Effect of salicylic acid and effective microorganism on germination of black soybean

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE: EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID AND EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM ON GERMINATION OF BLACK SOYBEAN Supervisor : PhD PHAM TUAN ANH Department : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Student : VU THI THU TRANG Class : K62 - KHCTT Student code : 621822 Ha Noi - 2022 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my respect and affection towards lecturers professors at Vietnam National University of Agriculture, especially lecturers at the Advanced Program, because of their enthusiasm and support In the course of 4.5 years studying in the Advanced Program starting from 2017, I have had the golden opportunities to not only obtain a fortune of knowledge from many professionals at this department but also acquire a variety of soft skills and experiences here Furthermore, without the help of lecturers at the Advanced Program, I could not accomplish my graduation thesis Particularly, I also want to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Pham Tuan Anh, who directly instructed me in completing this thesis He provided me with a wealth of valuable materials, and I was highly appreciated that I wish him lots of fortune and success in his life so that he can continue to carry on his career in inspiring other young generations Once again, I would like to thank all the teachers, lecturers, doctors, professors, staff members of the Advanced program who are willing to help me and give me this great opportunity to improve my knowledge in the field of study as well as complete this graduation thesis Hanoi, February 9, 2022 Student Vu Thi Thu Trang i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF CHARTS viii ABSTRACT ix PART I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Objectives and requirements 1.2.1 Objectives 1.2.2 Requirements 1.2.3 Signification 1.2.4 Research scope: PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of soybean 2.1.1 Origin 2.1.2 Nutritional value 2.2 Situation of soybean production in the world and Vietnam 2.2.1 Situation of soybean production in the world 2.2.2 Situation of soybean production in Vietnam 2.3 Situation of soybean research in the world and Vietnam 2.3.1 Situation of soybean research in the world 2.3.2 Situation of soybean research in Vietnam ii 2.4 The current state of research on the impacts of salinity and salt tolerance on plants 2.4.1 Impact of salinity factors on plants 2.4.2 The effect of salinity on the physiological activities of plants, and the growth and development phases 2.5 Salicylic Acid is a kind of acid (SA) 2.5.1 The function of Salicylic Acid is as follows: 2.5.2 The current state of Salicylic Acid (SA) research around the globe 2.5.3 The current state of Salicylic Acid (SA) research in Vietnam 10 2.6 Effective Microorganisms 11 PART III: MATERIALS AND METHODS 12 3.1 Materials 12 3.2 Experiment site and research time 12 3.3 Research Contents 12 3.4 Methods 12 3.5 Managing collected data 15 3.6 Monitoring indicators 15 PART IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16 4.1 Effect of artificially salty condition on the black soybean germination 16 4.2 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) to the black soybean germination 20 4.3 Effect of Effective Microorganisms (EM) on the black soybean germination 22 4.4 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) to the black soybean germination under artificially salty conditions 24 4.5 Effect of Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the germination under artificially salty conditions 26 4.6 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) and Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the black soybean germination 28 iii 4.7 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) and Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the germination under artificially salty conditions 30 4.8 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) and Effective Microorganisms (EM) on weight of black soybean 33 4.9 The correlation between water and moisture content with germination ratio of black soybean into the different treatments 37 PART V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 39 5.1 Conclusions 39 5.2 Recommendations 40 PART V: REFERENCES 41 APPENDIX 46 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Acronyms English meaning EM Effective Microorganisms Et al And others No Number SA Salicylic acid T Treatment W Weight v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Situation of soybean production in the world from 2010 – 2019 Table 2.2 Some crops have a high salt tolerance Table 3.1 Treatment 13 Table 3.2 Treatment 13 Table 3.3 Treatment 13 Table 3.4 Treatment 14 Table 3.5 Treatment 14 Table 3.6 Treatment 14 Table 3.7 Treatment 14 Table 4.1 Effect of artificially salty condition on the black soybean germination 17 Table 4.2 Effect of SA to the black soybean germination 20 Table 4.3 Effect of EM on the black soybean germination 22 Table 4.4 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) to the black soybean germination under artificially salty conditions 24 Table 4.5 Effect of EM to the germination under artificially salty conditions 27 Table 4.6 Effect of SA and EM on the black soybean germination 29 Table 4.7 Effect of SA and EM on the germination under artificially salty conditions 31 Table 4.8 Effect of EM and SA on weight of black soybeans 34 Table 4.9 Water and moisture content of black soybean 37 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 The experiments of germination 17 Figure 4.2 The germination ratio under artificially salty condition 19 Figure 4.3 Effect of Salicylic Acid on the germination ratio 21 Figure 4.4 Effect of EM on the germination 23 Figure 4.5 Effect of SA on the germination under artificially salty conditions .26 Figure4.6 Effect of EM on the germination ratio under artificially salty condition 28 Figure 4.7 Effect of SA and EM on the germination 30 Figure 4.8 Effect of SA and EM on the germination under artificially salty conditions 33 Figure 4.9 Dry seed 35 Figure 4.10 Dry seed 36 vii LIST OF CHARTS Chart 4.1 The germination ratio under artificially salty condition of black soybean 18 Chart 4.2 Effect of SA on the germination ratio 21 Chart 4.3 Effect of EM on the germination ratio 23 Chart 4.4 Effect of SA 0.5mM on the germination ratio under artificially salty conditions 25 Chart 4.5 Effect of SA 0.75mM on the germination ratio under artificially salty conditions 25 Chart 4.6 Effect of EM on the germination under artificially salty condition 27 Chart 4.7 Effect of SA and EM on the germination ratio 30 Chart 4.8 Effect of SA and EM on the germination ratio under artificially salty conditions 32 viii ABSTRACT Student: Vu Thi Thu Trang Research outputs: The effect of Salicylic Acid and Effective Microorganisms on black soybean germination in artificially saline conditions Methodology: Observation, weighing, measuring, and counting techniques Excel 2010 is being used for data analysis Results and conclusion: I investigated the influence of the effect of microorganisms and Salicylic Acid on black soybean germination under artificially salted conditions The germination ratio and weight of black soybean were both dramatically lowered by salinity After 24 hours, germination ratio of the salt treatment with different concentration was 36.08–61.00 percent When treated with Salicylic, however, it improves black soybean resistance, germination capability, and ability to absorb water in saline environments This ratio climbed to more than 70% when the Salicylic Acid treatment was used The consortium of EM and SA showed lower germination results when treating seeds with SA separation However, compared with the treatments using EM, the EM treatment had the high and stable germination results, along with the use of 0.75mM SA concentration and EM 2, also showed an effective combination for Black soybean during germination under artificial saline conditions Besides, the correlation of germination ratio between water and moisture content is also mentioned in this article In general, most treatments show that the higher the humidity, the higher the germination ratio In summary, we can preferentially use SA 0.75mM, NaCl 0.15M and EM 2, for further research for black soybean in the germination stage ix and salt, because in the salted treatment the EM were contaminated with salt This resulted in a lack of development, which resulted in the beans being constant in weight, which meant that there was little difference in weight between the treatments A B C D Figure 4.10 Dry seed A: EM1; B: EM2; C: EM3; D: EM4 36 4.9 The correlation between water and moisture content with germination ratio of black soybean into the different treatments Table 4.9 Water and moisture content of black soybean Water content No Treatment after soaking 4hr (%) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 H2O NaCl 0.05M NaCl 0.1M NaCl 0.15M NaCl 0.2M SA 0.25mM SA 0.5mM SA 0.75mM SA 1mM EM EM EM EM SA 0.5mM + NaCl 0,1M SA 0.5mM + NaCl 0,15M SA 0,5mM + NaCl 0,2M SA 0,75mM + NaCl 0,1M SA 0,75mM + NaCl 0,15M SA 0,75mM + NaCl 0,2M NaCl0.15M + EM NaCl0.15M + EM NaCl0.15M + EM NaCl0.15M + EM SA 0.75mM + EM SA 0.75mM + EM SA 0.75mM + EM SA 0.75mM + EM NaCl0.15M + EM + SA 0.75mM NaCl0.15M + EM + SA 0.75mM NaCl0.15M + EM + SA 0.75mM NaCl0.15M + EM + SA 0.75mM 46.79 47.84 44.35 40.53 42.67 40.51 44.85 47.56 43.09 50.09 51.21 50.40 50.76 45.31 44.29 43.14 44.37 45.46 43.27 47.13 47.81 46.84 48.01 50.12 50.73 49.94 51.75 47.28 47.34 46.85 47.35 37 Moisture content after 120hr (%) 69.36 67.84 63.68 63.64 60.93 66.50 71.61 69.69 65.25 67.47 67.40 68.07 67.21 69.98 67.16 65.80 67.40 68.33 67.35 66.74 66.53 68.47 65.79 66.80 67.92 67.84 66.94 63.28 67.53 66.09 63.08 Germination ratio after 120hr (%) 98.00 96.89 95.47 95.21 93.60 93.20 97.00 97.60 96.83 87.50 91.25 91.25 91.25 97.33 95.00 94.33 96.22 95.89 95.11 88.50 86.00 94.50 82.25 86.25 91.25 96.25 88.75 83.75 91.25 85.00 82.50 Through the data in Table 4.9, we can observe the association between water, moisture content, and germination ratio After four hours of soaking the seeds, the quantity of water absorbed was identical across all recipe groups, all exceeding 40% However, two treatments using EM and SA 0.75M in combination with EM had greater results, ranging from 49.94 to 51.75 percent After 120 hours, the humidity remained consistent amongst tests, ranging between 63.08 and 71.61 percent Although the treatment group of SA concentrations with water content was low, after 12 hours, the humidity rose and the treatment SA 0.5mM produced the greatest results (71.61 percent), followed by SA 0.75mM (69.69 percent) Simultaneously, the SA treatment group had the greatest germination ratio, as shown by the SA treatment of 0.75mM (97.60 percent), which was only slightly higher than the control treatment (98.00 percent) The treatments using EM, although having high water content and moisture content, had a lower germination ratio than the treatments not using EM, in which, the treatment combined types of EM with SA 0.75mM and NaCl 0.15M gave the lowest germination ratio, ranging from 82.50 - 91.25% In summation, we can observe that when black soybean seeds are soaked in artificial salt conditions, they preserve their capacity to sprout, and EM treatments are more capable of absorbing and retaining moisture than non-EM treatments Additionally, seed treatment with SA 0.75M in conjunction with EM strains enhanced seeds' capacity to absorb water and retain moisture throughout the germination stage The higher the water content and moisture, the higher the germination ratio 38 PART V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions The results show that the effect of SA on black soybean germination in artificially saline environments in Gia Lam - Hanoi give better results than the non- use SA Different concentrations of EM and SA use at different stages have impact on plant growth and development during the period of germination Salinity inhibited the germination of black soybeans and decreased their weight The investigation on black soybean germination in artificial salt treatments ranging from 0.05 M to 0.2 M revealed that the percentage of seeds germinated under saline circumstances was much lower than under normal conditions, reaching only 36.08 percent - 61.00 percent in the first 24 hours The concentration of salt has an effect on the germination ratio: the greater the concentration of salt, the slower the germination Among four treatments of SA, the SA 1mM treatment had the highest germination ratio in the first 24 hours, followed by SA 0.5mM, SA 0.25mM, SA 0.75mM After 48 hours, all treatments had a success ratio of more than 90 percent The SA 0.75mM treatment had the highest germination ratio with 97.57% In the results of the treatments using EM for particle treatment, the treatment mixed with EM 2, produced a high and steady germination ratio when compared to the other EMs used Salinity has been shown to reduce the germination ratio and weight of black soybean in the germination experiments above, the concentration of salt has an effect on the germination ratio However, when combined with SA preparations, salinity has been shown to help increase the tolerance of black soybean to salinity and increase the germination capacity of black soybean under saline conditions The EM 2, treatment can be preferred over the other EM 39 treatments because this microorganism has a positive effect on the germination of black soybean, and the results show that the germination ratio of EM 2,3 when active alone or in combination with SA under saline conditions was higher and more stable than the other EM treatments Beside the higher the water moisture, the higher the germination ratio Thus, EM 2, and SA 0.75M treatments should be used when assessing the germination of black soybean under salty circumstances 5.2 Recommendations SA should be used to increase germination ratio as well as help plants grow and thrive under artificially saline conditions It is necessary to continue to research experiments about EM and Salicylic Acid with different concentrations for black soybean to accuratioly assess its effects on the components of productivity and productivity The effects of EM and Salicylic Acid under artificial saline conditions on the growth, development of the black soybean germination should be investigated further in future cropping in order to confirm the precise effects of separatio and combined effects of microorganisms and Salicylic Acid on the growth and development of the black soybean germination There are additional choices available from there, including the ability to make suitable suggestions for manufacturing 40 PART V REFERENCES Vietnamese References Đoàn Thị Thanh Nhàn (chủ biên), Nguyễn Bù Văn Bình, Vũ Đình Chính, Nguyễn Thế Cơn, Lê Song Dự Bùi Xn Sửu (1996) Giáo trình cơng nghiệp, NXB Nông Nghiệp, Hà Nội La Việt Hồng, Nguyễn Diệu Linh, Nguyễn Văn Đính, Cao Phi Bằng Chu Đức Hà (2018) Ảnh hưởng nhôm tới tỷ lệ nảy mầm, số tiêu sinh lý, hóa sinh đậu xanh giai đoạn nảy mầm vai trị axit salicylic ngoại sinh Tạp chí Khoa học công nghệ, Đại Học Thái Nguyên 184(8): 29-34 Nguyễn Thị Phương Dung Trần Anh Tuấn (2017) Ảnh hưởng canxi axit salicylic đến đậu đũa điều kiện mặn nhân tạo Tạp chí Khoa học Nơng nghiệp Việt Nam, 15(6): 728 - 737 Nguyễn Thị Phương Dung, Phạm Tuấn Anh Trần Anh Tuấn (2016) Ảnh hưởng axit salicylic đến sinh trưởng dưa chuột điều kiện hạn Tạp chí Khoa học Nông nghiệp Việt Nam, 14(8): 1262 - 1270 Nguyễn Thị Út (2006), “Kết nghiên cứu tập đoàn quỹ gen đậu tương năm (2001 – 2005)”, Tạp chí Nơng Nghiệp & PTNT, (18), tr.29 – 31 Phạm Văn Thiều (2009) Cây đậu tương Kỹ thuật trồng chế biến sản phẩm NXB Nông nghiệp Hà Nội Trần Đình Long, Nguyễn Thị Chinh, Nguyễn Văn Thắng, Hoàng Minh Tâm, Nguyễn Thị Trường, Nguyễn Tấn Hinh, Trần Văn Lâm, Lê Khả Tường CTV (2006), “Kết nghiên cứu phát triển đậu đỗ giai đoạn 2001-2005” Vũ Tiến Bình, Trần Anh Tuấn, Phạm Tuấn Anh(2020) Vai trò axit salicylic đến khả chịu mặn đậu xanh giai đoạn con, Tạp chí Khoa học Nơng nghiệp Việt Nam 2020 , 18(6): 391-400 41 Foreign References Anuradha Bhartiya*, JP Aditya, RS Pal, N Chandra, L Kant & A Pattanayak (2020) Bhat (Black Soybean): A traditional legume with high nutritional and nutraceutical properties from NW Himalayan region of India, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol 19(2), April 2020, pp 307-319 Boelt, B., B Julier, D Karagic and J.Hampton, 2014 Legume seed production meeting market requirements and economic impacts Crit Rev Plant Sci, 33: 116–122 Cakmak (2005) The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 168(4):521–530 Choung, M G., Baek, I Y., Kang, S T., Han, W Y., Shin, D C., Moon, H P., & Kang, K H (2001) Isolation and determination of anthocyanins in seed coats of black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 49(12), 5848-5851 Durner J., Shah J., Klessig D.F (1997) Salicylic acid and disease resistance in plants Trends Plant Sci., 2: 266 - 274 Forchetti, G., Masciarelli, O., Izaguirre, M J., Alemano, S., Alvarez, D., & Abdala, G (2010) Endophytic bacteria improve seedling growth of sunflower under water stress, produce salicylic acid, and inhibit growth of pathogenic fungi Current microbiology, 61(6), 485-493 Hayat S and Ahmad A (2007) Salicylic acid: a plant hormone Springer Horváth E, Szalai G, Janda T (2007) Induction of abiotic stress tolerance by Salicylic Acid signaling J Plant Growth Regul 26: 290- 300 Higa, T (1991, October) Effective microorganisms: A biotechnology for mankind In Proceedings of the first international conference on Kyusei nature farming US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA (pp 8-14) 42 10.Hu, J., Xie, X J., Wang, Z F., & Song, W J (2006) Sand priming improves alfalfa germination under high-salt concentration stress Seed Science and Technology, 34(1), 199-204 11.Kan, G., Zhang, W., Yang, W., Ma, D., Zhang, D., Hao, & Yu, D (2015) Association mapping of soybean seed germination under salt stress Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 290(6), 2147-2162 12.Kuchlan, P., & Kuchlan, M K Effect of Salicylic Acid on Plant Physiological and Yield Traits of Soybean Legume Research-An International Journal, 1, 13.Klessig D.F., Malamy J (1994) The Salicylic Acid signal in plants Plant Mol Biol., 26: 1439 – 1458 14.Mensah, J K., Akomeah A., Ikhajagbe and Ekpekurede E.O (2006) Effects of salinity on germination, growth and yield of five groundnut genotypes African Journal of Biotechnology 5(20): 1973-1979 15.Nawaz, K., Khalid H., Abdul M., Farah K., Shahid A and Kazim A (2010) Fatality of salt stress to plants: Morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects review African Journal of Biotechnology 9(34):5475-5480 16.Negi, S., & Prasad, P (2001) Effect of salicylic acid on enzymes of nitrogen metabolism during germination of soybean Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 6(2), 178-181 17.Popova L., Pancheva, T., Uzunova A (1997) Salicylic acid: properties, biosynthesis and physiological role Bulg J Plant Physiol., 23: 85 - 93 18.Raskin, I., Skubatz, H., Tang, W., & Meeuse, B J D (1990) Salicylic Acid levels in thermogenic and non-thermogenic plants, Annals Botany, 66, 369-373 19.Rajjou, L., Belghazi, M., Huguet, R., Robin, C., Moreau, A., Job, C., & Job, D (2006) Proteomic investigation of the effect of Salicylic Acid on Arabidopsis seed germination and establishment of early defense 43 mechanisms Plant physiology, 141(3), 910-923 20.Rymuza, K., Radzka, E., Cala, J., Cala, P., & Bombik, A (2019) Effect of selected microbiological products on soybean seed germination capacity Acta Agrophysica, 26(1) 21.Singh, M and Jain R (1989) Factors affecting goatweed (Scoparia dulcis) seed germination Weed Science, 37(6): 766-770 22.Sareh, E.N., Mansour A.M., Bentolhoda D and Masumeh J (2015) The effect of salinity on some morphological and physiological characteristics of three varieties of (Arachis hypogaea L.) International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 6(4): 498-507 23.Taufiq A., Wijanarko A and Kristiono A (2016) Effect of amelioration on growth and yield of two groundnut varieties on saline soil Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 3(4):639-647 24.Tester, M and Davenport R (2003) Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in higher plants Annals of Botany 91(5):503-527 25.Yue, S., Wang, C., Xu, H L., & Dai, J (2002, January) Effects of foliar application with effective microorganisms on leaf metabolism and seed yield in soybean In Seventh International Conference on Kyusei Nature Farming Christchurch Polytechnic, Christchurch, New Zealand (pp 62-65) 26.Rajjou, L., Belghazi, M., Huguet, R., Robin, C., Moreau, A., Job, C., & Job, D (2006) Proteomic investigation of the effect of Salicylic Acid on Arabidopsis seed germination and establishment of early defense mechanisms Plant physiology, 141(3), 910-923 27.Rymuza, K., Radzka, E., Cala, J., Cala, P., & Bombik, A (2019) Effect of selected microbiological products on soybean seed germination capacity Acta Agrophysica, 26(1) 28.Singh, M and Jain R (1989) Factors affecting goatweed (Scoparia dulcis) seed germination Weed Science, 37(6): 766-770 44 29.Sareh, E.N., Mansour A.M., Bentolhoda D and Masumeh J (2015) The effect of salinity on some morphological and physiological characteristics of three varieties of (Arachis hypogaea L.) International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 6(4): 498-507 30.Taufiq A., Wijanarko A and Kristiono A (2016) Effect of amelioration on growth and yield of two groundnut varieties on saline soil Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 3(4):639-647 31.Tester, M and Davenport R (2003) Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in higher plants Annals of Botany 91(5):503-527 32.Yue, S., Wang, C., Xu, H L., & Dai, J (2002, January) Effects of foliar application with effective microorganisms on leaf metabolism and seed yield in soybean In Seventh International Conference on Kyusei Nature Farming Christchurch Polytechnic, Christchurch, New Zealand (pp 62-65) 45 APPENDIX Some experimental pictures 46 ANALYZING DATA IRISTART Germination ratio Treatment 24h 48h 72h 96h 120h H20 76.66 93.21 96.43 96.79 98.14 Nacl 0.05M Nacl 0.1M 61.00 52.93 90.11 89.80 93.67 92.47 95.00 94.87 95.67 95.47 4 39 41 75 94 22 6 1 56 89 21 00 53 4 2 53 09 63 98 43 3 Nacl 0.15M 47.50 88.34 94.38 94.53 96.38 77 23 54 48 11 Nacl 0.2M 36.08 81.30 91.10 93.10 93.60 4 30 14 92 46 52 2 64 03 81 99 31 2 2 11 86 25 25 92 3 90 50 92 88 88 1 00 91 04 44 44 5 50 25 00 00 00 6 00 25 25 00 75 0 75 00 00 00 25 3 Sa 0.25 0.5 0.75 EM EM EM 71.67 72.58 71.50 76.00 75.00 75.00 66.25 89.67 94.00 92.21 89.33 86.25 83.75 87.50 92.20 96.38 96.79 96.00 87.50 88.75 90.00 93.20 96.38 97.57 96.83 87.50 90.00 90.00 94.20 97.00 97.57 96.83 87.50 91.25 91.25 EM 57.50 81.25 86.25 90.00 91.25 50 75 75 00 25 nacl+sa( 65.67 94.00 97.33 97.33 97.33 1 1 11 73 15 15 15 1 0 51 35 07 00 00 1 86 51 00 15 15 3 0 94 85 46 39 39 6 0 24 87 53 84 84 0.1+0.5) 0.15+0.5 0.2+0.5 0.1+0.75 0.15+0.75 52.67 59.33 77.22 66.00 89.78 89.67 92.78 90.78 93.78 93.00 94.00 94.67 47 95.00 93.67 96.22 95.89 95.00 94.33 96.22 95.89 0.2+0.75 Nacl 0.15M + EM 56.67 56.25 91.33 77.25 95.33 83.75 95.89 85.00 95.11 88.50 Nacl 0.15M + EM 61.00 78.75 83.75 85.00 86.00 Nacl 0.15M + EM 66 1 75 75 25 00 50 1 00 25 25 00 00 2 50 00 50 50 50 78.67 78.67 82.17 1 75 50 53 53 29 3 2 76 75 51 51 75 2 00 50 50 50 75 2 26 00 50 52 25 5 00 01 75 50 25 6 6 25 25 01 25 25 6 2 25 25 50 50 25 5 33 57 00 00 03 3 03 75 75 15 40 46.07 78.77 85.10 85.10 86.25 67.50 85.00 90.00 90.00 91.25 63.83 85.00 92.50 92.67 96.25 35.00 82.50 86.25 87.50 88.75 48.73 68.67 72.67 81.33 83.75 58.75 81.25 90.00 90.00 91.25 68.17 80.33 85.00 85.07 85.33 + SA 0.75 mM Nacl 0.15M + EM 55 62.47 + SA 0.75 mM Nacl 0.15M + EM 51 46.17 + SA 0.75 mM Nacl 0.15M + EM 23 Nacl 0.15M + EM 23 94.50 SA 0.75 mM + EM 92.50 SA 0.75 mM + EM 92.50 SA 0.75 mM + EM 86.00 EM4 SA 0.75 mM + EM 58.50 Nacl 0.15M + 25.33 53.83 76.30 + SA 0.75 mM 48 80.67 82.73 No Fresh weights NaCl0.05M 1.87 Seeds weight after 120hr 3.76333333 3.59 NaCl0.1M 1.96 3.52 44.35 4.24 1.54 NaCl0.15M 1.98 3.33 40.53 4.18 1.52 NaCl0.2M 1.95 3.40 42.67 3.89 1.52 Treatment 2.0025 H20 Water content Dry weight 46.79 Seed weight after days 5.19 47.84 4.82 1.60 1.59 SA 0.25 mM 2.10 3.53 40.51 SA 0.5 mM 2.00 3.63 44.85 5.00 1.58 1.55 SA 0.75 1.99 3.79 47.56 5.18 1.57 SA 2.10 3.69 43.09 3.69 1.63 10 VSV1 2.03 4.06 50.09 4.98 1.62 11 VSV2 2.02 4.13 51.21 5.03 1.64 12 VSV3 2.02 4.07 50.40 5.23 1.67 13 VSV4 2.02 4.10 50.76 4.94 1.59 14 SA 0,5 mM + NaCl0,1M 1.98 3.63 45.31 5.03 1.51 1.95 3.50 44.29 4.72 1.45 1.98 3.48 43.14 4.59 1.47 1.98 3.55 44.37 4.97 1.48 1.94 3.56 45.46 5.02 1.49 1.97 3.47 43.27 4.90 1.52 2.05 3.87 47.13 4.81 1.69 2.03 3.89 47.81 4.72 1.58 2.02 2.03 2.04 3.80 3.90 4.08 46.84 48.01 50.12 4.98 4.56 4.82 1.69 1.56 1.57 15 SA 0,5 mM + NaCl0,15M 16 SA 0,5 mM + NaCl0,2M 17 SA 0,75 mM + NaCl0,1M 18 19 SA 0,75 mM + NaCl0,15M SA 0,75 mM + NaCl0,2M 20 NaCl0,15M + VSV1 21 NaCl0,15M + VSV2 22 23 24 NaCl0,15M + VSV3 NaCl0,15M + VSV4 SA 0,75 mM + VSV 25 SA 0,75 mM + VSV 2.01 4.09 50.73 5.33 1.71 26 SA 0,75 mM + VSV 2.03 4.05 49.94 5.13 1.65 27 SA 0,75 mM + VSV 0,75 mM + NaCl0,15M VSV 0,75 mM + NaCl0,15M VSV 0,75 mM + NaCl0,15M VSV 0,75 mM + NaCl0,15M VSV 2.04 4.22 51.75 4.81 1.59 + 2.03 3.86 47.28 4.33 1.52 + 2.03 3.85 47.34 5.02 1.63 + 2.02 3.81 46.85 4.63 1.54 + 2.04 3.87 47.35 4.28 1.55 28 SA 29 SA 30 SA 31 SA 49 No Treatment Dry weight Moisture content H20 Seed weight after 120hr 5.19 1.59 69.36 NaCl0.05M 4.82 1.55 67.84 NaCl0.1M 4.24 1.54 63.68 NaCl0.15M 4.18 1.52 63.64 NaCl0.2M 3.89 1.52 60.93 SA 0.25 mM 4.72 1.58 66.50 SA 0.5 mM 5.60 1.59 71.61 SA 0.75 5.18 1.57 69.69 SA 4.69 1.63 65.25 10 VSV1 4.98 1.62 67.47 11 VSV2 5.03 1.64 67.40 12 VSV3 5.23 1.67 68.07 13 VSV4 4.94 1.62 67.21 14 SA 0,5 mM + NaCl0,1M 5.03 1.51 69.98 15 SA 0,5 mM + NaCl0,15M 4.72 1.55 67.16 16 SA 0,5 mM + NaCl0,2M 4.59 1.57 65.80 17 SA 0,75 mM + NaCl0,1M 4.97 1.62 67.40 18 SA 0,75 mM + NaCl0,15M 5.02 1.59 68.33 19 SA 0,75 mM + NaCl0,2M 4.90 1.60 67.35 20 NaCl0,15M + VSV1 4.81 1.60 66.74 21 NaCl0,15M + VSV2 4.72 1.58 66.53 22 NaCl0,15M + VSV3 4.98 1.57 68.47 23 NaCl0,15M + VSV4 4.56 1.56 65.79 24 SA 0,75 mM + VSV 4.82 1.60 66.80 25 SA 0,75 mM + VSV 5.33 1.71 67.92 26 SA 0,75 mM + VSV 5.13 1.65 67.84 27 SA 0,75 mM + VSV 4.81 1.59 66.94 28 SA 0,75 mM + NaCl0,15M + VSV 4.33 1.59 63.28 29 SA 0,75 mM + NaCl0,15M + VSV 5.02 1.63 67.53 30 SA 0,75 mM + NaCl0,15M + VSV 4.63 1.57 66.09 31 SA 0,75 mM + NaCl0,15M + VSV 4.28 1.58 63.08 50