo phương án Quản lý rừng bền vững nhóm hộ Chứng rừng Ngọc Sơn Thanh Hóa”, Viện nghiên cứu Phát triển Lâm nghiệp Nhiệt đới 75 English [14] Dang, T.T., Trinh, L.T., Li, Y., Durai, J (2020), “Assessment of Bamboo Forest Ecosystem Services in Thanh Hoa Province, Viet Nam A Comparison of Bamboo Forestry with Other Land Uses”, International bamboo and rattan organization [15] FAO (1995), the challenge of sustainable forest management Rome [16] FAO (1997a), FAO's Strategic Plan for Forestry Rome [17] FAO (1997b), Implications of sustainable forest management for global fiber supplies By J Williams, P Duinker & G Bull Working Paper No GFSS/WP/OS, Global Supply Study Rome [18] FAO (1997c), the provisional outlook for global forest products consumption, production, and trade to 2010 By D Zhang J Buongiorno, Y Zhang & S Zhu Rome [19] Fischer, G & Heilig, G.K 1996 Population momentum and the demand on land and water resources Laxenburg, Austria IIASA [20] Nilsson, N.-E 1991, Forestry for sustainable development Statement at ITTO Council, May 1991, ITTO, Yokohama, Japan [21] Nilsson, S 1996, Do we have enough forests? Occasional Paper No Vienna, IUFRO [22] Nilsson, S 1997, Critique of the FAO provisional outlook for global forest products, consumption production and trade to 2010 Paper presented (for IIASA) at the FAO Forest Sector Outlook Studies Working Group, 2425 February 1997, Rome [23] Ogden, C 1990, Building nutritional considerations into forestry development efforts Unasylva 76 [24] Tran, G.N., Luu, H.P., Hoang, V.T., Doan, C & staff of Thanh Hoa Dendrocalamus Station (2006), “Study of planting technique and management of Dendrocalamus membranaceus forest for establishment of large-scale plantations”, Vietnamese Academy of Forest sciences [25] Hoang Van Tuan (2018), “Necessity for Sustainable Forest Management (FSC) in the Management and protection of forests in Thanh Hoa province”, Corenacca [26] VNFOREST (2021), “the implementation of the Project on SFM and forest certification in 2021”, In Vietnam, According to Vietnam Administration of Forestry Website [27] https://fsc.org/en [28] https://fsc.org/en/forest-management-certification [29]https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/forests_practice/forest_sector_tra nsformation_updated/forest_certification/ [30]https://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/dendrocalamus-membranaceus [31] https://www.pefc.org/discover-pefc/what-is-pefc [32]https://www.sgs.vn/en/agriculture-food/forestry/audits-certification-andtraining/forest-products-chain-of-custody-coc-standard-and-certification-fscand-pefc 77 APPENDIX Table 01: SURVEY FORM Plot No: Commune: District: Province: Main forest type: Sub-forest type: Absolute altitude: Average slope: Forest status: Cover of the trees: Number No Species/Age of Species/age group species (1) (2) Vau (3) (4) Vau Young tree Young tree Middle tree Old tree …………… Middle tree Old tree D1,3 Hvn (cm) (m) (5) (6) Remark (7) 78 Table 02: INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRES (Interview staff, Representative, Group leader) I General information Full name: …………………………….…… Age: ……………Gender: Male/Female Address: ………………………………………………………………………………… Interviewer: …………………………………………………………………………… Date: …………………………………………………………………… II Information Question 1: Please tell me about the understanding/awareness of residents about sustainable forest management and forest certificate after achieving the FSC Forest Management certificate? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 2: Tell me about Socially beneficial forest management that helps both local people and society at large from the forest? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 3: Tell me about sustainable forest management also strong incentives for local people to sustain the forest resources and adhere to long-term management plans? ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 79 Question 4: Please tell me, after achieving the FSC Forest Management certificate, How does the harvesting of timber and non-timber products maintain the forest’s biodiversity, productivity, and ecological processes? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 5: Please tell me about after achieving the FSC Forest Management certificate the households in the commune to ensure benefits, enhance income and create employment opportunities for local people? ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 6: Please tell me about FSC has many benefits for the forest owners and the local community, as well as the environment, How does forest Certification help strengthen communities and workers? ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 7: Forest management can help to improve forest, including the forest’s future productivity - not only for timber but also for non-timber forest products? ……………………………………………………………………………………… … ……………………………………………………………………………………… … ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 8: Tell me about after Receiving FSC Forest Management Certification, Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa Forest Certificate Group has created jobs for people living near 80 the forest, increased income, and contributed to poverty reduction, management, and monitoring of biodiversity? ……………………………………………………………………………………… … ……………………………………………………………………………………… … ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 9: Could you please tell me about After Receiving FSC Forest Management Certification, Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa Forest Certificate Group has contributed to economic development in the region, raising the material and spiritual life for local people? ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 10: Please tell me about after receiving FSC Forest Management Certification, it has changed the ecological environment in a positive way, stabilizing water sources and climate in the region? ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 11: Does the development of forest production activities will contribute to the development of technical infrastructure in the local area, such as rural transportation systems are improved, irrigation systems, and the services of agriculture and forestry expanded? ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 81 Question 12: Do you think it is necessary to promote activities to expand the certified forest area in Quan Son district? ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ……………………………………………………………………………………….… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 82 Table 03: INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRES (Group participants and households not participating in forest certificate) I General information Full name: …………………………….…… Age: ……………Gender: Male/Female Address: ………………………………………………………………………………… Species area: Vau: …………………………… (ha); Luong………………………(ha) Interviewer: …………………………………………………………………………… Date: …………………………………………………………………………………… I Information Question 1: Does your household participate in a certificate of sustainable forest management? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 2: Could you please tell me the productivity and price of Vau and Luong forest in the last years? Year Productivity Vau Luong Price (VNĐ/tree) Vau Luong 2018 2019 2020 Question 3: Please tell me about your understanding/awareness of sustainable forest management and forest certificate after achieving FSC Forest Management? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 83 Question 4: Please tell me, after achieving the FSC Forest Management certificate, How does the harvesting of timber and non-timber products maintain the forest’s biodiversity, productivity, and ecological processes? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 5: Tell me about after achieving the FSC Forest Management certificate the households in the commune enhance income and create employment opportunities for local people? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 6: After Receiving FSC Forest Management Certification has the ecological environment changed positively, stabilizing water sources and climate in the region? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 7: After Receiving FSC Forest Management Certification, Ngoc Son Thanh Hoa Forest Certificate Group will create jobs for your household and people living near the forest? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 8: How sustainable forest management has helped households engage in responsible forest stewardship, the economic benefits, and markets for your household and people living near the forest? 84 ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 9: Does sustainable forest management contribute to environmental change? Protect Biodiversity? create higher revenues? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 10: Please tell me about after receiving FSC Forest Management Certification, it has changed the ecological environment in a positive way, stabilizing water sources and climate in the region? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 11: Does sustainable forest management incentives for your family and local people to maintain forest resources and adhere to long-term management plans? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 12: Do you have the desire to participate in sustainable forest management and forest certificate? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………