MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMEN VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY BUI TRUNG HIEU CONSERVATION OF CINNAMOMUM PARTHENOXYLON (JACK) MEISN IN HOA BINH PROVINCE Major: Tropical forestry Faculty: Silvicultural ID: 8620201 Course: 2018 - 2020 MASTER DISSERTATION ACADEMIC ADVISOR: PROF DR HOANG VAN SAM HANOI, 2021 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT During the time conducted this study, I received lot of support, guidance and encouragement Foremost, I would like to express my endless thanks and gratefulness to my supervisor- Prof/Dr Hoang Van Sam for his kindly support and patient guidance Besides, I feel great pleasure to extend my thanks to all other staff in Hang Kia – Pa Co Natural Reserve and Thuong Tien Natural Reserve for helping during the time I carried out the experiment and providing me a lot of valuable information I also want to send my sincere gratitude to my family for always supporting me and giving me endless love, care and motivation Finally, I thanks to my friends, their friendship as well as their great support gave me strength and lifted me up all the trouble ii ABTRACT Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Meisn, which is rare and poorly regenerated The species has been recorded in Vietnam Red Book (2007) with the ranking of CR level and in the List of endangered, precious and rare forest flora and fauna (group 2) of Decree No.84/2021/ND-CP of the Vietnamese Government to restrict exploitation and use for commercial purposes In study area, C.parthenoxylon was scattered in some points with very few individuals They distributed in different elevation ranging from 319-1352m Forests where C.parthenoxylon distributed usually had two wooden layer structure, mainly in the forest state IIA, IIB, IIIA, and IIIB The most common species were: Castanopsis hystrix, Manglietia conifera, Adinandra integerrima, Homalocladium platycladum, Quercus macrocalyx, Clerodendron fragrans The regeneration trees density of forest in the study area was normal Essential oil content of C.parthenoxylon was average of 0.95%; 1.07%; 1.03%; corresponding to leaves, bark and branches In bark was the highest oil content compare with leaves and branches Using IAA with a concentration of 400 ppm, and using the formula: 50% basalt red soil + 50% sand for propagation iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ABTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLE iv LIST OF FIGURE vi Chapter INTRODUCTION Chapter OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH .3 2.1 In the World 2.1.1 Researches on biodiversity and conservations .3 2.1.2 Researches on conservation of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (jack) meisn 2.2 In Vietnam 2.2.1 Researches on biodiversity and conservations .6 2.2.2 Researches on conservation of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (jack) meisn Chapter GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTION 11 3.1 Goal 11 3.2 Specific objectives 11 3.2 Research questions 11 Chapter MATERIAL & METHOD 12 4.1 Study site 12 4.1.1 Hang Kia - Pa Co Natural Reserve 12 4.1.2 Thuong Tien Natural Reserve 14 4.2 Data inheritance method 15 4.3 Field investigation method 15 4.3.1 Collect data along survey transects 15 4.3.2 Sampling methods 17 4.4 Non-field investigation method 19 4.4.1 Data processing 19 iv 4.4.2 Analyzing the content of essential oil in cinnamomum parthenoxylon 20 4.4.3 Propagation .21 Chapter RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24 5.1 Morphological characteristics of C parthenoxylon in Hoa Binh province .24 5.1.1 Stem and branches .24 5.1.2 Leaves: 24 5.1.3 Flower and fruit 29 5.2 Ecological characteristics of C parthenoxylon in Hoa Binh province 30 5.2.1 Distribution of C parthenoxylon in Hoa Binh province 30 5.2.2 Forest structural where C.parthenoxylon distributed 34 5.3 Results of essential oil content of C parthenoxylon in the Hoa Binh province 41 5.3.1 Material dryness .41 5.3.2 Raw material status 42 5.3.3 Time 44 5.3.4 Results of determination of essential oil content from the collected samples 45 5.4 Results of propagation of C parthenoxylon in the Hoa Binh province .47 5.4.1 Effect of concentration and type of stimulant on rooting ability 47 5.4.2 Effect of potting composition on survival rate and growth of cuttings 50 5.5 Difficulties, challenges and solutions to conservation of C.parthenoxylon 54 5.5.1 Difficulties and challenges .54 5.5.2 Proposing some solutions to conserve C.parthenoxylon 55 CONCLUSION 58 REFERENCES 60 APPENDICES v LIST OF TABLE Table 4.1: Survey of overstorey floor .17 Table 4.2: Survey of regeneration .18 Table 4.3: Survey of six-tree plot 19 Table 5.1 Leaf size of C parthenoxylon in HangKia-PaCo NR 25 Table 5.2 Leaf size of C parthenoxylon in ThuongTien NR 26 Table 5.3 Size of tissue layers of of C parthenoxylon leaves 27 Table 5.4 Chlorophyll content of C parthenoxylon leaves .27 Table 5.5 Investigation results on C.parthenoxylon in Hoa Binh province .30 Table 5.6 Composition formula of overstorey layer where C.parthenoxylon distributed 34 Table 5.7 Composition formula of regeration layer where C.parthenoxylon distributed 37 Table 5.8 Frequency and size of species that grows on nearby with C parthenoxylon 40 Table 5.9 Essential oil content according to material dryness 42 Table 5.10 Essential oil content according to material size .42 Table 5.11 Variability of essential oil content over time 44 Table 5.12 Essential oil content on selected trees 45 Table 5.13 Effect of concentration and type of stimulant on rooting ability 48 Table 5.14 Cuttings growth at nursery stage 50 vi LIST OF FIGURE Figure 4.1 Study area .12 Figur 5.1 Stems and branches morphology 24 Figure 5.2 Leaf morphology .26 Figure 5.3 Anatomical images of C parthenoxylon leaves .28 Figure 5.4 Flowers of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon .29 Figure 5.5 Fruit of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon 29 Figure 5.6 Distribution map of C.parthenoxylon in HangKia – PaCo 32 Figure 5.7 Distribution map of C.parthenoxylon in Thuong Tien Natural Reserve 33 Figure 5.8 Procedure of oil distillation 43 Figure 5.9 C parthenoxylon oil after distillation 44 Figure 5.10 Essential oil content of C.parthenoxylon in Hoa Binh province 46 Figure 5.11 Effect of concentration and type of stimulant on rooting ability 50 Figure 5.12 Effect of potting composition on survival rate of cuttings 52 Figure 5.13 Effect of potting composition on root diameter growth .53 Figure 5.14 Effect of potting composition on height growth 54 Chapter INTRODUCTION Vietnam is recognized as one of the countries with the highest biodiversity in the world, with a rich and endemic variety of ecosystems, species and genetic resources Diversity of ecosystems including forests, marine, wetlands, abundance of species and genetic resources of organisms, and the environmental services provided by them Together with the system of traditional knowledge and local culture on resource management and use, has made the biodiversity playing an extremely important role and value in ensuring food security and socio-economic development Especially in the field of agriculture, forestry and fishery However, it cannot be denied the fact that biodiversity resources in Viet Nam are constantly being degraded under the pressure of population growth, overexploitation of biological resources and trade-offs with economic development priorities The loss of natural forests, leading to land degradation due to erosion, rivers and lakes being sedimentation, the environment changed, the drought and floods increased, greatly affecting all aspects of life of many residential areas Deforestation also means the loss of diversity in genetic resources of fauna and flora Hoa Binh is a mountainous province, bordering the west of the Red River Delta Hoa Binh has medium mountainous terrain, complex division and high slope The topography of Hoa Binh divided into two regions: high mountains in the northwest have an average elevation of 600 - 700 m, and the low mountainous area is located in the southeast Hoa Binh has a humid subtropical climate, with little rain in winter and hot, lots of rain in summers With these conditions, Hoa Binh is considered one of the biodiversity centers of the northwest region of Viet Nam Biodiversity in Hoa Binh is concentrated mainly in two nature reserves: Hang Kia - Pa Co and Thuong Tien Hang Kia - Pa Co Nature Reserve is located in the northwest region of Hoa Binh province in the territory of six communes: Pa Co, Hang Kia, Tan Son, Bao La, Cun Pheo and Pieng Ve, with a total area of 5,258 ha, on an altitude from 800 to 1500m Located on a typical karst area with high biodiversity, from 1986, Hang Kia - Pa Co was planned to become a specialuse forest and in 1997 was converted into a Nature Reserve Thuong Tien Nature Reserve has an area of over 6,000 ha, located in communes including: Kim Tien, Thuong Tien (Kim Boi) and Quy Hoa (Lac Son) In particular, Thuong Tien commune is located in the core area with the largest area of more than 5,000 hectares This is a biodiversity forest of the province with 648 species of plants Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Meisn is a valuable and multipurpose species because this species has a strong aroma, durability, firmness, is therefore not attacked by termites, and the value of essential oils used in many industries and cosmetics It currently classified as Critically Endangered (CR A1a, c, d) in the Vietnam Red Book (2007) Despite high economic and conservation values, the researches on this species in the world and Viet Nam are lacking, most of the research just focused on describing morphological characteristics and species identification However, researches on biological characteristics, ecology, propagation and conservation are limited Because of its high economic value, the illegal exploitation of this species in Vietnam is becoming a hot spot In particular, the problem of natural regeneration of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon is very poor, the number of trees in the wild decreases, so conservation of this species is very necessary In order to understand the current conservation status and create a basis for proposing management solutions and protection of this endangered and precious species Therefore, I chose the topic: “Conservation of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Meisn) in Hoa Binh province” Chapter OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH 2.1 In the World 2.1.1 Researches on biodiversity and conservations Forests support about 65% of the world's land taxa and have the highest species diversity for many taxonomic groups, including birds, invertebrates and microbes Consequently, the protection of forest biodiversity is a vital challenge and has rightfully become a core component of several national and international agreements on forest management (Lindenmayer, Franklin, & Fischer, 2016) In most literature, biodiversity means species variety and is an abundance of all living things in existence on earth, from the smallest to the largest species, from microorganisms, fungi, plants, animals, habitats and the world in which they live (Barthlott, Lauer, & Placke, 1996) Biodiversity is not only a central component of environmental studies; it is also a hot subject of global research on transition It is of great importance to preserve the global ecological balance and to promote human sustainable development (Yildiz, Ozbek, Tasdemir, & Topkara, 2015) Protecting tropical forests is a central pillar of both national and international policies to conserve biodiversity While improved protective and incentive policies have reduced deforestation rates in some tropical nations, the conservation value of the remaining primary forests in the world may be weakened by potential disturbance effects, which fall into two major categories First, landscape disturbances is caused by deforestation itself with the area, isolation and edge effects deteriorating the condition of the remaining forests Second, inland-forest disturbances, such as wildfires and selective logging, contribute to marked changes in forest structure and species composition (Barlow, et al., 2016) Plot PLOT5 PLOT5 PLOT5 PLOT5 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 Forest Species stage IIA vù hương IIA Pơmu IIA Pơmu IIA Mỡ IIB Mỡ IIB Mỡ IIB Lìu thiu IIB Pơmu IIB Xá xị IIB Dẻ IIB Dẻ IIB Dẻ IIB Dẻ IIB Táu mặt quỷ IIB Dẻ IIB Dẻ lỗ IIB Mỡ IIB hốc quang trắng IIB Mỡ IIB Mỡ IIB Xá xị IIB Mỡ IIB Dẻ IIB Táu mặt quỷ IIB Dẻ IIB Sồi đấu to IIB Dẻ IIB long bàn IIB Mỡ IIB vù hương IIB vù hương IIB Mỡ IIB Mỡ D1.3 (cm) 12.8 12.6 16.3 23.5 19.2 24.7 14.5 25.4 29.5 8.8 26.4 25.9 10.7 15.1 19.3 14.1 29.2 21.1 18.5 11.6 7.2 8.8 26.4 25.9 10.7 15.1 19.3 14.1 29.2 21.1 18.5 20.7 21.9 H Hunder Crow Crow Ave (m) (m) EW NS Crow 10.5 7.2 6.8 6.4 9.1 10.4 5.1 5.9 5.5 9.6 11.9 4.8 5.1 5.0 10.2 10.0 5.7 5.6 5.7 19.7 8.7 4.6 4.5 4.6 15.9 8.6 5.3 3.1 4.2 16.8 5.6 4.8 4.4 15.1 6.6 5.6 3.5 4.6 17.4 5.7 3.9 4.4 4.2 18.2 5.6 4.4 3.7 16.1 7.1 4.8 3.5 4.2 20.0 6.2 3.8 3.8 3.8 13.6 8.0 4.3 3.9 4.1 18.6 5.7 4.8 4.9 17.4 6.2 4.3 3.5 3.9 19.0 6.1 3.2 5.2 4.2 17.5 6.7 4.4 4.3 4.4 19.5 8.2 3.4 4.2 3.8 18.9 9.0 5.6 4.9 5.3 14.1 8.3 4.1 3.4 3.8 16.9 5.7 4.4 4.6 4.5 15.3 7.6 4.4 3.7 14.9 6.6 4.8 3.5 4.2 18.8 6.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 19.2 5.6 4.3 3.9 4.1 17.3 6.9 4.8 4.9 18.4 4.5 4.3 3.5 3.9 13.5 7.1 3.2 5.2 4.2 13.8 8.7 4.4 4.3 4.4 18.1 4.8 3.4 4.2 3.8 15.8 7.6 5.6 4.9 5.3 17.0 8.4 4.9 5.2 5.1 14.6 8.4 4.9 5.0 Plot PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT6 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT7 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 Forest Species stage IIB Táu mặt quỷ IIB Dẻ IIB Táu mặt quỷ IIB Sồi đấu to IIB Dẻ IIB Pơmu IIB Mỡ IIB Sồi dấu cứng IIB Sồi đấu to IIB Pơmu IIB Dẻ IIB Mỡ IIB Mỡ IIB Pơmu IIB Táu mặt quỷ IIB Mỡ IIB Dẻ IIB Trâm trắng IIB Mỡ IIB Táu mặt quỷ IIB Sao đen IIB Sồi đấu to IIB Dẻ IIB Sồi dấu cứng IIB Táu mặt quỷ IIB Pơmu IIB Dẻ IIB Lim xẹt IIA Lim xẹt IIA Lìu thiu IIA Lim xẹt IIA Trâm trắng IIA Dẻ D1.3 (cm) 17.6 27.7 15.6 16.7 32.2 29.2 18.8 12.3 24.7 24.9 25.6 29.1 31.4 12.8 23.9 27.1 16.1 13.5 31.6 32.2 25.4 28.5 20.8 19.8 11.3 22.6 14.9 25.5 17.7 20.5 15.2 32.9 15.3 H Hunder Crow Crow Ave (m) (m) EW NS Crow 19.4 6.0 5.2 5.5 5.4 17.0 5.3 5.7 4.2 5.0 13.2 5.3 5.7 4.4 5.1 14.7 8.8 3.7 5.6 4.7 7.9 7.7 4.2 4.8 4.5 12.5 5.1 5.3 4.9 5.1 7.2 9.7 4.1 4.7 4.4 7.9 5.8 5.4 5.8 5.6 13.2 8.3 5.7 4.2 5.0 8.7 9.3 4.6 5.5 5.1 8.7 6.9 6.5 4.2 5.4 9.9 9.6 4.1 5.3 4.7 9.0 8.3 6.9 5.4 6.2 13.2 7.4 5.2 5.2 5.2 8.0 7.4 5.5 4.9 5.2 9.2 6.5 5.1 4.7 4.9 14.0 8.1 4.6 4.9 4.8 13.4 8.4 6.7 4.7 5.7 11.7 8.8 6.5 4.3 5.4 11.3 7.0 5.7 5.4 5.6 7.3 7.1 6.5 5.8 11.1 9.0 4.8 5.7 5.3 9.5 6.6 6.6 5.9 6.3 10.7 8.1 4.5 5.3 4.9 9.8 7.8 4.5 5.9 5.2 8.1 7.5 6.5 5.1 5.8 13.8 8.4 6.6 5.4 6.0 9.3 8.0 4.7 4.8 4.8 23.5 8.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 17.1 11.5 4.5 4.2 4.4 24.0 8.1 5.3 5.8 5.6 17.6 11.5 6.4 5.2 5.8 17.5 9.0 5.8 5.9 Plot PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT8 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 PLOT9 Forest Species stage IIA Mỡ IIA Dẻ IIA Sồi đấu to IIA Lìu thiu IIA mò roi IIA Dẻ IIA Dẻ IIA Dẻ IIA Mỡ IIA re hương IIA long bàn IIA Mỡ IIA Pơmu IIA trúc tiết IIA Pơmu IIA xoan nhừ IIA Sồi dấu cứng IIA Dẻ IIA Lìu thiu IIIA Táu mặt quỷ IIIA Pơmu IIIA Dẻ IIIA Mỡ IIIA Táu mặt quỷ IIIA Dẻ IIIA Sao đen IIIA Lìu thiu IIIA Mỡ IIIA Lìu thiu IIIA Sao đen IIIA Lìu thiu IIIA Mỡ IIIA Lìu thiu D1.3 (cm) 13.1 20.8 18.3 18.8 11.5 18.9 18.6 25.7 28.7 20.7 17.5 14.2 10.3 17.3 10.3 23.8 30.8 24.4 16.8 8.2 17.8 17.3 17.4 29.2 10.7 8.8 20.2 27.2 27.9 8.2 24.2 29.5 30.7 H Hunder Crow Crow Ave (m) (m) EW NS Crow 17.5 8.6 5.2 4.8 5.0 21.3 10.5 4.2 5.5 4.9 21.1 8.4 5.6 5.9 5.8 24.0 9.4 5.4 5.7 20.5 7.4 4.1 5.2 4.7 18.7 8.9 5.4 5.6 5.5 18.9 8.4 6.8 4.2 5.5 20.5 7.8 5.4 4.9 5.2 22.0 8.4 5.7 5.4 5.6 18.3 9.3 4.6 4.2 4.4 17.5 10.3 4.2 4.6 4.4 18.8 11.0 6.1 6.1 19.3 9.7 5.4 5.5 5.5 20.4 11.5 4.7 5.6 5.2 22.6 8.1 5.6 5.8 20.9 8.3 4.3 5.9 5.1 19.3 9.1 5.5 5.7 5.6 22.4 8.2 5.1 5.2 5.2 21.6 8.2 4.9 5.2 5.1 17.1 9.1 5.5 5.6 5.6 17.4 8.0 5.4 5.8 5.6 21.3 7.7 6.7 5.8 6.3 17.2 8.0 5.9 4.1 5.0 18.0 8.5 5.3 4.1 4.7 16.2 9.2 5.9 5.5 18.5 8.8 5.1 6.1 22.6 8.7 5.3 5.3 5.3 18.7 6.1 6.5 5.2 5.9 19.6 9.9 5.6 5.9 5.8 17.7 9.2 5.5 5.6 5.6 18.3 8.3 4.8 4.9 4.9 18.1 5.6 4.6 5.8 5.2 22.0 7.4 4.4 5.8 5.1 Forest Species stage PLOT9 IIIA Lìu thiu PLOT9 IIIA Lìu thiu PLOT9 IIIA Dẻ PLOT9 IIIA Sồi dấu cứng PLOT9 IIIA Dẻ PLOT9 IIIA trúc tiết PLOT9 IIIA Mỡ PLOT9 IIIA Táu mặt quỷ PLOT9 IIIA trúc tiết PLOT9 IIIA Xá xị PLOT9 IIIA Trẩu PLOT9 IIIA Trẩu PLOT9 IIIA Sung rừng PLOT9 IIIA Màng tang PLOT9 IIIA Xoan rừng PLOT9 IIIA Xoan rừng PLOT9 IIIA Ba soi PLOT9 IIIA Dẻ PLOT9 IIIA Lim xẹt PLOT9 IIIA Máu chó nhỏ PLOT9 IIIA Re chụm PLOT9 IIIA sp1 PLOT9 IIIA Chẹo PLOT9 IIIA Sau sau PLOT9 IIIA Chẹo PLOT10 IIIA Xá xị PLOT10 IIIA Gội PLOT10 IIIA Gội PLOT10 IIIA Ba soi PLOT10 IIIA Máu chó nhỏ PLOT10 IIIA Ba bét PLOT10 IIIA Trẩu PLOT10 IIIA Ba bét Plot D1.3 (cm) 19.6 16.3 13.5 19.4 10.5 30.5 29.6 16.8 24.1 21.7 19.4 18.5 31.8 17.5 28.7 27.1 13.4 23.9 19.1 10.3 24.5 8.7 12.3 14.5 14.9 41.1 20.7 13.4 28.7 17.5 30.3 19.7 22.3 H Hunder Crow Crow Ave (m) (m) EW NS Crow 22.5 7.3 4.1 5.1 4.6 22.0 9.6 4.2 4.8 4.5 17.9 5.9 4.4 5.7 5.1 18.1 9.3 5.3 5.2 21.7 9.5 4.7 5.1 4.9 16.4 8.2 5.9 4.8 5.4 22.5 7.3 5.2 4.7 5.0 18.5 7.7 4.8 4.9 4.9 22.2 7.8 5.4 4.2 4.8 13 3.5 10 5.0 7 6.0 10 6 6.0 12 10 3 3.0 21 13 3 3.0 18 10 3.5 2.5 15 10 2.5 15 11 3.5 3 2.5 11 4.5 2 2.0 4 4.0 5.5 5 4.5 17 14 10 12 11.0 3 3.0 2 2.0 11 4.5 4.0 15 13 4.0 10 3.5 10 3.5 Forest stage PLOT10 IIIA PLOT10 IIIA PLOT10 IIIA PLOT10 IIIA PLOT10 IIIA PLOT10 IIIA PLOT10 IIIA PLOT10 IIIA PLOT10 IIIA PLOT10 IIIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT11 IIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA Plot Species Trẩu Sồi Ba bét bời lời bời lời kháo mắc niểng kháo gội Sp1 Xá xị Ba bét Trẩu Bông đề Dẻ gai Vàng tâm Sồi Ngát Trẩu nanh chuột Sp1 gội Sp2 thừng mực kháo Sp3 gội thừng mực Sp1 thừng mực Xá xị Mít rừng Lim xẹt D1.3 (cm) 25.5 17.5 27.1 22.5 35.7 16.4 13 12.3 26.1 13.7 36.6 15.9 17.5 23.9 41.4 36.6 44.6 35.3 36.5 14.1 47.4 11.8 11.2 7.3 19.1 31.7 7.5 11.3 37 8.2 44.6 15.9 46.2 H Hunder Crow Crow Ave (m) (m) EW NS Crow 12 4 4.0 13 10 3.5 3.8 3.5 11 2.5 14 5.5 10 2.5 17 4 4.0 10 2.5 22 15 6.0 10 2.5 21 17 7.5 10 3 3.0 10 2.5 12 5 5.0 15 11 10 9.0 12 11 5.5 17 12 10 8.5 15 7 7.0 15 12 5.5 13 10 3.5 17 11 10 8.5 11 4.5 11 2.5 3.5 14 12 4.0 14 10 8.5 2.5 10 4.0 14 10 6.0 10 2.5 25 21 7.5 3 3.0 25 20 10 8.5 Forest stage PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT12 IIIA PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT13 IIB PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA Plot Species Vàng tâm Bồ kết rừng Dâu da đất Ràng ràng Vàng tâm Sến mật Dẻ gai Sp1 Trám trắng Màng tang Me rừng Sp2 Sau sau Mí Màng tang Me rừng Xá xị Sp1 Ràng ràng Sến mật Lim xẹt Màng tang Vàng tâm Nhội Mít rừng Sau sau Sau sau Sảng nhung Mí Sồi xanh Lá nến Xá xị Bồ đề D1.3 (cm) 68.5 39.2 26.4 22.3 28.7 31.8 30.3 15.9 22.3 19.5 12.7 19.1 54.5 11.6 19 12.7 60.5 27.1 28.7 90.8 98.7 22.3 39.8 41.4 36.9 62 59 10 18 11 21 41.7 25.5 H Hunder Crow Crow Ave (m) (m) EW NS Crow 27 23 15 13 14.0 16 12 5.0 7 6.0 12 4.5 15 13 4 4.0 14 10 4.5 15 12 5.5 5 4.0 11 5.0 2.5 2.8 11 2.5 2.5 2.5 11 3 3.0 19 2.5 2.8 6 3.5 4.8 2.5 2.8 11 2.5 2.5 2.5 18 15 6.5 12 4.5 11 3 3.0 20 11 10 8.5 27 25 12 10 11.0 3.5 25 21 6.0 15 12 7.0 11 5 5.0 19 8.5 8.8 20 11 10 9.0 2 2.0 10 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.8 12 4.5 4.8 25 20 4.5 20 15 2.5 Forest stage PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT14 IIIA PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB PLOT15 IIB Plot Species Dẻ Dầu Xoan đào Khét Lim xẹt Sồi xanh Sồi xanh Kháo Thanh thất Thanh thất Chẹo Dẻ Chẹo Sồi xanh Chẹo Xá xị Dâu gia đất Dẻ Mít rừng Ngát Trám trắng Chẹo Ràng ràng xanh Ràng ràng xanh Bời lời Bời lời Ràng ràng xanh Ràng ràng xanh Sồi xanh Sồi xanh Chẹo Chẹo Kháo D1.3 (cm) 31.8 22.3 25.5 31.8 31.8 60.3 58.7 40.4 24.2 32 48.1 18.5 30.7 43.7 39.3 31.5 15.9 25.5 15.9 25.5 25.5 31.8 22 18 20 18 29 18 49 53 22 19 21 H Hunder Crow Crow Ave (m) (m) EW NS Crow 30 25 5.5 15 10 2 2.0 25 15 4.0 20 19 5 5.0 15 12 4.0 17 11 4.5 4.5 4.5 18 12 5.5 5.3 13 3.5 3.8 11 3 3.0 13 3 3.0 13 3.5 3.8 11 3 3.0 13 3.5 3.5 3.5 15 3.5 3.8 16 10 4 4.0 27 21 2.5 2.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 20 15 2.5 10 4 4.0 20 15 4 4.0 25 20 3 3.0 25 19 5.5 11 3 3.0 10 2.5 2.8 11 3 3.0 13 2.5 2.8 14 10 4.5 4.3 18 5.5 4.8 18 13 3 3.0 11 2.5 2.8 14 10 3 3.0 11 3.5 3.8 12 2.5 2.8 Forest Species stage PLOT15 IIB Chẹo PLOT16 IIB Xá xị PLOT16 IIB Dẻ PLOT16 IIB Chẹo PLOT16 IIB Trám trắng PLOT16 IIB Dâu da đất PLOT16 IIB Trẩu PLOT16 IIB Sp1 PLOT16 IIB Mít rừng PLOT16 IIB Trám trắng PLOT16 IIB Ba gạc PLOT16 IIB Ba bét PLOT16 IIB Ba gạc PLOT16 IIB Ràng ràng xanh PLOT16 IIB Mít rừng PLOT16 IIB Kháo PLOT16 IIB Kháo PLOT16 IIB Sp2 PLOT17 IIIA Xá xị PLOT17 IIIA Chẹo tía PLOT17 IIIA Trám trắng PLOT17 IIIA Sung rừng PLOT17 IIIA Nhội PLOT17 IIIA Rẻ trắng PLOT17 IIIA Sơn PLOT17 IIIA Chẹo tía PLOT17 IIIA Máu chó PLOT17 IIIA Sung PLOT17 IIIA Vàng tâm PLOT17 IIIA Ba trạc PLOT17 IIIA Mán đỉa PLOT17 IIIA Trẩu PLOT18 IIIA Xá xị Plot D1.3 H Hunder Crow Crow Ave (cm) (m) (m) EW NS Crow 20 12 2.5 14.6 1 1.0 25.5 10 3.5 31.8 25 20 5.5 25.5 20 15 3.5 19.1 3 3.0 25.5 2.0 31.8 15 12 4.5 15.9 2 2.0 19 12 10 2.5 2.3 21 12.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 26 12 3.5 3.8 15 12 7.5 3.5 3.3 23 14 12.5 2.5 2.3 13 9.5 5.5 2.5 2.3 17 7.5 5.5 2.5 2.3 52 15 6.5 6.5 49 16.5 11.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 53.8 17 11 6.5 5.8 35.7 12 6.0 11.1 11 2.2 2.1 43 15 12 6.0 22.3 3.5 44.6 21 17 7.5 8.3 29.3 17 14 7.5 6.8 30.6 16 13 6.5 5.8 17.2 3 3.0 26.4 13 4.5 4.3 36.9 18 15 6.5 5.8 19.7 3.0 38.9 12 8.5 5.8 43.3 14 4.5 4.3 24.5 10 0.0 Forest Species stage PLOT18 IIIA Sơn PLOT18 IIIA Trám trắng PLOT18 IIIA Sấu PLOT18 IIIA Nhội PLOT18 IIIA Dâu rừng PLOT18 IIIA Trẩu PLOT18 IIIA Chẹo tía PLOT18 IIIA Vả PLOT18 IIIA Mán đỉa PLOT18 IIIA Chẹo tía PLOT18 IIIA Chẹo tía PLOT18 IIIA Sồi PLOT18 IIIA Chẹo tía PLOT18 IIIA Sồi xanh PLOT18 IIIA Trám trắng PLOT18 IIIA Ràng ràng xanh PLOT19 IIA Xá xị PLOT19 IIA Trám trắng PLOT19 IIA Trẩu PLOT19 IIA Chẹo tía PLOT19 IIA Mán đỉa PLOT19 IIA Máu chó PLOT19 IIA Dẻ gai PLOT19 IIA Lim xẹt PLOT19 IIA Chẹo PLOT19 IIA mắc niểng PLOT19 IIA Chẹo PLOT19 IIA Chẹo PLOT19 IIA gội PLOT19 IIA gội PLOT19 IIA Chẹo PLOT19 IIA gội PLOT19 IIA côm tầng Plot D1.3 (cm) 51.9 20.4 67.2 36 21.7 29.3 29 49.7 60.5 20.4 20.7 18.5 29.1 53.8 19.3 25.8 23.6 28.7 27.1 29 57.3 23.9 43 36.6 17.3 28.1 21.6 17.5 13.7 15.4 14.1 8.4 9.2 H Hunder Crow Crow Ave (m) (m) EW NS Crow 17 12 6.0 11 5.5 4.8 15 11 12 8.4 10.2 5.1 6.1 4.5 12 4.4 4.2 11 6 5.5 5.8 12 7 6.5 14 9.5 7.3 12 2.5 12 2.5 2.5 2.5 13 3.5 3.5 3.5 14 4.5 4.5 4.5 13 3.5 3.5 3.5 12 3 3.0 11 3.5 16 13 2.1 3.1 17 12 6.5 5.8 11 12 6.2 5.6 16 13 6.5 5.8 18 15 7.7 6.9 17 14 7.0 12 9.5 7.8 14 11 9.7 7.9 3.5 12 4.5 5.5 3.0 1 1.0 3.5 2.0 4.0 2.5 Forest Species stage PLOT19 IIA mắc niểng PLOT19 IIA sp3 PLOT19 IIA Chẹo PLOT19 IIA Chẹo PLOT20 IIB Xá xị PLOT20 IIB Ngát PLOT20 IIB Trám trắng PLOT20 IIB Chẹo tía PLOT20 IIB Lim xẹt PLOT20 IIB Trẩu PLOT20 IIB Máu Chó PLOT20 IIB Dẻ PLOT20 IIB Nhội PLOT20 IIB Trám trắng PLOT20 IIB Cây gạo PLOT20 IIB Sồi phảng PLOT20 IIB Mắc niểng PLOT20 IIB Chẹo PLOT20 IIB sp1 PLOT20 IIB sp2 PLOT21 IIB Xá xị PLOT21 IIB Trám trắng PLOT21 IIB Dẻ PLOT21 IIB Dâu da PLOT21 IIB Chẹo tía PLOT21 IIB Sung PLOT21 IIB Trám đen PLOT21 IIB Lim xẹt PLOT21 IIB Ngát PLOT21 IIB Sấu PLOT21 IIB Sp1 PLOT21 IIB Mắc niểng PLOT21 IIB Máu chó to Plot D1.3 (cm) 11.1 10 9.7 10.3 13.7 41.4 68.5 65.3 54.1 28.7 51.3 53.8 73.2 60.5 55.7 32.8 8.9 15.6 7.3 33.1 51 60.5 22 29.3 54.8 63.1 45.2 45.2 48.1 77.1 11.8 11.1 H Hunder Crow Crow Ave (m) (m) EW NS Crow 2 2.0 3 2.5 3 3.0 3.5 12 3.5 15 11 5.5 4.8 19 12 6.5 6.8 11 9.2 8.6 16 11 8.5 11 6.5 6.3 18 14 4.5 5.3 15 10 8.5 8.3 16 12 7.5 9.8 20 16 10 8.5 9.3 18 12 5.5 5.3 11 4.0 2.5 2.5 4.5 1.5 15 10 4.2 3.1 18 15 7.5 21 17 9.5 8.8 10 6.5 6.3 13 4.5 4.8 17 15 3.5 21 18 9.7 9.4 19 17 9.8 8.4 15 11 4.5 5.3 20 14 4.2 5.1 17 14 5.5 12 10 3.5 5 4.5 Forest stage PLOT21 IIB PLOT21 IIB PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA PLOT22 IIA Plot Species Tô mộc Chẹo Xá xị Gạo Sáo bơng Gạo Gạo Dẻ Rang Mít Gạo Trẩu Cây Ngát Dâu da Lá nến côm tầng mắc niểng sp4 sp4 côm tầng gội D1.3 (cm) 16.2 19.1 18.8 35.7 30.3 36.3 44.6 51 47.1 47.1 30.9 21.3 24.5 14.6 14 16.6 26.8 32.2 20.7 19.4 H Hunder Crow Crow Ave (m) (m) EW NS Crow 12 10 3.5 11 4 4.0 12 4.5 4.3 19 5.4 5.7 13 7.7 8.4 18 11 8.7 8.4 20 15 7.5 7.8 24 12 8.5 8.8 21 17 7.5 6.8 18 12 6.8 6.9 12 7 7.5 7.3 3.5 3.8 4.5 4.8 5.5 3 3.0 5.5 13 10 3.5 2 2.0 10 4 4.0 10 3.5 Appendix Raw data of oil distillation Leaves Bark Branches Sampl e Averag Time Time Time Ave SD Time Time Time Ave SD Tim Time Time Ave e1 SD e HB01 0.85 0.9 0.83 0.86 0.036 1.15 1.19 1.14 1.16 0.026 1.15 1.19 1.2 1.18 0.026 1.07 HB02 0.91 0.97 0.94 0.94 0.030 0.91 0.97 2.05 1.31 0.642 1.41 1.37 1.39 1.39 0.020 1.21 HB03 1.19 1.13 1.19 1.17 0.035 1.45 1.4 1.38 1.41 0.036 1.25 1.3 1.29 1.28 0.026 1.29 HB04 1.15 1.16 1.23 1.18 0.044 1.35 1.36 1.43 1.38 0.044 1.24 1.3 1.21 1.25 0.046 1.27 HB05 1.08 1.03 1.07 1.06 0.026 1.28 1.23 1.3 1.27 0.036 1.28 1.23 1.3 1.27 0.036 1.20 HB06 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.16 0.025 1.39 1.36 1.42 1.39 0.030 1.33 1.36 1.31 1.33 0.025 1.29 HB07 1.29 1.26 1.25 1.27 0.021 1.43 1.39 1.47 1.43 0.040 1.3 1.35 1.28 1.31 0.036 1.34 HB08 1.15 1.22 1.17 1.18 0.036 1.25 1.32 1.27 1.28 0.036 1.23 1.3 1.31 1.28 0.044 1.25 HB09 0.96 1.09 0.95 1.00 0.081 0.76 0.79 0.75 0.77 0.017 0.76 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.017 0.85 HB10 0.94 0.78 0.66 0.79 0.140 0.64 0.68 1.44 0.92 0.449 0.99 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.014 0.89 HB11 0.80 0.76 0.80 0.78 0.023 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.94 0.024 0.84 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.018 0.86 HB12 0.88 0.78 0.73 0.80 0.077 0.80 0.80 0.84 0.81 0.026 0.73 0.77 0.71 0.74 0.027 0.78 Leaves Bark Branches Sampl e Averag Time Time Time Ave SD Time Time Time Ave SD Tim Time Time Ave e1 SD e HB13 0.98 0.85 0.87 0.90 0.070 0.81 0.77 0.82 0.80 0.023 0.81 0.77 0.82 0.80 0.023 0.83 HB14 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.86 0.019 1.03 1.01 1.05 1.03 0.022 0.98 1.01 0.97 0.99 0.019 0.96 HB15 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.014 0.96 0.93 0.98 0.96 0.027 0.87 0.90 0.86 0.88 0.024 0.89 HB16 0.81 0.85 0.82 0.83 0.025 0.88 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.025 0.86 0.91 0.92 0.90 0.031 0.87 HB17 0.87 0.97 0.71 0.85 0.130 0.78 0.79 0.83 0.80 0.025 0.72 0.75 0.70 0.73 0.027 0.79 HB18 0.90 0.87 0.90 0.89 0.017 0.83 0.80 0.85 0.83 0.023 0.83 0.80 0.85 0.83 0.023 0.85 HB19 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.90 0.020 1.08 1.06 1.11 1.08 0.023 1.04 1.06 1.02 1.04 0.020 1.01 HB20 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.87 0.014 0.99 0.96 1.01 0.99 0.028 0.90 0.93 0.88 0.90 0.025 0.92 HB21 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.85 0.010 0.93 0.95 0.99 0.96 0.031 0.98 0.95 0.89 0.94 0.046 0.92 PHOTOS