Note môn Văn Minh Anh British Cilvilization

Văn minh Anh British Civilization, note bài học, Ngôn ngữ Anh, Ngữ Văn Anh. Note bài học môn Văn Minh Anh British Civilization của trường Đại học Quốc Tế (IU). Phù hợp cho sinh viên ngành Ngôn ngữ Anh

WEEK 2: BRITISH HISTORY (BOOK CHAPTER 3) History timeline ~850.000 BC Paleolithis ~8,300 BC Mesolithic ~4,000 BC Neolithic ~2,000 BC Beaker folk ~600 BC Celtic groups ~200 BC Belgic tribes AD 43 The Romans AD 409 The Romans withdrawal AD 410 Anglo-Saxons 8th-11th century The Scandinavians AD 1066 The Norman conquest 1154 The Plantagenets 1399 – 1485 Lancaster and York 1485 – 1603 Tudors 1603 – 1714 Stuarts 1714 – 1901 Hanover 1901 – 1917 Saxe – Coburg & Gotha 1917 - present Windsor The UK: Overview - Official name: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Short form: UK or Britain (since 1927) - Location: off the north-western coast of mainland/continental Europe; adjacent to an area of North Atlantic Ocean - Uk’s map (Click vào để xem ảnh) - The UK is a Sovereign country - a nation which has one centralized government and this government has the power to govern a specific geographic area + Monarch: a king, queen or emperor who reigns over a kingdom or empire + Current Monarch: Queen Elizabeth II > Reign: from 1952 > Coronation: 1953 + Prime Minister: the head of an elected government + Current Prime Minister: Boris Johnson - The UK is a political union between countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland - There are 69 cities in The UK (click vào ‘69 cities’ có list tên) (ảnh đẹp) + + + + England: 51 cities Wales: cities Scotland: cities Northern Ireland: cities Geographic ‘regions’ (areas) Capital - Some UK major cities Location England London (Capital of UK), Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester Mainland Great Britain Wales Cardiff, Swansea Scotland Edinburgh, Glasgow Northern Ireland Belfast, Londonderry Northern part - Official language (de facto): English - Main religion: Christianity (63.1%, 2011) There are patron saints in the UK: Saint George for England, Saint Andrew for Scotland, Saint Patrick for Northern Ireland, and Saint David for Wales - National Anthem: God save the Queen - Ethnic groups: UK’s population in 2011: 63,182,178 (England 83.9%, Scotland 8.4%, Wales 4.8%, N.Ireland 2.9%) + White groups: 87.2% > Gypsy/Irish Traveller: 0.1% > Other White: 87.1% + Asian/Asian British: 7% > Indian: 2.3% > Pakistani: 1.9% > Bangladeshi: 0.7% > Chinese: 0.7% > Other Asian: 1.4% + Black/African/Caribbean/Black British: 3% + Mixed/Multiple ethnic groups: 2% + Other ethnic groups: 0.9% UK’S HISTORICAL GROWTH: MILESTONE EVENTS & FIGURES - Bede: “the father of English history” He was one of the greatest scholars of the Anglo-Saxon period BC/BCE -The birth of Jesus Christ AD/CE > BC: Before Christ BCE: Before Common/Current Era AD: Anno Domini CE: Common/Current Era EARLY HISTORY The British Isles - 1993: The earliest human bones 500,000 years old were found in Britain Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age) - 2002: butchered animal bones and stone tools 700,000 years old were discovered in East Anglia - 2014: human footprints about 850,000 years old were found on the east coast shore in Norfolk, England → Britain was a mainland part of the continental Europe - The current UK is an island country The isolation makes Britain hard to be invaded from the land and vice versa → develop their naval army The early history - Ice Age: + 6500 BC: English channel formed and separated Britain from the rest of Europe + 3100 BC - 1500 BC: Stonehenge - a prehistoric temple The stones are aligned with the movements of the sun - 600 BC: Celts settlement - Celtic tribes moved into the islands and brought an Iron Age civilization with them - 43 AD: Romans arrived and founded Londonium - capital of the Roman province of Britania (formed the word Britain) → spreaded some Christian practices, introduced political and legal institutions, imported new agricultural methods and produce + Julius Caesar: a person who initiated one of the first invasions - 409/410 AD: Romans withdrew, and Germanic tribes arrived + Germanic tribes: The Anglos, Saxons and Jutes → Anglo-Saxon → England: the land of the Angles (Old English: Engla-land) + The country was gradually divided into separate and often warring Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England, with isolated Celtic areas in Wales, Scotland and Ireland > The seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms: Northumbria Mercia East Anglia Essex Kent Sussex Wessex (Click vào xem cho rõ) + The influence of the Anglo-Saxons: > The ending -ing = family in the Saxon village Ex: Reading = the place of the Rada family Hastings = the place of the Hasta family > -ham = farm, -ton = settlement Ex: Birmingham, Nottingham, Southampton > Days of the week are named after the Germanic God: Tiw, Woden, Thor, Friya Ex: Tig (Tuesday), Wod (Wednesday), Thor (Thursday), Frei (Friday) + Jute: invaded and settled in southern Britain They settled in Kent, the Isle of Wight, and parts of Hampshire > Around the middle of the 5th century, the Jutish kingdom of Kent was founded, Roman ways and influences must have still had a strong presence → their name soon died out > 673/674 DC: Hlothhere had been ruler in Kent > 676 DC: Mercian king invaded Kent > 681 DC: Mercian king advanced into southern Hampshire and the Isle of Wight - Viking: Scandinavian - military invasions in the 8th and 9th centuries AD The Great Heathen Army invaded England in 865 DC + Viking homelands: Denmark, Norway, Sweden + Viking settlement: Britain + Were defeated in England, Scotland and Ireland in the 10th-11th centuries - Alfred The Great: + An Anglo + Fought the Vikings (896/897) + King of Wessex (871-886 CE) - Winchester was the capital + King of the Anglo-Saxons (886-899) - claimed himself WHY IS BRITAIN CALLED BRITAIN? The name Britain originates from the Common Brittonic term *Pritanī and is one of the oldest known names for Great Britain Pytheas of Massalia, a Greek explorer from present-day Marseille, who travelled to Britain in around 325 BCE and recorded the local names of the places he visited He recorded it ‘Pretannike’ => ‘Britannia’=> ‘Britain WHY THE V SIGN CAN BE A RUDE GESTURE IN BRITAIN? In Britain, a V-sign is a rude gesture that is made by sticking up your first two fingers in a V shape, with the palm of your hand facing you “During the Hundred Years’ War the French would cut the middle finger off the hands of captured English archers so that they could no longer draw the strings of their deadly yew longbows (the type of wood from which they were made.) Because of this, English archers would taunt the French by raising their middle fingers WHY DID THE CURRENT ROYAL HOUSE HAVE TO CHANGE THEIR NAME? - In 1917, the name of the royal house was changed from the anglicised German Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor because of antiGerman sentiment in the United Kingdom during World War I The royal house of the UK: The house of Windsor Former name: Saxe-Coburg-Gotha or Saxe-Coburg and Gotha The name comes from Victoria’s German-born husband, Albert => George V (during the tension of WWI) declared the name The house of Windsor With the outbreak of World War I in the summer of 1914, strong antiGerman feelings within Britain caused sensitivity among the royal family about its German roots Who is the Jutes? The Jutes were one of the Nordic tribes who settled in Great Britain after the departure of the Romans According to Bede (an English Benedictine monk), they were one of the three most powerful Germanic nations, along with the Angles and the Saxons If Queen Victoria has the second longest reign in the UK, which monarch is the first? Queen Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch on September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother Victoria On February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne She has now reigned for 68 years Why is the name England? England is named after the Angles The original use of the name: - Angli (for the people) - Anglia (for the country) - Rex-Anglorum (the king of Angles) - Engla lande (in the country of Angles) Then Engla Land (whole country) → Englene Londe → Engle Lond → Engelond → The name "ENGLAND" emerged in the 14th century Why is the name London? The name of London is derived from a word first attested, in Latinised form, as Londinium By the first century CE, this was a commercial centre in Roman Britain Why is V-sign with the palm of your hand facing you rude in the UK? The uncertain origin of the V-sign was from the Battle of Agincourt This story maintains that British archers were so effective and so feared by their enemy that when the French captured an archer they chopped off the two fingers he needed to draw a bow-string Bowmen who had not been thus disfigured took to holding up two fingers to taunt their cowardly foes Why not Saxon-land? Angelcynn policy and the title of King of England helped cement the grip on the throne King Alfred of Wessex - a West Saxon - pursued a deliberate measure to promote 'Angelcynn' as the National Identity of the varied Anglo-Saxon tribes To ensure that the different tribes of England would remain united Alfred pushed the idea of Anglecynn on his people, that all Saxons, Angles, Jutes, etc, were all of a common kinship This provided stability and united this new Anglecynn national identity against the Danish If Alfred had attempted to promote Saxoncynn it is possible, even likely, that Mercia would have rebelled and crowned the Lord of Mercia as the new King of Mercia, and England would never have formed either because of remaining small states, or by Viking conquest Why not Celtic-land? The Saxons didn't 'influence' the culture of the Britons inhabiting modern England, they supplanted it almost entirely There's hardly anything left of underlying Celtic legal, political, or social structures in England King Arthur and Knights of the Round Table? There is still much debate about whether King Arthur and his knights were also made up or if the legend is based on real people - King Arthur - the most legendary medieval British icon in history According to the stories, Arthur was a brilliant Briton-Celtic leader He led Britain’s defence against the Saxon invasion in the 5th and 6th centuries The story’s details are made up of folklore, and literary invention with the consist of a round table, knights, Lancelot, a wizard named Merlin and a quest for the Holy Grail, which is where things extend into the realms of fantasy - However, King Arthur is not mentioned in any official history THE MIDDLE AGE Norman Conquest - 14 October, 1066: Battle of Hastings: William - a Norman king - defeated Harold - an English king (French-Norman invaders) - The Norman > The Anglo-Saxons > a watershed in English history, early English history was completed > mark the last successful external military invasion > radical change to country’s social and political structures > the history of English language (influenced by French - language of nobility for 300y) - William The Conqueror: > Introduce feudal system → Feudalism (phong kiến) > “Feu” (French) = “land given away based on duty or services to lords” Magna Carta (1215) - Đại Hiến Chương - English Great Charter granted by King John - Declaring sovereign to be subject to the rule of law (not the king).(King did not make the law, he was under the protection of the law and had to follow the law) - Provided the foundation for individual rights in Anglo-American law systems - Mark the decline and fall of feudalism Hundred year’s war (1337 - 1453) - France versus England - The conflict appeared from the period of William The Conqueror - a Duke of Normandy (France) became King of Britain - Cause: King Edward III of England and King Philip VI of France escalated a dispute over feudal rights in Gascony to a battle for the French Crown - Timeline (click kéo tới cuối web muốn coi chi tiết) + The Edwardian War (1337-1360) after Edward III of England + The Caroline War (1369-1389) after Charles V of France + The Lancastrian War (1415-1453) after the royal house of England, the Lancasters - With help from such figures as Saint Joan of Arc (1412-1431), the French won crucial battles at Formigny (1450) and Castillon (1453) to bring final victory The middle English - High-prestige language: French - Low-prestige: English - At the end of 14th century: English was using in both in written & spoken language - Literature work: The Canterbury tales (Geoffrey Chaucer) - a collection of 24 stories written in Middle English (1387 - 1400) War of the roses (1455 - 85) - Series of dynastic civil wars between the houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne - The wars were named for the emblems of the two houses: the white rose is York, The red is Lancaster Reason for the war: - Anarchy (chế độ vơ phủ) was prevailing in the mid-15th century - The long reign of Henry VI lasted 15 years (1422 - 1437) and the King’s eagerness to grasp all the power in the state Tutors & Stuarts (1485 - 1713) Tudor rule (1485-1603): the most glorious period in English history in 118 years - 1485: Henry Tudor invaded and defeated King Richard III and crowned king Henry VII He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor → Built the foundations of a wealthy and powerful nation - 1487: the Wars of the Roses end - 1509: Henry VII died Henry VIII ascended and he married to his elder brother’s wife - Catherine of Aragon (former wife of Prince Arthur who died in 1502) - 1527 - 1529: Henry starts divorce proceedings against Catherine → Led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority ⇒ Anglicanism (Anh Giáo) - 1533: Henry married Anne Boleyn and she gave birth to Elizabeth I in the same year - 1536: First Act of Union between England and Wales - 1547: Henry VIII dies; Edward VI (son of the King’s third wife) – aged – became king and died years later - 1558: Elizabeth I became queen → Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor → She did not get married so that she is known as the Virgin Queen Virginia (US) was named after the virgin queen → Queen Elizabeth I defeated the powerful navy of Spain (the Armada) - 1603: James VI (King of Scotland) - Elizabeth’s cousin, became the king of England as James I after Elizabeth I died → The end of Tudor/ the start of Stuarts → Scotland and England were joined Key characters: ● Henry VII - The King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509 ● Henry VIII - The King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547 ● Elizabeth I - Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603 English Civil Wars Also called Great Rebellion (1642-51) Reason for the war: Charles I (the second son of King James I) raised an army against the wishes of Parliament, ostensibly to deal with a rebellion in Ireland - The war took place in the British Isles between party Supporters of the monarchy of Opposing groups Charles I including his son, also including Parliamentarians in successor - Charles II England, Covenanters in Scotland, and Confederates in Ireland The event: - Late 1630s: + Charles made efforts to establish a more English-like religious practice in Scotland This led to the Scottish army defeating Charles’ forces and invading England + Parliament acted quickly to restrict the king’s powers after generating the money to settle the conflict - 1642: Charle I called on his supporters to prepare for war after fleeing (bỏ trốn) to northern England - First English Civil War (1642-46): + Royalist forces (known as Cavaliers) controlled northern and western England + Parliamentarians (or Roundheads) dominated in southern and eastern England + 1644: Parliamentarian force ended the king’s control of northern 10