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1 INTRODUCTION The necessity of the dissertation Under the impact of industrialization and modernization, the status of rural-to-city migration has been on the rise both in the official sectors (OS) and in unofficial sectors (US) In 2010, economy of unofficial sectors created over 11 million jobs in total number of jobs around the country which make up about one fourth of total major jobs and one half of non-farm jobs If extra jobs are added into this number, unofficial sectors create more than 12.4 million jobs It is estimated that Vietnam has about 8.4 million unofficial producing households, among which 7.4 million households consider their unofficial job as their main job and million households consider it as their second job (Dang Tien, 2010) The labourers migrating to work in unofficial sectors different jobs insurance, health insurance and unemployment insurance The Government almost has no control over these sectors; therefore, there is a lack of development policies and labour rights for workers in these informal sectors as well as employed laborers in the unofficial sectors Therefore, the study researching on the topic of "The income of hired migrant workers working in unofficial sectors in inner city of Hanoi" has theoretical and practical meaning Objectives and study tasks 2.1 Objectives Basing on theories about income of hired migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in urban areas, the dissertation analyzes the current situation and proposes approaches and solutions to ensure the income for these hired migrant workers in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi 2.2 Study mission which are generally unstable, with low income, almost with no social insurance, health insurance, unemployment insurance and most of these labourers not gain benefits from special policies In 2010, over 50% of the employees working in this sector earned less than VND 1.4 million/person/month, while 30% of these labourers have to work more than 60 hours/week Most of workers have to work from 49 hours to 52 hours per week (Dang Tien, 2010) Firstly, the dissertation reviews previous published research within the country and abroad relating to income of hired migrant workers working in the unofficial metropolitan areas, indicates the research gaps in theory, in space, time After that on this basis, the dissertation determines the objects and scope of research for the dissertation The problem is how to improve the income-generating conditions of hired migrant workers working in this area? Secondly, the dissertation explains the theoretical and practical implications relating to income of hired migrant workers in unofficial sectors as well as factors affecting to income of hired migrant workers working unofficial So far, there have been many studies relating to labor, employment, income and living conditions of workers working in the unofficial sectors However, there has not been any satisfying and systematic study about factors affecting to income of these labourers Many issues need clarification Hanoi is one of the cities containing a large number of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors In 2010, the unofficial economic sectors in Hanoi provided a large number of jobs for this great labor force, and this labour force accounted for about 30% of the total labor force of the city In Hanoi, without accounting to agricultural activities, there are 300,000 unofficial producing households with 470,000 employees (Minh Bac, 2010) Migrant workers working in unofficial sectors in Hanoi are also in the same condition with low income, unstable job, no access to state supporting policies, no social sectors in the city Third, the dissertation analyses the current status of income of these hired migrant workers in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi; points out some advantages, limitations and causes of income constraints of these hired migrant workers in unofficial sectors in Hanoi Fourth, the dissertation proposes some views, directions and solutions to ensure legal incomes for hired migrant workers in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi Research subjects and scope 3.1 Research subjects The subject of this dissertation is the income of hired migrant workers in unofficial sectors in Hanoi 3 3.2 Research scope Chapter GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH METHOD Content: - Income of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in urban areas includes: i) wage; ii) bonus and other additional income for migrant workers; iii) allowance and supports from state and other social organizations 1.1 Labourers migrating to the city work in many areas This dissertation only deals with employees working in four following areas: i) Woring in construction and construction services; ii) Making handicrafts, repairing automobiles and motorcycles; iii) Serving in stores; iv) Being house helpers labourers, unofficial employment and job creation, migrant workers working in unofficial sectors; unofficial employment in urban areas, income of unofficial workers, roles and challenges for workers in unofficial sectors; Factors affecting the income of workers working in the unofficial sector General overview relating to the dissertation In this chapter, the dissertation reviews both domestic and foreign studies relating to dissertation topic in aspects such as the unofficial sectors, unofficial Factors affecting to income of migrant workers in unofficial sectors can Basing on this, the dissertation points out the gaps required more clear, be grouped into four main groups: i) factor group relating to labor supply and demand; ii) factor group relating to working conditions and manager-worker systematic, and more convincing scientific responses such as: What are some characteristics of migrant workers working in unofficial sectors? Who are relationship; iii) factor group relating to workers themselves; iv) factor group relating to government policy and support v) factor group relating to the relationship between the official and nonofficial sectors; labourers migrating to city to workin in unofficial sectors? What are some factors that affect to income of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors? Among those factors, which factors have effect in increasing income for workers, which factors reduce the income of workers? What are the factors affecting to income of migrant workers working in Hanoi today? What is impact level of these factors? What are achievements and limitations? What causes limit income of migrant workers working in unofficial sectors? How to improve the factors affecting to income of migrant workers working in unofficial sectors In terms of space, the research is conducted in four districts of Hanoi: Hai Ba Trung, Hoang Mai, Thanh Xuan and Ha Dong In terms of time, the research data is collected in the years 2010-2015; the proposed solutions are realized until 2020 and vision to 2030 Conclusion The dissertation includes the following parts: Introduction, conclusion, references, appendice and chapters Chapter 1: General overview and research method Chapter 2: Theoretical and practical issues concerning the income of hired migrant workers working in unofficial sectors in urban areas Chapter 3: Real situaions relating to the income of hired migrant workers working in unofficial sectors in Hanoi Chapter 4: Orientations and solutions to ensure the income for hired migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi city in Hanoi in the coming years? 1.2 Research method The thesis has clarified the research design, the analysis framework of the dissertation, approaches, secondary and primary data collection methods, assessment methods and data processing methods to achieve the target, and research content of the dissertation 5 Chapter THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES CONCERNING THE INCOME OF HIRED MIGRANT WORKERS WORKING IN UNOFFICIAL SECTORS IN URBAN AREAS unit to another, which characterizes as a habitat change according to certain spatial and temporal standards." Thus, it is understood that migrant workers are workers who have moved from their official residence area to work for the purpose of living in another locality 2.1 Some issues relating to unofficial sectors and hired migrant workers 2.1.2.2 Classification of migrant workers working in unofficial sectors The dissertation classifies migrant workers into migrant workers moving abroad and migrants moving to other places within the country For migrant workers moving to other places within the country, the thesis divided this group into two types: stable migration and unstable migration 2.1.1 Some issues relating to unofficial sectors 2.1.1.1 Concepts about unofficial sectors According to international conceptsion, unofficial sectors are all places established to business without having business registration Places for Unstable migrant workers are divided into three categories: i) migrant agricultural activities are not included in this area due to its particular features Accordingly, the unofficial sectors in Vietnam include: i) small business workers are freelances; ii) migrant workers are hired to work for contracted projects in the official sectors; iii) Hired migrant workers with or without households (no registration required by law); ii) Business households that are required to register business by law but they have evaded business registration; iii) Enterprises which have to register their business by law but evade business registration contract in unofficial sectors The thesis focuses on income of the third kind of labor which is also the object of this dissertation 2.1.1.2 Roles of unofficial sectors to the economy Firstly, unofficial sectors plays an important role in shifting employment from the agricultural sector to the service sector Secondly, the unofficial economic sector plays an enormous role in creating jobs for both urban and rural areas Thirdly, the unofficial economic sector meet promptly needs in many areas, both in terms of production and life, contributing to ensure conditions for normal socio-economic development 2.1.2.3 Features of hired migrant workers working in unofficial sectors in urban areas The thesis shows some characteristics of hired migrant workers in the unofficial sectors in urban areas: Firstly, the majority of migrant workers working as unofficial workers in the city has origin from rural areas, or they are children of farmers working in agriculture and rural areas Secondly, in terms of the general level of urban labor supply, migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors are less educated and have fewer opportunity to access to education Businesses and even not get a job in the formal sector Thirdly, migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in urban areas are very vulnerable 2.1.2 Hired migrant workers working in unofficial sectors in urban areas 2.2 Basic issues relating to income of hired migrant workers working in unofficial sectors in urban areas 2.1.2.1 Concepts of migrant workers 2.2.1 Income of hired migrant workers working in unofficial sectors in urban areas Synthesizing previous studies, the dissertation shows that migration is the demographic phenomenon affected by the aggregation of various factors In a broad sense, migration can be understood as any human movement in space In a narrow sense, "migration is the movement of people from one territorial 2.2.1.1 Jobs in unofficial sectors From the perception of migrant workers hired in the unofficial sectors as migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors in the economy, the thesis shows that employments in the unofficial sectors are jobs in organizations and individuals that not business register; therefore, the workers working there not have a labor contract, no payroll, no social insurance, health insurance and have difficulty in accessing to public and private health care services Firstly, the situation in which migrant workers from rural to urban areas working in the unofficial sectors is a long-term significant issue for developing countries in general, including Vietnam 2.2.1.2 Perceptions about income of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in the labor market The thesis indicates that income of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors is the amount of money they are paid by the employers after a certain period of time; It includes wages and other income received by migrant workers in order to feed themselves and their families 2.2.1.3 Components forming incomes of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors The thesis argues that the income of workers working in unofficial sectors consists of three basic components: i) wages; ii) Other incomes paid by employers; iii) other allowances from the state and society 2.2.2 Factors affecting to incomes of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors in urban areas The thesis shows the five factors affecting to income of migrant workers in the unofficial sectors in urban areas: i) Capacity of migrant workers; ii) Working conditions and employer-employee relationship; iii) supply-demand relationship on migrant laborers and labor market situation, iv) laws and policies of the Government and roles of social organizations; v) Relationship between unofficial sectors and the official sectors in the economy For each of the influencing factor, the thesis clarifies the implication of each factor and explains why it influences the worker's income 2.3 Experiences to ensure income for migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in urban areas of some countries and lessons for Hanoi to learn The dissertation presents some experience in ensuring income for migrant workers employed in unofficial sectors in a number of countries in Latin American Then basing on that, the dissertation draws some following lessons for Hanoi City Secondly, workers in the unofficial sectors are often at a low educational level, unskilled workers, most of whom not have labor contracts Most of these workers are women and young workers, which account for a higher proportion compared to workers in official sectors; As a result, they often face to many disadvantages when living and working in big cities and have not been under the management and support of local authorities Thirdly, wages and incomes of unofficial workers are generally lower than that of official ones; Most of the workers in this area are not bought social security, health insurance, unemployment insurance by their employers and are not supported by the government in life, which negatively affects to quality of life of migrant workers; Therefore, there is a need for health and education policies for children of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors Fourthly, the current employment and income in unofficial sectors are not governed by labor laws and state management Therefore, the problem of labor, employment in the unofficial sectors should be paid much attention Chapter REAL SITUAIONS RELATING TO THE INCOME OF HIRED MIGRANT WORKERS WORKING IN UNOFFICIAL SECTORS IN HANOI 3.1 Overview of the socio-economic situation in Hanoi affects to income of migrant workers working in unofficial sectors 3.1.1 Overview of the socio-economic situation in Hanoi The dissertation shows the socio-economic development trend in 20102015 period, the thesis shows that after expending the boundaries, the average economic index per capita such as gross domestic product, the total value of exports, industrial production value, agricultural production value, social investment capital, the number of pupils per thousand of new Hanoi's population have continuously increased; The economic structure identified under regions in the city has also changed dramatically The trend is that the share of agriculture, forestry and fishery sector decreased, the service sector increased, although the rate of decline and increase is not very fast 3.1.2 The situation of workers migrating from other localities to Hanoi capital 10 3.1.4.1 General overview The dissertation provided general information on working conditions, residence status, housing and sanitation, water and environment, education, health care for workers participating to social insurance, health insurance of unofficial workers The results show that, in general, the working conditions of With the collected secondary documents, the dissertation shows the changing trend of migrant workers from the localities into Hanoi capital in recent years Accordingly, the migration level of people migrating to Hanoi city for a long-term living from 2004 to 2014 tends to decrease, but the number of people working in unofficial sectors are not guaranteed; almost no labor contract; condition of temporary housing, tight, environmental sanitation is not guaranteed; social benefits, benefit sharing, and paid leave for employees are almost non-existent in this area The average monthly income of workers in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi is low temporary and short-term immigrants to Hanoi has increased Most of migrant workers are mainly from the Northern Midlands and Mountains, the Northern 3.1.4.2 Analysing labor market participation of migrant workers in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi city through survey results Delta and the Northern Central provinces; Southern provinces, Central Highlands, South East and Mekong Delta provinces which account for a small proportion To analyze the labor market participation of migrant workers in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi, the thesis investigated 240 workers in four occupations which are builders; craftsmen, handicrafts, car mechanic, motorbike; assistances in shops, stores and domestic helpers The criteria considered are i) educational background, ii) gender and age level; iii) working time in the year; iv) the toxic level of work environment; v) stability of work; and vi) status of labor contract in recent years Thesis argues that short-term and temporary migration increases the supply of workers working in the unofficial sectors, among which a noticable point is short-term and temporary employment in Hanoi 3.1.3 Unofficial sectors in Hanoi city According to the author of the dissertation, if agricultural activities in Hanoi are eliminated, there are 300,000 unofficial business households, mainly focused on services such as restaurants, hotels, small maintainance (accounting for more than 40%), followed by commerce (wholesale, retail) and a small part of industry and construction 3.2 Analysis of income status of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi 3.2.1 Income of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi according to established components The unofficial sectors are at the top of job creating in Hanoi According The results of the thesis show that the average income of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in the inner city tends to increase through each to the 2009 Labor Force Survey of 3,326,000 jobs in Hanoi, unofficial sectors jobs accounted for 61% During the 2007-2009 economic crisis, the number of year in the 2012-2014 period (increasing from 3,93 million per month to 4.3 million per month for the corresponding period) business households working in unofficial sectors has not decreased but tends to increase The survey also found that monthly remuneration accounted for the largest share of total income of this group 3.1.4 The situation of migrant workers working in unofficial sectors in the inner Hanoi city The average monthly allowance of migrant workers is almost negligible and much lower than the amount of money they receive from the privileges and Table 2: Average income of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi according to working fields in the survey sample Unit: Million dong/ month 0.08 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.17 0.04 0.14 0.02 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.06 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 4.30 4.80 4.70 5.00 5.20 11 3.20 3.20 3.70 3.10 3.30 3.60 Source: Survey result of the author in 2015 2014 4.49 Shop assistances benefits of the migrants for holidays, Tet, and other support from the employer See Table 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014 2.77 2.83 3.29 2.80 2.95 3.16 2013 4.01 2012 Salary 3.88 Other money sources paid by labour users 2.1 Average monthly bonus 0.10 2.2 Allowance for clothes/ month 0.02 2.3 Allowance for tet, holidays/ 0.14 month 2.4 Other money sources paid by 0.06 labour users Allowance, subsidies from the Government and social organizations/ 0.0 month 4.20 Total income/ month in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi in the research Helpers in families Producer handicraft, car and motorcycles mechanic, 2012 2013 2014 4.48 4.70 4.94 Workers in construction fields Table Average income of migrant workers employed Unit: million dong/month Avarage income/ month 2012 2013 2014 Total labourers 146 188 240 A Total income/ month 3.93 4.00 4.30 1.Average salary 3.62 3.68 3.97 Other allowance besides salary paid by 0,32 0,33 0,31 employers 2.1.Average monthly bonus 0.06 0.06 0.07 2.2 Allowance for clothers… / month 0.03 0.03 0.03 2.3 Allowance for tet holidays/ month 0.18 0.19 0.19 2.4 Other allowance from employers/ month 0.04 0.04 0.04 Allowance, subsidies from the Government, 0.00 0.00 0.00 and other social organizations/ year B Income structure 100,00 100,00 100,00 1.Average salary 92,11 92,00 92,32 Other allowance besides employers 7,89 8,00 7,68 Allowance, subsidies from the Government, 0,00 0,00 0,00 social organizations/ year Source: Results from survey of the researcher The survey results also show that according to the employment areas, income of the target group working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi is different Migrant workers working in the field of handicraft production, automobile and motorcycle repair have the highest average monthly income, work group related to family service and serving in Store shops have relatively and relatively low income The difference in income of the labor groups is mainly due to the difference in monthly remuneration received by the employer from the employer Table 12 13 3.2.2 Income of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi according to characteristics of surveyed migrant workers In order to clarify more clearly income situation of migrant workers in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi, the thesis analyzes incomes according to the characteristics of migrant workers such as: i) Income of migrant workers employed in sex; ii) Income of migrant workers employed in age group; iii) income of migrant workers employed in their educational level; iv) Income of migrant workers employed under vocational training; v) income of migrant workers employed in their working time; vi) Income of migrant workers employed in the toxic nature of their working environment; vii) income of migrant workers employed in degree of workplace change; and viii) Income of migrant workers employed in the status of labor contract 3.3 A general assessment of the current status of the income of migrant workers employed in unofficial sectors in Hanoi 3.3.1 Achieved results First, income helps workers deal better with the relationship between their savings and spending The thesis indicates that the average income of migrant workers in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi is increasing steadily over time in 2012-2014 period The increase in incomes has made it possible for these people to secure their spending in the context of rising inflation Secondly, income contributes to improving the life quality of migrant workers and their families Third, there is a contribution to the overall socio-economic development of Hanoi Capital 3.3.2 Some shortcomings relating to income of migrant workers employed in unofficial sectors in Hanoi Firstly, the wages of migrant workers employed in unofficial sectors in Hanoi are low Secondly, monthly income besides wages accounts for only a small share of the total income of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi Thirdly, migrant workers working in the unofficial sector are hardly paid social insurance, health insurance by their employers, and they receive very little 14 support from the government and social organizations 3.3.3 Reasons of shortcomings relating to income of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi 3.3.3.1 Reasons coming from shortages of capacity of migrant workers The survey results show that more than 50% of unofficial workers working in Hanoi have not graduated from lower secondary school and have not been trained, although their health status is relatively high Well, their work attitude is not professional, the skills of this group of people are mainly due to their accustom It is these things that affect the amount of income they receive each month 3.3.3.2 Reasons coming from working conditions and employer-employee relationships Firstly relating to working conditions: At present, the activities of business households in the Hanoi area are very temporary and difficult to access to public services; lack sites to produce, lack capital, poor access to load and investment rates are low The consequence of such temporary and poor operating conditions is that not only income and productivity of the hired workers in this sector are not high, but their working and income conditions are also low Secondly, relating to employer-employee relationship, due to the nature of the work, workers in these unofficial areas in Hanoi have to work under pressure of time and work intension; In addition, due to the relatively high supply of migrant labor in the market, employers are not pressed to keep the migrant labor This is the reason why employers only pay wages for their employees, while they not have to pay bonuses and other benefits for their employees This cause instability in the employment relationship between employers and workers become worse and the migrant workers often have to suffer from disadvantage The frequent fluctuations in the workplace, in the absence of a labor contract, no social insurance, and health insurance make the living and living conditions of migrant workers always in a difficult state 3.3.3.3 Reasons caused by fluctuations in the supply - demand relationship of migrant workers and the organization of interaction, supply-demand linkages in the labor market Thesis argues that, under the impact of the industrialization and 15 16 modernization process, the country's redundant labor force is increasing Some the spread of the official sector's method, management and bonus for workers of these workers can find jobs in the official sectors, and businesses, etc However, a large part of the workforce is simply unable to find a job in the in unofficial sectors is limited At present, almost unofficial business activities in Hanoi are spontaneous The relationship between the employees and official sectors This is the supply of migrant labor for the unofficial sectors in Hanoi Thus, in the labor market, unofficial labor supply is abundant; Employers find it easier to find a simple, alternative job when the unofficial workers who are working lay off That is the reason why low wages and no social benefits are not matter to care when keeping workers be loyal to their business employers is governed by a verbal, non-contractual, non-insurance, nonbinding, and mutually binding mechanism So when a dispute arises, much of the unfavor is on the part of the workers This does not bring benefit to the two sectors, which does not create cooperation between the two sectors and promote effective producing and business in the capital, while the unofficial sectors develop spontaneously The lack of stable employment leads to unofficial income, in general, of migrant workers employed in unofficial sectors low and unstable Since then, the author said that to increase the income of migrant workers to work in the unofficial sectors, it is necessary to stimulate labor demand In turn, the increase in labor demand is dependent on strong industry development to attract workers working in the unofficial sectors 3.3.3.4 Reasons coming from the legal framework; the State and social organizations who have not paid much attention to the migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors Analysizing this issue, the thesis draw some of the following remarks: Chapter ORIENTATIONS AND SOLUTIONS TO ENSURE THE INCOME FOR HIRED MIGRANT WORKERS WORKING IN THE UNOFFICIAL SECTORS IN HANOI CITY Firstly, the current state policies on employment support for unofficial workers working in urban areas are limited; Policies that provide basic social 4.1 Proposed guidelines and solutions to ensure income for migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi services such as education, health care, housing, cleaning water and environmental sanitation, social insurance, health insurance and social assistance for migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in the inner city are almost low 4.1.1 Socio-economic development plan of Hanoi Capital to 2020 Secondly, the regulating, assessing, supervising and handling of the local government for the application of the policy of the employers are not paid Communist Party of Vietnam in Hanoi and confirmed that the implementation of targets, tasks in developing fields, areas in the coming years will create new proper attention, and even are not concerned jobs, boost labor demand, provide job opportunities for general labourers in general and migrant workers particularly to work in the cities, to own a stable job with higher income for their life Thirdly, the concern of social organizations such as trade unions, youth unions, women's unions, media agencies to support job searching, protecting interests, propagate and disseminate laborers to understand their rights and obligations when entering the unofficial labor market in urban areas is limited 3.3.3.5 Lack of interaction between official and unofficial sectors has affected to the employment and income of workers in unofficial sectors The dissertation points out that although Hanoi is one of the major economic centers of the country, there are many enterprises and business lines, but the interaction between official and unofficial sectors is very limited Thus The thesis has clarified the objectives and socio-economic development tasks of Hanoi Capital to 2020 under the spirit of the 16th Congress of the 4.1.2 Forecasting the trend of migrant workers in Hanoi and setting issues for migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi with a vision to 2030 Regarding to the trend of migrant workers in Hanoi, the thesis shows that although the number of migrant workers in Hanoi in 2009-2014 period tends to decrease compared to that number in 2004-2009 period With the process of industrialization, modernization of Hanoi in the coming years, the development 17 18 of the unofficial sectors is still increasing significantly This will increase the 4.2.1.1 That workers migrating to unofficial sectors to work to ensure their demand for hired labor in the unofficial sectors income is indispensable in the process of industrialization, modernization and urbanization Regarding to the problems relating to migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi to 2030, the thesis proposes solutions from 10 difficulties of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in the inner city of Hanoi such as: difficulty in finding high-income jobs; unstable employment; In the process of industrialization and modernization of the economy, in general, land for agriculture is narrowed and land for industry and urban land are expanded As the result, farmers lack land for cultivation, which leads to a lack have not yet received state support policies; difficult to find a place to stay healthy and get appropriate income; lack of protection from the State on labor of jobs, and labor redundance is indispensable, leisure time increases Income of a large number of rural residents is not enough to meet their needs for their contracts, working conditions and assistance in case of difficulties; Working time is constraint but income is not appropriate to what they do; Difficulties in learning, raising the level of education for better income; Facilities and working family, education of their children, sickness healing, etc., so they have to leave their hometowns to the city to earn a living conditions not guarantee health for long-term working; The relationship between the employer and employee does not create good psychology to work This is true for all cities and also for Hanoi However, it should be noted that this trend has impacts on two faces: positive and negative 4.2.1.2 Ensuring income for migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors well; and it is difficult to reconcile with the local people in the workplace, the thesis synthesizes three sets of issues that are posed to migrant workers in the unofficial sectors: in Hanoi for the sustainable development of Hanoi Capital in the process of industrialization and modernization Firstly, working conditions to increase income and living conditions of workers themselves need to be improved expenditure and accumulation behavior of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors; to the development of migrant workers themselves working Secondly, the relationship between employer and employees need to be improved in the unofficial sectors as well as their families; At the same time, the income of this group also affects the overall socio-economic development of the city In the trend of rural-urban migration is still increasing today, a large force of rural laborers still rush into the city, which will be an opportunity for the city to develop its business lines and meet the needs of the socio-economic development of the capital Ensuring a stable income for this group of workers, helping them live better and better lives will create opportunities for the capital to have a plentiful workforce to meet diverse needs All these things will contribute positively to the socio-economic development of Hanoi Capital Thirdly, the State at all levels and social organizations need to pass policies and measures to take care of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors The thesis argued that solving the ten constraints belonging to three groups mentioned above would enable migrant workers to work in the cities to improve living conditions, income and living conditions of migrant workers At the same time, the contribution of these groups to the socio-economic development has been mobilized and the objectives and development tasks of the Hanoi Party Committee have been mobilized in general 4.2 Opinions and directions to improve income for migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi 4.2.1 The opinion to guarantee income for migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi In practice, income of migrant workers has a significant effect on the 4.2.1.3 Ensuring income for migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi is not only the responsibility of the employers, but also the involvement of different levels of government and union organizations In order to increase the income of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors, improving and harmoniziing the relationship between employers and workers play an important role in increasing income for 19 20 employed workers However, a rapid rise of large numbers of freelancers into inner city of Hanoi the city has caused complex problems for local authorities and residents There are many problems such as housing matters, security issues, medical care issues So the leadership and the state government from central to local city needs to have an appropriate, scientific look and behaviour to control the flow of rural-tourban migrants and not disturb the economy and society in both places Starting from the current situation, besides salary and some bonuses, holiday allowance, from employers, almost migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors are not subjects of state policies on poverty reduction and social protection from the state budget, resulting in the lack of social policy inequalities among migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors, the For Hanoi capital, authorities at all levels of the city need to understand the situation of labor migration to the city hired in each field, each district area, dissertation proposes, in the coming years, income structure should be reconstructed to improve legal incomes for migrant workers in unofficial sectors in each type of industry; To formulate mechanisms and policies for this labor object in order to expand positive effects and limit its negative impacts At the same time, there should be coordination between administrations at all levels in the Capital The city government should study policies to enable employees to participate in social insurance, health insurance, employment insurance, and poverty reduction and social protection policies, access to basic social services, with social organizations and professional associations in solving arising problems to ensure legal rights for migrant workers working in general, and access to information and integration into the workplace community besides getting wages workers working in unofficial sectors in the city in particular 4.2 Main measures to ensure income for migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi 4.2.2 Income suggestions to ensure income for migrant workers in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi 4.2.2.1 Ensuring legal income and creating favorable conditions for migrant workers working in unofficial sectors in Hanoi to receive worthy income of their work Through a survey of 400 workers, employers and government officials at all levels primarily about measures to improve incomes for migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi, the thesis proposed solutions in the following order: Firstly, providing migrant workers with stable job opportunities to choose a job that suits their abilities 4.3.1 Improve the capacity of migrant workers themselves Secondly, there is a need for management measures to ensure migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors have signed labor contracts suggests that there should be a change in the policy of vocational training for laborers The two main issues for implementing this solution are: Third, improve educational level of workers Fourthly, ensuring income for migrant workers working in the unofficial sector in the inner districts of Hanoi in particular as well as in Hanoi in general must pay attention to balance income between men and women, between young and old, between those who work in highly hazardous and those working in less hazardous environments in order to motivate employees to work under different conditions 4.2.2.2 Improve income structure for migrant workers in the unofficial sectors by increasing the proportion of bonuses and income from welfare and welfare funds in the total income of migrant workers hired in the unofficial sectors in the In order to improve the capacity of migrant workers themselves, the thesis i) Re-construct the vocational training models, which puts the interests of private enterprises as priority, directly meets the needs and interests of the business and the workers themselves rather than the facilities at vocational training as today In order to increase the effectiveness and quality of vocational trainings in the public sectors today, a mechanism that can be considered is the bidding and impliment training services under contract under the needs of employers Accordingly, private enterprises and private training institutions are currently competing with the public sectors in training activities for labor ii) Implement the principle of sharing training costs between learners, employers and the State Employees who want to improve their qualifications, 21 22 employers using high qualified laborers must pay training costs Besides, The Hanoi Government should include this connection in the legal improving training levels for laborers and enterprises will contribute to increasing the development level of social production forces; therefore, the State documents of the State, strategies, plans, plans and schemes for development of business and production of Hanoi must also have to support the training fund The source of the training costs paid to the training providers is also realized under the principle of competition among the training institutions Regardless of whether it is a public or private institution, as long as it meets the requirements for quality training 4.3.4 Enhance the role of the State in improving the law, mechanism and coordination between functional agencies From the actual study of the thesis, the author proposes some issues that need to be resolved as follows 4.3.2 Improving working conditions and employer relationships for migrant Firstly, relating to labor contracts: According to the study results of the workers employed in the unofficial sectors to increase wages and bonuses for workers thesis, in the unofficial sectors, most workers have no labor contract So the issue here is how to help employees in this area sign contract with their employers International experience shows that measures to allow workers in the In order to improve the capacity of unofficial businesses in Hanoi, it is necessary to focus on solving difficulties and overcoming the temporary situation of non-business establishments The idea is to create more job opportunities, increase incomes for migrant workers working in this area The key issues are capital policies, business sites, "friendly" and "open" training for the unofficial sectors 4.3.3 To create a mechanism for the supply and demand of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors to interact and meet each other in the labor market 4.3.3.1 Promote free or low-cost organizations to search and introduce jobs for migrant workers, help them access job information, improve job skills, etc through self-help groups, clubs, or cooperatives providing job services It is necessary to study, apply and expand models of job services development to improve capacity, to expand search jobs to reduce poverty in Hanoi 4.3.3.2 Promote industrialization, modernization, economic restructuring to stimulate demands for labor in the unofficial sectors The thesis proposes to direct industrial policies and sectoral development policies to meet the needs of workers and unofficial enterprises through connecting unofficial sectors with official sectors, it is necessary to turn unofficial sectors into satellites, and to contract with enterprises in official sectors in the area, including large private enterprises as well as capital enterprises, foreign investment in the Capital unofficial sectors to sign labor contracts with their employees are through a trade union organization in the form of collective bargaining However, in current reality, trade unions have no activity in the unofficial economic sectors Second, regarding to finalizing salary and income regulations At present, the minimum wage requirement is too low, which covers only 60% of the minimum living requirement of workers Therefore, the State should revise the remuneration policy In addition, the State should pass policies such as social insurance policy, health insurance policy, social protection policy, reduction policy poor to increase non-waged income for unofficial workers Third, reform administrative should be continued to help workers in the unofficial sectors easy access to development conditions Fourth, renovate labor statistics to know the number of unofficial sectors workers 4.3.5 Strengthen the role of social organizations to ensure the income of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors Firstly, it is necessary to have an organization with staffs to monitor unofficial sectors The dissertation proposes to establish an association of migrant workers; This is an unofficial organization which is voluntarily established by workers with different occupations in each worker's residence This organization must be protected by law and it aims to protect the interests and help the migrant workers get on well with the community 23 Second, expand functions and scope of activities for Vietnam Trade Union organization system in the unoffiicial sectors If Vietnamese trade union system is not ready to take over in some areas, the State should allow an unoffial social organization to be established This representative organization may be established by sector, or by region and protected by law Third, to strengthen coordination and promote the role of social and political organizations, social organizations and unofficial organizations to support workers in general and migrant workers in the unofficial sectors in particular to access to basic social services 4.3.6 Strengthen the interaction between the official sectors and the unoffcial sectors, especially private economic development sectors, in order to create stable job and income opportunities for migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors In order to help Vietnamese enterprises in general, and unofficial producing units in particular participate in the global value chain of FDI enterprises, the city needs to step up its sub-industry development plan to support for the parts supply, machinery, accessories, packaging products, materials for painting, dyeing, etc., and may also include intermediate products, preliminarily processed materials; Supply as well provide inspection services, packing inspection for basic industries In order to realize this, the city should have a preferential policy for FDI enterprises that have programs using materials and accessories produced by various types of enterprises in Vietnam On the part of Vietnamese enterprises in general, especially the private sectors, unofficial business organizations, it is necessary to increase investment, renovate technology and improve the level of organization and management, business and production support for unofficial workers to meet the requirements for product quality of FDI enterprises 24 CONCLUSION The income of migrant workers migrating to work in the unofficial sectors is now a socio-economic problem, because of the low income of the migrant, the structure of income is shown inequality with workers in official sectors Thus, improving the income level and improving the income structure of this population is an urgent matter Hanoi is one of the two major cities in Vietnam that have a large number of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors Thus, the study with the topic “Income of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi” has significant theoretical and practical significance The study results show that, in theory, the income of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors includes i) remuneration; ii) the employer's bonus and other allowance; and iii) support from the State and society The dissertation also studies factors affecting to income of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors From primary and secondary data collected through surveys, interview, the thesis shows the current reality that incomes of workers in unofficial sectors in Hanoi is still low; The income structure is not reasonable because monthly income besides wages accounts for only 9% of the total income of the employees; Migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors are hardly employed by the employers for social insurance, health insurance, unemployment insurance and receive no State support This is creating inequalities among workers working in the unofficial sectors and the official sectors in Hanoi The thesis analyzed the current status of incomes of migrant workers working in the official sectors in Hanoi and the factors influencing to income change of migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors The results of the analysis show that in the inner city of Hanoi, the issues that have the strongest impact on the income of migrant workers employed in the unofficial sectors are the level of training and labor contracts On that basis, the dissertation proposes a view system, orientations and solutions to ensure incomes for migrant workers working in the unofficial sectors in Hanoi, including: The solution involves in workers themselves employed in the unofficial sectors; The solution relating to working conditions; The solution relating to the labor market; The solutions relating to the relationship between roles of the State and mass organizations; The solution relating to the interaction between the official sectors and the unofficial sectors LISTS OF PUBLIC WORKS RELATING TO THIS DISSERTATION WRITTEN BY THE AUTHOR Nguyen Doan Hoan (2016) Những giải pháp chủ yếu nâng cao thu nhập người lao động di cư làm thuê khu vực phi thức địa bàn thành phố Hà Nội Journal of Economics and Development, 234, 12-2016 Pp.76-84 Nguyen Doan Hoan (2016) Thu nhập người lao động làm thuê khu vực phi thức địa bàn Hà Nội Proceedings of the National Workshop on "Ensuring social services in Vietnam in the international integration context" held in National Economics University; National Council -National Assembly; Department of Social Protection- Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs; Institute of Economics, HCM National Political Academy; Hanoi, 2016 pp.355-366 Nguyen Doan Hoan (2016) Đảm bảo cải thiện cấu thu nhập người lao động di cư làm thuê khu vực phi thức Hà Nội Journal of Economics and Development, 235 (2) 1/2017