Tiếng anh chuyên ngành 1

tiếng anh chuyên ngành dược dành cho sinh viên hoặc người đang học ngành dược cần tìm hiểu các ngữ pháp cơ bản

VOCABULARY: ( Week - Book unit 1+2+3)  Cardiology (khoa tim mạch): the hospital department that specializes in the treatment of the heart and heart diseases  Cardiologist (bác sĩ tim mạch): a doctor who takes care of patients with heart problems  Dermatology (khoa da liễu): the hospital department that specializes in the treatment of the skin and skin diseases  Emergency: the hospital department where people with very serious or life threatening injuries are treated  Obsterics (khoa sản): the hospital department that treats women and unborn children during pregnancy  Obstetrician (bác sĩ khoa sản): a doctor who cares for pregnant women and their unborn children  Orthopedics (khoa xương khớp): the hospital department that specializes in the treatment of bones and muscles  Pathology (khoa bệnh học): the hospital department that tests samples taken from patients for diseases  Lab technician (người làm phịng thí nghiệm): a medical professional who works with samples in a laboratory  Pediatrics (khoa nhi): the hospital department that specializes in the treatment of children  Pediatrician (bác sĩ khoa nhi): a doctor that takes care of children  Pharmacy (phòng bán thuốc): a business or hospital department that provides medicine to people  Pharmacist (dược sĩ): a licensed health care professional who fills prescriptions and gives medicine  Radiology (khoa X-ray): the hospital department that takes X-rays of people and examines them  Radiologist (bác sĩ coi X-ray): a doctor who takes X-rays and examines them  Surgery (khoa phẫu thuật): the hospital department where doctors perform operations on people  Surgeon (bác sĩ phẫu thuật): a doctor who perfoms operations on people  Anesthesiologist (bác sĩ gây mê): a doctor who ensures that patients are unconscious or not feel pain during surgery  General practitioner (bác sĩ đa khoa): a doctor who provides many kinds of care to adults and children  Nurse (y tá): a medical professional who helps a doctor and cares for patient  Bedpan (bô ỉa cho bệnh nhân): a pot used for relieving oneself when a person is not able to go to a bathroom  Bio-hazard waste container (thùng chứa chất thải nguy hiểm sinh học): a box for the storage and disposal of dangerous medical waste  Gauze (gạc): a cotton fabric used to cover wounds or surgical incisions  Gown (áo bệnh nhân): a long robe worn by a hospital patient  Latex gloves (găng tay cao su hàng xài lần bỏ): disposable gloves used during a medical exam or procedure  Oxygen tank: a metal cylinder that holds oxygen  Pressure mattress (giường cho bệnh nhân già tránh lở loét áp lực nằm lâu): a special treatment designed to improve blood flow and comfort to prevent pressure ulcer  Sharps container (thùng chứa vật sắc nhọn): a box for the storing of used needles and other sharp medical instruments before disposal  Syringe (kim chích): a device consisting of a needle, chamber, and piston, used for injecting liquids into the body  Wheelchair (xe lăn): a mobile chair with wheels used for moving a sick or disabled person EXAMPLES OF VOCABUARY USES:  Pathology test samples for all departments  Take this person to surgery for her transplant  My daughter’s pediatrician says that some tea and syrup is all that’s needed to soothe her cough  Dispose of used gauze and latex gloves in the bio-hazard waste containers  The bedpans in this room need to be emptied before you leave  The medical staff at a hospital will always use gauze to cover up wounds on a patient  The pharmacy can fill the prescriptions twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week  Doctor and nurse must always wear a new pair of latex gloves when examining patients  Dr Takeshi’s reputation as one of the best transplant surgeons is known worldwide  Dr Brown is a famous transplant surgeon  Pediatrics provides healthcare from birth to adulthood  The doctor orders a pressure mattress for Ms Jones to help her back pain  An ambulance brought the patient to the emergency room  Nurse said: “I just took Ms Greyon’s blood pressure It’s one fifty over ninetytwo  A pediatrician is best qualified to examine a sick four-year old  Suppliers for patient rooms, such as gowns and bedpans, are on the left  Radiology creates X-rays and CT scans for all departments VOCABULARY: ( Week - Book unit 4+5+6+7 )              Ankle: the joint between the foot and the lower leg Arm: the long extension from the upper body between the shoulder and wrist Elbow: the joint between the upper and lower arm Finger: one of the extensions from the hand Foot: the perpendicular extension at the end of the leg Hand: the part of the arm below the wrist, to which fingers are attached Hip (hông): the part of the upper leg that projects slightly outward Knee: the joint between the upper and lower leg Leg: the long extension from the lower body between the hip and the foot Shoulder: the joint between the arm and the upper body Toe: one of the small extensions at the end of the foot Wrist (cổ tay): the part of the forearm that attaches to the hand Abdomen (phần bụng): the part of the body that contains the digestive organs and is between the groin and the waist  Back: the part of the human body on the other side of the body to the torso between the pelvis (xương chậu) and the neck  Chest: the part of the human body enclosed by the sternum (xương ức) and the ribs that lies above the abdomen and below the neck  Groin (vùng háng): the place in the human body where the inner thigh (đùi) and the lower abdomen meet  Neck: the part of the body that joins the head to the torso  Rib cage (xương lồng ngực): a structure of bones in the torso that frames the chest  Shoulder blade (xương bả vai): one of the two upper back bones that lie outside the ribs and connect the back to the upper arm  Small of the back: the lower portion of the back just above the hips  Torso (thân trên, khơng tính tay đầu): the upper portion of the human body that extends from the neck to the pelvis  Waist: the part of the human torso between the groin and the rib cage  Cheek: the fleshy part of the either side of the face below the eye  Ears: the organs on either side of the head that detect sound  Eyebrows: strips of hair that grow above the eyes  Eyes: the pair of spherical organs in the head that detect light and provide vision  Face: the front portion of the head from the chin to the forehead  Forehead: the portion of the face between the hairline and eyebrows  Head: the upper part of the human body that contains the brain and the face  Jaw: either the upper and lower bony structure that holds the teeth and forms the framework of the mouth  Lips: the two muscular folds that surround the mouth  Nose: an organ that projects from the face that detects smell  Alveoli (phế nang): small sacs in the lungs at the endpoints of the respiratory system where oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream  Asthma (bệnh suyễn): a chronic inflammatory lung disease (bệnh viêm phổi mãn tính) that causes wheezing (thở khị khè), coughing, and shortness of breath Some symptoms of asthma can be treated by inhaling medicine  Breathe: to pass air into and out of the lungs for the purpose of absorbing oxygen into the bloodstream  Bronchial tube (ống phế quản): the main passage within the lung through which air passes from the trachea (khí quản) to the alveoli  Emphysema (bệnh khí phổi thủng): a progessive respiratory disease that causes shortness of breath and involves damage to lung tissues  Exhale (thở ra): to breathe out or expel air from the lungs  Inhale (hít vào): to breathe in or take air into the lungs  Lung: an organ located in the chest of the human body that introduces oxygen to the bloodstream  Oxygen: a naturally occuring element necessary for the functioning of the human body and absorbed into the bloodstream by the respiratory system  Respiratory system: the human’s body means of receiving oxygen through breathing It includes the nose, mouth, and lungs EXAMPLES OF VOCABUARY USES:  Air passes into the lungs from the trachea through the bronchial tubes  A hard blow can knock the shoulder out of place resulting in a shoulder displocation  The doctor placed his hand on the small of the patient’s back  Ankles, knees, and elbows can be sprained from unnatural movements  Breaking even your smallest toe can make walking difficult  Breaking even your smallest finger can make lifting difficult  Respiratory system is the network of organs and airways responsible for gas exchange can be adversely affected by smoking  Tom can’t move his arm due to his shoulder injury  Which of the following is a respiratory disorder? Infertility, ulcer, stroke, asthma  Fingers and toes, these appendages are often jammed or broken  The bones that protect the heart and lungs make up the rib cage  He was badly hurt in the chest The doctor saw obvious bruises in the upper front part of his torso  Fingers and toes can be jammed or broken  What part of the torso are NOT on the front of the body? Shoulder  The patient suffered minor head trauma and may have a concussion  Lips are the sensitive organs surrounding the mouth  The eyebrows keep water out of the eyes  I love to run but last week i sprained my ankle when my foot rolled in a twisting motion  Which of the following is not a symptom of a asthma? Coughing, wheezing, inflamed bronchial tubes, excessive oxygen entering the blood  Ankle sprain can result from a blow to the knee or a sudden twist There could be pain throughout the leg  Last Saturday i sprained my wrist while playing tennis  My nose is congested and i’m having trouble breathing  This shoe barely fits on my foot  I’ve taken a look at your chest X-rays I’m sorry to say, it appears to be emphysema  I twisted my ankle when i was running  The eyes are the pair of spherical organs in the head that detect light and provide vision  The dentist opened Carl’s mouth to look at his teeth  In emphysema, the alveoli lose their shape and functionality when the person exhales VOCABULARY: ( Week - Book unit 8+9+10+15 )  Artery (động mạch): a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart  Aorta (động mạch chủ): the largest artery in the body It connects directly to the heart  Vein (tĩnh mạch): a blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart  Vena cava (tĩnh mạch chủ): one of two largest veins in the body It connects directly to the heart  Capillary (mao mạch): the smallest kind of blood vessel in the body where the exchange of oxygen, water, and nutrients takes place  Circulatory system (hệ thống tuần hoàn): the system responsible for carrying blood and oxygen throughout the body  Heart: the organ which pumps the blood throughout the body  Atrium (tâm nhĩ): one of the two upper chambers of the heart (buồng tim), which receive from veins  Valve (van): a flap in a bodily system that allows passage of material in one direction but prevents passage in the other direction  Pulmonary (thuộc phổi): related to the lungs If something is pulmonary, it has to with the lungs  Digestive system: the system of organs through which food passes, and which processes food, nutrients, and waste  Esophagus (thực quản / cuống họng): the muscular tube connecting the mouth at the pharynx (yết hầu) to the cardiac end of the stomach  Stomach: the pouch-like organ between the esophagus and small intestine, this produces acid and enzymes to break down food which enters the body  Small intestine (ruột non): the part of the digestive system through which food passes from the stomach and through which nutrients are absorbed into the blood  Large intestine (ruột già / đại tràng): the organ connected at the end of the small intestine and anus The large intestine absorbs nutrients and vitamins not absorbed by the small intestine It then compacts unused food into waste, or feces  Colon (ruột già / đại tràng): another name of the large intestine  Colonoscopy (nội soi ruột già): a medical procedure which examines the inside of the colon  Ulcer (vết loét): a sore or abscess (đau áp xe) which forms in the stomach when the stomach’s mucus lining is too thin to keep the stomach’s acid from damaging the stomach  Appendicitis (viêm ruột thừa): a condition where the appendix (ruột thừa), a small organ which is part of the digestive system, becomes irritated and inflamed (bị kích thích viêm)  Assess (đánh giá): to evaluate something or determine the value of it  Bandage (băng cá nhân): a strip of material used to protect an injury  Burn: a physical injury that can be caused by extreme heat, cold, electricity, or dangerous chemicals  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation / CPR (hồi sức tim phổi): is a first aid procedure involving chest compression and artificial breathing (hô hấp nhân tạo), used when the heart has stopped beating  First aid (sơ cứu): basic medical care given to an injury victim when other help is not available or necessary  Laceration (vết rách): an open injury caused by a hard impact to soft body tissue  Pressure: an amount of force applied to a certain area divided by the size of the area  Pulse (mạch đập): an impulse caused by a heartbeat, that can be felt when an artery is pressed  Rescue breathing (hô hấp nhân tạo): a first aid procedure involving providing air for someone who has stopped breathing, but still has a heartbeat  Shock (bị sốc): a medical emergency in which the circulator system cannot provide oxygen to the body  Wound (vết thương): an injury, such as a cut or burn, usually to the external body (bên thể)  Antibiotic (kháng sinh): something used to kill or slow the growth of bacterial microorganisms in the body  Antimicrobial (kháng khuẩn): something that kills or prevents the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungus  Bacteria (vi khuẩn): any of a great number of single-celled microorganisms that inhabit all areas of the earth including human bodies Many types are responsible for human ailments and disease  Biohazard (nguy sinh học): a biological substance that is potentially harmful to humans They can include bacteria, viruses, and biologically derived toxins (chất độc có nguồn gốc sinh học)  Contagious (dễ lây lan): a disease that can spread easily from one person to another  Disinfectant (chất khử trùng): something used to clean surfaces by killing bacteria and other microorganisms  Facemask (khẩu trang): a covering of cloth or other material over the face, worn to prevent the transmission of microorganisms by way of the nose and mouth  Infection (sự nhiễm trùng): the abnormal manifestation of parasitic microorganisms within an area of the body  Quarantine (cách ly): to isolate a person from contact with others in order to prevent the transmission of contagious diseases  Transmit (truyền dẫn, chuyển giao): to transfer something from one place to another, such as transmitting a virus or other biohazard from one body to another  Virus: a small infectious entity (thực thể nhiễm trùng) only capable of replicating within the cells of living organisms EXAMPLES OF VOCABUARY USES:              Blood picks up oxygen when it travels through pulmonary artery The aorta branches into two smaller arteries in the lower body The superior vena cava returns blood without oxygen from the head and arms Mr Robinson, your blood pressure is really high You’re at increased risk for a heart attack Usually during a heart attack, an artery inside the heart gets blocked by fatty acids When that happen blood can’t get through, that can lead to permanent damage or death The symptoms of a heart attack are sudden chest pains or difficult breathing Call the hospital immediately if you have them Pain between the heart and stomach might mean an esophagus problem Pain lower in the abdomen could mean appendicitis Which of the following is an organ of the digestive system? Aorta, esophagus, bladder, vena cava The vena cava is one of the two largest vein in the body It connects directly to the heart Which of the following is not a recommended Hygiene Standards? Quarantining infected individuals, cleaning surfaces with disinfectant, hand washing with antimicrobial soap, storing biohazards in proper cabinets (the rest are Hygiene Standards) If you live 66 years, your heart will beat 25 billion times Much of the bacteria found in the colon exists harmlessly in the body  Which of the following is not related to the Circulatory system? vena cava, cardiology, aorta, bladder (rest are related)  Problems in the digestive system can appear in the esophagus, the stomach, the appendix, or the colon  I kept my foot under water for quite some time It helped a lot to relieve my minor burn  Virus often get transmitted when people don’t follow proper hygiene  They’ve quarantined Joe at the hospital because his flu is resistant to antibiotic drugs  Apply pressure to lacerations or other open wounds to stop bleeding  Blood without oxygen returns to the heart in veins  Does blood without oxyge return to the left or right atrium?  The nurse use stiches to close the wound  All of the following are organs of the digestive system except the: small intestine, colon, esophagus, epidermis (3 rest are related)  Cool minor burns with running water  Blood begins its journey in the heart, which beats to pump it to the rest of the body  In order to stop bleeding, you should first apply pressure  You should wash your injury and wrap a bandage around it  A cold can be prevented from transmitting by wearing face masks  Prevent shock by elevating the legs and covering the victim  The appendix is between the small intestine and large intestine  The doctor will need ton the victim’s condition  First aid is basic medical care given to an injury victim when other help is not available or necessary  In a colonoscopy, the doctor insert a fiber-optic camera into the rectum While the camera is being withrawn, the problem will be found VOCABULARY: ( Week - Book unit 1+2+3+4 )  Clot: a small chunk of dried blood that blocks the flow of blood through a blood vessel  Endocrine system (hệ nội tiết): is the bodily system that uses hormones to regulate the body’s functions  Gland (tuyến): is a bodily organ that creates a susbstance and release it, often into the bloodstream  Hormone: is a chemical released by one part of the body that sends out messages which affect other parts of the body  Hypothalamus (vùng đồi): is the part of the brain that connects the nervous system with the endocrine system It controls body temperature, hunger, thirst and fatigue  Melatonin (một loại hormone): is a hormone that controls the day and night cycles of the body (a hormone from pineal body)  Pineal body (tuyến tùng): is a small gland in the brain that produces the hormone melatonin  Pituitary gland (tuyến yên): is a gland in the brain that emits numerous hormones to control body processes such as growth, blood pressure, and sex organ functions  Secrete (tiết ra): is to emit a substance in order to perform some bodily function  Thyroid gland (tuyến giáp): is a large gland in the neck that controls how the body uses energy and controls proteins  Birth control (biện pháp ngừa thai): refers to several techniques used to prevent egg fertilization or interrupt pregnancy  Condom: is a barrier device worn over the penis during intercourse to reduce the chance of pregnancy and disease  Contraceptive (ngừa thai / thuốc ngừa thai): is a method of birth control that prevents fertilization of the egg cell  Genitalia (cơ quan sinh dục): are the parts of the male and female bodies that involved in the process of reproduction  Gonads (tuyến sinh dục): are the organs that produce sex cells They are the testes in males and ovaries in females  Infertility (vô sinh): is the inability to have children  Intercourse (giao hợp): is the sexual act in which the male penis enters the female vagina  Ovaries (buồng trứng): are the organs in the female body that produce egg cells  Reproductive system (hệ sinh dục): is the bodily system of organs that work together for the purpose of producing offspring  Sexually active (nhu cầu tình dục cao): if a person is _, he or she regularly engages in forms of sexual activity  Sexually-transmitted disease (bệnh lây lan qua đường tình dục): an STD, or , is an illness that is passed from one person to another through sexual activity  Testes (tinh hoàn): are the organs in the male body that produce sperm  Abdominal aorta (động mạch chủ bụng): is the main artery that supplies oxygenated blood to all of the abdominal and pelvic organs and the legs  Bladder (bàng quang): is a bodily organ that holds urine before it is expelled from the body  Urinary cast (trụ niệu): is a tiny structure that produced by the kidneys and present in urine that contains indicatots of urinaty health  Flow (lưu lượng): is the smooth movement of something, usually a liquid  Inferior mesenteric artery (động mạch mạch treo tràng dưới): come off the surface of the abdominal aorta and it transfers the blood supply of the intestines  Inferior vena cava (tĩnh mạch chủ dưới): is a vein that carries blood that has had the oxygen removed from it, to the right part of the heart  Kidney (thận): is one of the two organs that removes waste from the blood and produces urine  Kidney stone (sỏi thận): is a hard, crystal-like mineral structure that forms in the kydneys and can be very painful to pass  Pass (thải): is to process something through and out of one’s body  Ureter (niệu quản): is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder ( urine move from kidney -> ureter -> urinary bladder -> urethra -> out of the body)  Urethra (niệu đạo): is a tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body  Urinary bladder (bàng quang tiết niệu): is the place where urine is collected and stored before it is removed from the body  Urinary system (hệ tiết): is a part of the body that controls the creation and  expulsion of urine  Urine (nước tiểu): is a liquid waste that the body expels  Waste (chất thải / phân): is a substance produced by the body that is not needed so it is expelled EXAMPLES OF VOCABUARY USES:                Diana used painkillers to pass the stones with minimal discomfort Which of the following is a STD? HIV The casts indicated that the patient might have a kidney disease Urinary system consists of: ureter, kidneys, urinary bladder Growth is one of the functions controlled by the pituitary gland Kidney stones can cause pain and poor urine flow due to blockage of the urethra The adrenal gland located above the kidney Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell reaches an egg cell during intercourse The reproductive system is the only system in which males and females have very different parts Birth control pills and condoms are examples of contraception Addison’s disease symptoms are: diarrhea and nausea, extreme fatigue and light-headedness, weight loss Endocrine system: hypothalamus, hormones, thyroid gland Each gland of the endocrine system secrete one or more hormones into the bloodstream The pineal body helps control sleep patterns Dietary changes might help prevent the recurrence of kidney stones VOCABULARY: ( Week - Book unit 13+14+15 )  Advise (khuyên): is to give a recommendation about health care  Counsel (tư vấn): is to give guidance about health care options  Family medicine (y học gia đình): is a branch of medicine that provides longterm, general health care for all individuals  Health education (giáo dục sức khỏe): is the act of teaching people about their bodies and good health habits  Practitioner (bác sĩ): is someone who is legally licensed to perform medical treatments without supervision  Preventative (tính dự phòng): if medicine is _, it focuses on preventing diseases from occurring rather than curing them  Primary care (chăm sóc sức khỏe ban đầu): refers to the first and main point of medical assistance for patients in a health care system  Refer (giới thiệu): to _ is to transfer a patient from one doctor to another doctor who may be better addres the patient’s specific needs  Urgent care (chăm sóc khẩn cấp): refers to health care provided to immediately respond to an injury or illness that is not serious enough to visit the emergency room  Bili light (đèn bili): is a light therapy tool used to treat jaundice in newborns wherein the infant is placed under blue lights which convert bilirubin for proper excretion  Bilirubin (học hóa sinh - sắc tố da cam): is a yellow colored breakdown product of red blood cells  Check up (kiểm tra): is a medical examination performed perodically to evaluate a patient’s health even if the patient has no apparent ailments  Infant (trẻ sơ sinh): is a young human being in the first year or two of life  Jaundice (bệnh vàng da trước gan): is a yellowish coloring of the skin caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood This condition is often related to disease of the liver, common in newborns and usually not harmful  Juvenile (trong giai đoạn thiếu niên): if an illness is _, it occurs in children  Newborn (trẻ đẻ): is an infant in the first twenty-eight days after birth  Obesity (béo phì): is a medical condition in which a person accumulates a potentially unhealthy amount of excess body fat  Teenager (thiếu niên – danh từ): is a young human being between the ages of twelve and twenty  Alzheimer’s disease (bệnh Alzheimer): is a brain disease that causes a person to lose memory and their ability to think clearly  Assisted living (hỗ trợ sinh hoạt): is a living situation in which a person receives assistance with daily activities, but does not need 24-hour care  Bed sores (lở loét liệt chỗ giường thời gian dài): are skin wounds caused by too much pressure cutting off blood circulation to a part of the body  Dizziness (chóng mặt): is a condition in which a person feels as if he or she is spinning and that he or she might fall over  Drug interaction (tương tác thuốc): is the combined use of drugs that result in negative reactions  Elderly (người già): if a person is _, he or she is approaching the end of an average lifespan  Geriatrics (khoa lão / khoa chăm sóc người già): is a field of medicine that focuses on preventing and treating diseases in older people  Hearing loss: is a loss of a portion of all of one’s hearing  Incontinence (ỉa đái kiểm soát, đại tiểu tiện): is the inability to control one’s bladder or bowel movements  Nursing home (viện dưỡng lão): is a cility that provides 24-hour care to elderly patients  Polypharmacy (sử dụng nhiều thuốc lần): is the use of too many medications at once  Stroke (đột quỵ): is a rapid loss of brain function due to a loss of blood to the brain EXAMPLES OF VOCABUARY USES:  If needed, family practitioners refer patients to specialists for specific diseases and injuries  Senior citizens must often take several regular medications This puts them at risk for polypharmacy  Bilirubin is a yellow colored breakdown product of red blood cells  Family practioners also provide primary care such as routine checkups and immunizations, and also counselling  Seniors who require help may be placed in assisted living or a nursing home, depending on the seriousness of their condition VOCABULARY: ( Week - Book unit 5+6 )  Burning (rát bỏng): if pain is _, it means the affected area feels very hot  Constant (liên tục đoạn thời gian): if pain is _, it continues for a long period of time without getting better  Distress (phiền muộn): is a feeling of pain or unhappiness  Excruciating (dữ dội): if pain is _, it is extremely bad  Intensity (cường độ): is the degree of something’s strength  Intermittent (gián đoạn, từng hồi đợt): if pain is _, it goes away for a period of time and then returns  Mild (nhẹ): if pain is _, it is not very severe  Moderate (vừa phải): if pain is _, it hurts, but it is not extreme  Sharp (buốt): if pain is _, it is very strong and comes on very suddenly  Shooting (nhói): if pain is _, it feels like the pain is passing through a body part very quickly  Throbbing (nhói kiểu mạch đập): if pain is _, it beats, or stops and starts, very quickly  Unbearable (không thể chịu nổi): if pain is _, it is extremely hard or even impossible to withstand  Acute (cấp tính): if a condition is _, it appears suddenly and often with great intensity  Chronic (mạn tính / mãn tính): if a condition is _, it develops slowly and lasts a long time  Chronic bronchitis (viêm phế quản mạn tính): is a persistent condition in which tubes in the lungs swell and make it diffult to breathe  Condition (tình trạng): is a medical illness or disease  Endocarditis (viêm nội tâm mạc): is a chronic condition in which the inner layers of the heart become inflamed due to bacteria growing inside  Intervention (sự can thiệp): is the process of treating a condition to cure it or prevent it from becoming worse  Not affected (không ảnh hưởng): if something is _, this means it does not have a particular illness