Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Giáo trình Văn minh Anh - Mỹ được biên soạn dành cho bậc học cử nhân với mục tiêu cung cấp cho sinh viên sự hiểu biết tổng quát về đời sống nhiều mặt của nước Anh cùng như nước Mỹ. Sách được chia thành 2 phần, mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung phần 1 cuốn sách.
a_Ê VĂN Giáo TRìnH Văn Hlỉnh GI-108T mn-im tmim Gồm: Geography History Culture 2011 | PDF | 169 Pages buihuuhanh@gmail.com NHÃ XUẤT BẢN THÔNG TẤN LÊ VĂN Sự Giảpg viên Tiêng Anh Trường Cao đẳng Sư phạm Đồng Nai Trường Đại học Dân lập Lạc Hổng GIÁO TRÌNH VĂN MINH ANH - MỸ BRITISH - AMERICAN CIVILIZATION Gồm: GEOGRAPHY HISTORY CULTfcttỄ0C [trung ĩtì THỒNgm - THƯ VIỆN Số: AWt, NHÀ XUẤT BẢN THÔNG TẤN 2001 PREFACE This course of British - American Civilization is prepared for the B.A programme, and aims at providing the students with a general understanding of the multi-faceted British and American life The lectures are concentrated on these three domains: GEOGRAPHY: with some insights into the topography or natural regions of the British Isles and the U.S.; and some general views of other related fields, namely: climate population - industry - agriculture - transport and cities HISTORY: with some main facts from the history of Britain and America alongside with the political and social institutions of each country CULTURE: with typical lectures on education - tradition customs - sports - entertainment and prominent people This material should be dealt with in reference to the test format which usually comprises these two common parts: ® Identification of geographical, historical and cultural items • Essay writing on one of the burning issues concerning British and American civilization The students, therefore, are expected to ensure regular class attendance, make a summary of what they have learnt and practise writing on significant matters In this way we bet they will achieve success in the course Last but not least, we hope to hear all the hearty remarks and suggestions from the users of this coursebook LE VAN SU Dong Nai Teachers’ College Lac Hong University LOI NOI DAU Giáo trình Vàn Minh Anh - Mỹ biên soạn dành cho bậc học nhân với mục tiêu cung câp cho sinh viên hiểu biết tổng quát đời sông nhiều mặt nước Anh nước Mỹ Các giảng tập trung vào ba lãnh vực sau đáy: ĐỊA LY: với khái niệm địa hình hay miền tự nhiên Đáo Anh Quôc Mỹ Quốc với nhìn tổng quan lãnh vực khác liên quan là: Khí hậu - dân sơ' - công nghiệp - nông nghiệp - vận tải thành phố LỊCH SU: với vài kiện lịch sử Anh - Mỹ, với định chê trị xã hội nước VĂN HÓA: với giảng tiêu biểu giáo dục - truyền thông - phong tục - thế’ thao - giái trí người kiệt xuất Giáo trình nên sứ dụng có tham khảo đêìi dạng thức đề thi với hai phần thường gặp: - Phần nhận biết kiện địa lý, lịch sử văn hóa - Phần tự luận vấn đề nóng bỏng liên quan đến văn minh Anh - Mỹ Vì sinh viên phải đảm bảo việc tham gia đặn giảng, tóm tắt điều học luyện viết vấn đề đáng quan tâm Bằng cách tin họ thành cơng khóa học Điểm cuối khơng phần quan trọng chúng tịi hi vọng nhận nhận xét đóng góp chân tình từ bạn đọc LÊ VĂN Sự Trường CĐSP Đồng Nai Trường Đại Học Lạc Hồng MỤC LỤC PREFACE LỜI NÓI ĐẨU MỤC LỤC ? .7 BOOK1: BRITISH CIVILIZATION 11 Part One : GEOGRAPHY 12 Lecture 1: ENGLAND IN THE BRITISH ISLES 13 Lecture 2: SCOTLAND IN THE BRITISH ISLES 16 Lecture 3: WALES IN THE BRITISH ISLES 17 Lecture 4: NORTHERN IRELAND IN THE BRITISH ISLES 19 Lecture 5: INDUSTRY OF BRITAIN 20 Lecture 6: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 23 Lecture 7: AGRICULTURE IN GREAT BRITAIN Lectures: TRANSPORT 24 Lecture 9: CLIMATE - THE ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION 26 27 Lecture 10: THE WEATHER IN ENGLAND Lecture 11: POPULATION AND THE CITY OF LONDON 28 Lecture 12: LONDON, THE CAPITAL OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 30 Lecture 13: OXFORD & OXFORD UNIVERSITY .? .32 Lecture 14: THE GREAT OF LONDON FOG 33 Lecture 15: CAMBRIDGE .34 Lecture 16 EDINBURGH 35 Lecture 17: MANCHESTER 36 Lecture 18: THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS OF THE BRITISH ISLES 37 Part Two : HISTORY 43 Lecture'19: OUTSTANDING DATES IN THE HISTORY OF BRITAIN 44 Lecture 20: THE ROMAN TIMES IN BRITISH HISTORY 47 Lecture 21: THE ENGLISH KINGDOMS 48 Lecture 22:' KING ALFRED THE GREAT .49 Lecture 23: ENGLAND UNDER FOREIGN KINGS .50 Lecture 24: THE GREAT CHARTER (1215) AND THE BEGINNING OF THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT ' 51 Lecture 25: THE PEASANTS' REVOLT IN THE 14th CENTURY 52 Lecture 26: FRANCIS DRAKE (1540-1596) 53 Lecture 27: THE ENGLISH BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION AND THE COMMONWEALTH (1629-1660) 56 Lecture 28: THE PLAGUE 57 Lecture 29: THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON 58 Lecture 30: CHARTISM (1832-1848) 59 Lecture 31: THE RISE & FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE 60 Lecture 32: POLITICS IN BRITAIN Part Thr ee: CULTURE Lecture 33: SCHOOLS IN BRITAIN 62 64 65 Lecture 34: THE STONE OF DESTINY 67 Lecture 35: THE THEATRE ROYAL 68 Lecture 36: FIREPLACES .69 Lecture 37: BIG BEN 69 Lecture 38: AN EISTEDDFOD 7? Lecture 39: A ROBIN HOOD DANCE 72 Lecture 40: GUY FAWKES DAY 73 Lecture 41: THE FIRST OF MAY.' 74 Lecture 42: BANK HOLIDAYS IN BRITAIN 75 Lecture 43: CALENDAR OF SPECIAL OCCASIONS 76 Lecture 44: ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727) 78 Lecture 45: CHARLES DICKENS 79 Lecture 46: GEORGE STEPHENSON (1781-1848) 80 Lecture 47: HARRY POLLITT (1890-1960) 81 Lecture 48: BENJAMIN BRITTEN (1913-1977) ■ 83 Lecture 49: SPORTS IN BRITAIN 84 Lecture 50: THE HISTORY OF FOOTBALL 85 BIBLIOGRAPHY 87 BOOK 2: AMERICAN CIVILIZATION 88 Part One : GEOGRAPHY 89 Lecture NATURAL REGIONS 90 Lecture 2: A TRIP FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO NEW YORK 91 Lecture 3: THE MAIN GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE PACIFIC 93 Lecture 4: POPULATION & MAIN CITIES 97 Lecture 5: WASHINGTON 99 Lecture NEW YORK 101 Lecture 7: NEW YORK THE CITY OF THE YELLOW DEVIL 102 Lectures: CHICAGO 104 Lecture 9: SAN FRANCISCO 105 Lecture 10: THE AMERICAN ECONOMY 106 Lecture 11: INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE 108 Part Two : HISTORY 110 Lecture 12: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 111 Lecture 13: OUTSTANDING DATES IN THE HISTORY 113 Lecture 14: INDIANS IN NORTH AMERICA 116 Lecture 15: THE COMING OF THE WHITE MEN TO NORTH AMERICA 117 Lecture 16: THE BOSTON TEA PARTY .118 Lecture 17: THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 119 Lecture 18: SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES .120 Lecture 19: THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE STATES(1861-1865) 121 Lecture 20: THE POLITICAL SYSTEM 122 Lecture 21: AMERICAN SYSTEM 124 Part Thr ee: CULTURE 127 Lecture 22: THE AMERICAN PEOPLE 128 Lecture 23: THE MELTING POT: MANY NATIONALITIES 130 Lecture 24: THE COLOUR PROBLEM 132 Lecture 25: THE CHURCH IN AMERICA 134 Lecture 26: AMERICAN FAMILIES 135 Lecture 27: NICKNAMES OF THE STATES 136 Lecture 28: LEISURE, ENTERTAINMENT & SPORTS 138 Lecture 29: AMERICAN SPORTS AND GAMES 139 Lecture 30: BASKET BALL (1) 140 Lecture 31: ON THE INVENTION OF BASKET BALL (2) 141 Lecture 32: AMUSEMENT FOR THE MASSES 142 Lecture 33: PUBLIC HOLIDAYS IN THE U.S.A (1) 144 Lecture 34: A SUMMARY TABLE OF SPECIAL DAYS IN THE U.S.A (2) 146 Lecture 35: AMERICAN SCHOOLS (1) 147 Lecture 36: AMERICAN SCHOOLS-(2) 149 Lecture 37: SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES 151 Lecture 38: YOUTH ORGANIZATION IN THE U.S.A 153 Lecture 39: AMERICAN ENGLISH 154 Lecture 40: THE CELEBRATION OF MAY IN AN AMERICAN SCHOOL 155 Lecture 41: HALLOWEEN - OCTOBER 31 157 Lecture 42: ST VALENTINE'S DAY - FEBRUARY 14 158 Lecture 43: APRIL FOOL'S DAY - APRIL 159 Lecture 44: NIAGARA FALLS .160 Lecture 45: ABRAHAM LINCOLN .162 Lecture 46: THOMAS EDISON 163 Lecture 47: BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790) 164 Lecture 48: LUTHER KING 165 BIBLIOGRAPHY 167 CÙNG TÁC GIẢ SÁCH ĐÃ XUẤT BẢN 168 10 BOOK BRITISH CIVILIZATION I 11 king The cellars were opened and gunpowder was found in them The names of all the Conspirators were found out and they all and Guy Fawkes were put to death REVIEW QUESTIONS When is Guy Fawkes Day celebrated? How is it celebrated? When did the tradition start? Who was Guy Fawkes? How did the conspirators want to kill the king and his ministers? How was the plot discovered? What happened to Guy Fawkes and his comrades? Lecture 41: THE FIRST OF MAY The celebration of May Day (The First of May) probably began with the spring festival in India and Egypt In England of the Middle Ages the most popular custom on May Day was the Maypole On the village green a pole was set up with long coloured ribbons on the top The children each holding an end of the ribbon, danced round the pole The celebration of May as the International Day of Labour came from Chicago, USA REVIEW QUESTIONS How did the celebration of May Day begin? What was the most popular custom on May Day in England of the Middle Ages? Where did the celebration of May as the International Day of Labour come from? 74 Lecture 42: BANK HOLIDAYS IN BRITAIN Four times a year the offices and banks in Britain are closed on a Monday and no one works in them on these days These public holidays are known as Bank Holidays No business houses, factories, schools or shops are open on these days August Bank Holiday was always celebrated on the first Monday in August, but in 1965, it was changed to the last Monday in August On Bank Holidays the British like to go out of town into the open air They go to the seaside or to amusement parks Many families take a basket and put their lunch or tea in it to enjoy their meal in the open air Good weather is important because a wet Bank Holiday spoils the pleasure Londoners often visit the zoo, outside London, but the real Cockney takes his family to Hampstead Heath, a large natural park, where there is a big fair on many of the Bank Holidays There are many different amusements for children and young people at these fairs merry-go-rounds, swings, a puppet show Everybody buys bright balloons and paper hats and this makes everybody merry A very important event is the coming of the Pearly Kings and Queens these are cockneys who have sewed pearl buttons all over their dresses and suits And their hats also have many pearl buttons on them Those of them that have the most beautiful costumes are named Pearly King and Queen for one year REVIEW QUESTIONS When is Bank Holiday celebrated? When the British people like to go on that day? How people enjoy themselves on Hampstead Heath? How people choose the Pearly King and Queen? 75 Lecture 43: CALENDAR OF SPECIAL OCCASIONS New Year’s Dav (1 January): January is also a public holiday in Scotland St Valentine’s Dav (14 February) Shrove Tuesday (Forty-seven days before Easter) St Patrick’s Dav (17 March): This is a public holiday in Northern Ireland Mother’s Dav (The fourth Sunday in Lent): £50 million worth of flowers are bought for this day Cards are also sent April Fools’ Dav (1 April): It is traditional for people to play tricks or practical jokes on each other on this day Good Friday: The strange name in English for the day commemorating Christ’s crucifixion Easter Monday: (The day after Easter Sunday) May Dav (The first Monday in May): In Britain this day is associated more with ancient folklore than with the workers In some villages the custom of dancing round the Maypole is acted out 10 Spring Bank Holiday (The last Monday in May): There used to be a holiday on “Whit Monday” celebrating the Christian feast of pentecost 11 Father’s Dav (The third Sunday in June) 12 Queen’s Official Birthday (The second or third Saturday in June) 13 Orangemen’s Dav (12 July): This is a public holiday in Northern Ireland only In this way, the holiday associated with the Catholic part of the community (St Patrick’s Day) is balanced by one 76 associated with the other part, the protestants 14 Summer Bank Holiday (The Last Monday ill August) 15 Hallowe’en (31 October): This is the day before All Saints’ Day in the Christian calendar Some people hold Hallowe’en parties, which are fancy-dress parties (people dress up as witches, ghosts etc.) However, this day is observed much more energetically in the USA than it is in Britain 16 Guv Fawkes’ Dav (5 November) 17 Remembrance Sunday (Second Sunday in November): This day commemorates the dead of both World Wars On and before this day, money is collected in the street on behalf or charities for exservicemen and women The people who donate money are given paper poppies to pin to their clothes No politician would be seen on this day without a poppy! 18 Christmas Eve (24 December); 19 Christman Dav (25 December) 20 Boxing Dav (26 December): Explanations for the origin of this name vary One is that it was the day on which landowners and house-holders would present their tenants and servants with gifts (in boxes), another is that it was the day on which the collecting boxes in churches were opened and the contents distributed to the poor 21 New Year’s Eve (31 December) REVIEW QUESTIONS Write what you know about the following special, occasions in Great Britain: St Valentine’s Day April Fools’ Day May Day Hallowe’en Remembrance Sunday Boxing Day 77 Lecture 44: ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727) Issac Newton is one of the greatest men in the history of science He was born in a small village of Woolsthorpe in England His father was a poor farmer When the boy was fourteen his father died Newton left school and helped his mother on the farm But the boy did not like farming He was fond of poetry and mathematics So Newton was sent back to school where he studied well and made his first scientific experiments After he left school Newton studied at Cambrige University In the autumn of 1660, Cambrige University was closed The Great Plague spread in England and Newton had to return to his village and stay there for eighteen months At home he went on with his studies When he was twenty-one Newton formulated the binomial theorem After graduating Newton lectured on mathematics at Cambridge University Newton’s greatest discovery is the law of gravitation In 1703 his countrymen elected Newton President of the Royal Society On February 28, 1727 he attended his last meeting of the Royal Society On March 20, 1727 he died and was buried in Westminster Abbey There is a monument to Newton in Trinity College at Cambridge with the inscription: Newton, who surpassed All Men of Science REVIEW QUESTIONS What did Newton when he was twenty-one? What is his greatest discovery? How people value him? 78 Lecture 45: CHARLES DICKENS Charles Dickens, one of the greatest and most popular English novelists, was born on the 17th of February, 1812, in a small English town He was very clever and learnt to read at an early age He read a lot of books in his childhood When Dickens was nine years old, the family moved to London where they lived in an old house in the suburbs They had a very hard life The future writer could not even go to school, because at that time his father was in prison with his mother and all other members except him Those were the most unhappy days of all Charles’s life The boy worked from early morning till late at night to help his family Charles was only able to start going to school when he was nearly twelve, and his father was out of prison He very much wanted to study, but he did not finish his schooling After two years of school he began working again He had to work hard to earn his living, and tried very many trades His ambition was to study and become a well-educated man At the age of fifteen he often went to the famous library of the British Museum He spent a lot of time in the library reading-room He read and studied there and in this way he got an education Later he described his childhood and youth in some of his famous novels, among them “Little Dorrit” and “David Copperfield” 10 The great writer died in 1870, but everybody still enjoys reading his books 79 REVIEW QUESTIONS Write about the childhood of Dickens What about his youth? How did he get education? Lecture 46: GEORGE STEPHENSON (1781-1848) George Stephenson was the first man who put a steam-engine on wheels The English call him the “Father of Railways” Stephenson was born in the family of a poor worker near the City of Newcastle, one of the industrial centres of England The boy’s father could not send him to school, so George helped his mother to look after the younger children in the family His duty was to see that his little brothers and sisters did not get under the horses that pulled coal-cars on the wooden rails near his father’s house The boy looked at those rails every day and knew how often they were repaired He decided then that iron rails could be better At eight Stephenson began to work as a horse-driver in a coal-mine The boy could not read and write but he did not forget about the iron rails Now he thought of a steam-engine which could the work of twenty horses He built a model in clay of such an engine At nineteen he was put to work on a steam-engine Now he had time to learn reading and writing Soon he made a design of a locomotive, which moved on iron rails But Stephenson could not build it as he had no money Stephenson was fifty years old when some businessmen decided to 80 build an iron railway and see how Stephenson’s locomotive worked The first railway was built between Stockton and Darlington On the day when it was opened a man on a horse went in front of the engine and shouted that the train was coming People on horses and in carriages were driving near the train When they had gone for some time, Stephenson who was running his locomotive, asked the horseman to go away He put steam on and ran his locomotive as fast as 12 miles an hour (about 20 kilometres) Parliament didn’t want to build railways They said locomotive could not run against a strong wind Then Stephenson built a new locomotive and call it “The rocket” His son Robert helped him This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one It could pull thirteen tons and run twenty-nine miles (46 kilometres) an hour This time the railway company agreed to use Stephenson’s locomotive The first railway in England was built in 1825 and the first railway in Russia was opened in 1837 It went from Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo (now Pushkin) REVIEW QUESTIONS What the English people call George Stephenson? How old was he when he could build the first railway between Stockton and Darlington When was the first railway in England built? Lecture 47: HARRY POLLITT (1890-1960) Harry Pollitt was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of Britain He was born in 1890 in the family of a poor worker in Lancasshire Very early the boy became a boilermaker’s apprentice After work he attended the evening classes four times a 81 week where he learned the theory of his trade Harry educated himself by reading every book he could get The young man was interested in poetry and socialism He saw the poverty of the workers and learned to understand and love his class In later years the workers of Britain listened to him with respect when he spoke of socialism Harry welcomed the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 and persuaded the British workers to support it When Britain’s armed intervention against the Soviet Union was organized Harry Pollitt together with the post-workers stopped the ships from leaving the ports of Britain In 1920 Harry Pollitt took part in the foundation of the Communist Party of Great Britain Later he became its General Secretary When the Spanish people began to fight against fascism in their country Harry Pollitt organized the British Battalion of the International Brigade The British Communist Party’s programme - “Britain’s Road to Socialism” was written with his help All his life Harry Pollitt remained a modest, honest Lancashire man that he was from the very beginning He was a good speaker and clever organizer He wrote many articles on the theory of Marxism-Leninism Harry Pollitt died in 1960 REVIEW QUESTIONS When and where was Harry Pollitt born? In what profession did he begin to work? How did he educate himself? What books did he read? What did he for the October Revolution? When was the Communist Party of Great Britain organized? How did the Communist Party of Great Britain help the Spanish people in the struggle against fascism? What did Harry Pollitt in the theory of Socialism? When did Harry Pollitt die? 82 Lecture 48: BENJAMIN BRITTEN (1913-1977) Benjamin Britten was born in the county of Suffolk, in November, 1913 .His father was a dentist, and loved music very much Benjamin’s mother played the piano and sang The friends of the family often came to the house to make music in the evenings When Benjamin was five he began to play the piano and compose music At school Benjamin worked hard at all subjects but his favourite was music and he continued to write songs After leaving school Benjamin went to the Royal College of Music where he studied for three years At 19 Benjamin Britten began to work as a musician for a small film company He wrote music for plays, songs for children During the Second World War Britten gave many concerts for the British army and went on composing music He wrote many operas The most popular is “Peter Grimes” which was performed in many countries One of his best works is “War Requiem” in which the composer expressed his hatred of war and his call for peace and friendship of peoples Britten’s music is melodious and not diffcult It can be enjoyed by every music lover Benjamin Britten died in 1977 REVIEW QUESTIONS When and where was B Britten bom? When did the boy begin to play the piano? Where did Britten get his education? When did Britten begin to work as a musician? What is Britten’s best work? 83 Lecture 49: SPORTS IN BRITAIN The first book which told schoolboys how to play outdoor games came out in 1856 It came out a second time in 1868 with many changes The name of the book was EVERY BOY’S BOOK OF SPORTS In the second half of the 19th century the game of golf came from Scotland Sailing was important because the English love the water Rowing was a popular school sport Another water sport was, of course, swimming Croquet became very popular in England in the middle of the 19th century The home of the All England Croquet Club was Wimbledon Today Wimbledon is part of Greater London Later the new game of lawn-tennis became popular In 1817 the first world lawn-tennis championship took place at Wimbledon Another kind of sport is racing There are all typ’.s of racing in England: horse-racing, motor-racing, boat-racing, bicycle-racing, even dog-racing One of the most popular outdoor games in Britain is football 10 Cricket comes next to football Cricket started in the 17th century in England REVIEW QUESTIONS What is the title of the first book about sports in England? Enumerate the sports and games available in England from the time the first book about sports came into existence What is the most popular outdoor game for the English? 84 Lecture 50: THE HISTORY OF FOOTBALL The one-hundredth anniversary of football was celebrated in 1963, but the game is really much older In general, games with a ball were well known hundreds of years ago A Roman game with a ball was brought to Gaul by Caesar’s legions They were played in the squares and streets of cities and villages At the beginning of the 17th century, special laws were made against playing ball games Nobody was allowed to play, and for two hundred and fifty years, there were no games in Europe People began to play again in the second half of the 19th century In 1863, a meeting was called in a tavern in Great Queen Street, London, for the purpose of deciding the rules of the game Thirteen rules were agreed on They were published in December, 1863, and later became the international rules of the game all over the world The team included a goal-keeper, one full-back, one half-back and eight forwards Only the goal-keeper could hold the ball in his hands The sound of the referee’s whistle was heard for the first time in 1878 The goal, as we see it today, was introduced in 1891 The same year saw the introduction of the eleven-metre penalty kick 10 In 1909, the goal-keeper began to wear clothes of a different colour from those worn by the other members of his team 11 The rules for “out of play” were changed many times 12 In 1925, the rule was changed for the last time No important changes were announced in the rules of football after 1925 85 REVIEW QUESTIONS Where did the games with a ball first take shape? When did people begin to play football again? What happened in 1863, 1878, 1891, 1909 and 1925? 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY Kopul, E.G & Borovik, M.A (1980) English Reader Moscow Prosveshcheniye Starkov, A.S & Ostrovsky, B.s (1988) English Textbook and Reader Moscow Prosveshcheniye Brookes, H.F & Fraenkel, 0^,(1988) Life in Britain Heinemann International O’Driscoll, James (1995) Britain: The Country and Its People Revised and Updated Oxford University Press Butterfly- Maggzine (1958) Geography of Britain Herdman, T & Hurworth, A (1959) Europe and The British Isles Longmans, Green and Go Ltd Aspects of British Life HCMC junior Teachers’ College: 1944 Me Dowall, David Britain in Close Up Sheerin, Seath and White - Spotlight on Britain Oxford University Press 87 BOOK AMERICAN CIVILIZATION 88 ... - Monmouth 11 Gloucestershire - Gloucester 12 Somersetshire - Taunton 13 Lincolnshire - Lincoln 14 Cambridgeshire - Cambridge 15 Norfolk - Norwich 16 Suffolk - Ipswich 17 Essex - Chelmsford 18 ... Berwickshire - Duns 11 West Lothian - Linlithgow 12 Midlothian - Edinburgh 13 East Lothian - Haddington 14 Dumbartonshire - Dumbarton 15 Stirlingshire - Stirling 16 Clackmannanshire - Clackmannan 17 Kinrosshire... 11 : INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE 10 8 Part Two : HISTORY 11 0 Lecture 12 : THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 11 1 Lecture 13 : OUTSTANDING DATES IN THE HISTORY 11 3 Lecture 14 :