Chapter 1 introduction to inductor

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐIỆN LỰC KHOA ĐIỀU KHIỂN TỰ & ĐỘNG ĐỘNG HĨA BÁO CÁO CHUN ĐỀ NGÀNH: CƠNG NGHỆ KTĐK&TĐH CHUYÊN NGÀNH: TĐH&ĐKTBĐCN HỌC PHẦN: Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Giảng viên hướng dẫn: TS.Nguyễn Ngọc Khốt Nhóm sinh viên : Nhóm 02 Trần Việt Hồng - 19810430215 Nguyễn Văn Hiệu - 199810430251 Nguyễn Minh Vương - 19810430277 Trần Tuấn Dũng - 19810430274 Lớp: D14TDH&DKTBCN HÀ NỘI, 3/2022 Table Of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to inductor Definition 1.1 Inductorcontructions 1.2 Types of inductor 1.3 Applications 1.4 Distinguish conductor and inductor Chapter 2: Electrical motors .9 1, a Separately Excited DC Motor 1.1, Definition of a Separately Excited DC Motor 1.2, Working Principle of a Separately Excited DC Motor 10 2, Equations of Voltage, Current, and Power for a Separately Excited DC Motor 11 3, Operating Characteristics of a Separately Excited DC Motor .12 3.1,Speed – Armature Current (N – Ia) Characteristics .12 3.2, Torque – Armature Current (Τ – Ia) Characteristics .12 4, Speed Control of a Separately Excited DC Motor 12 5, Speed-Torque Characteristic of a Separately Excited DC Motor 12 6, Applications of Separately Excited DC Motor 15 Chapter 3: PLC Siemens S7-300 .16 PLC 16 1.1 Definition .16 1.2 Features 16 1.3 Applications 17 1.4 Timing diagram 17 Differences between PLC and relays 18 Introduce PLC S7-300 of Siemens .19 3.1 Construction 19 3.2 Modules 20 3.3 Methods to make programs 21 3.4 Examples of using PLC S7-300 21 Chapter 4: SCADA 22 Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) .22 Applications of SCADA .23 SCADA systems 24 Systems using Scada 25 4.1 Water and Wastewater 25 4.2 Oil and Gas SCADA Efficiency Benefits .26 4.3 SCADA building HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) 28 Funtionalities of PLCs in a SCADA 29 Compare DCS and SCADA .30 List Figure Figure 1 Inductor Figure Inductor contructions Figure Type of inductor Y Figure separately excited DC motor .9 Figure 2 Working Principle of a Separately Excited DC Motor 11 Figure Separately Excited DC Motor Structure 13 Figure Speed vs Torque in a Separately Excited DC Motor .14 Figure Speed vs Torque with Variable Resistance .14 Figure Speed vs Torque with Variable Voltage 15 Figure Programmable logic controller .16 Figure PLC Timing Diagram 17 Figure 3 PLC & RELAY .19 Figure PLC S7-300 of Siemen 19 Figure CPU front face shape 20 Figure S7-300 Module overview 21 Figure A Basic SCADA Diagram .22 Figure Applications of SCADA 23 Figure SCADA system .24 Figure 4 Municipal water supply and sewage treatment .25 Figure Oil and Gas systems 26 Figure HAVC systerms .28 Figure Funtionalities of PLC in a SCADA 29 Figure Distributed control system 31 Figure Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition 31 Chapter 1: Introduction to inductor Definition An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil An inductor is characterized by its inductance, which is the ratio of the voltage to the rate of change of current In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of inductance is the henry (H) named for 19th century American scientist Joseph Henry When the current flowing through the coil changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (e.m.f.) (voltage) in the conductor, described by Faraday's law of induction According to Lenz's law, the induced voltage has a polarity (direction) which opposes the change in current that created it As a result, inductors oppose any changes in current through them Figure 1 Inductor 1.1 Inductor contructions An inductor usually consists of a coil of conducting material, typically insulated copper wire, wrapped around a core either of plastic (to create an aircore inductor) or of a ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic) material; the latter is called an "iron core" inductor The high permeability of the ferromagnetic core increases the magnetic field and confines it closely to the inductor, thereby increasing the inductance Low frequency inductors are constructed like transformers, with cores of electrical steel laminated to prevent eddy currents 'Soft' ferrites are widely used for cores above audio frequencies, since they not cause the large energy losses at high frequencies that ordinary iron alloys Inductors come in many shapes Some inductors have an adjustable core, which enables changing of the inductance Inductors used to block very high frequencies are sometimes made by stringing a ferrite bead on a wire Figure Inductor contructions Small inductors can be etched directly onto a printed circuit board by laying out the trace in a spiral pattern Some such planar inductors use a planar core Small value inductors can also be built on integrated circuits using the same processes that are used to make interconnects Aluminium interconnect is typically used, laid out in a spiral coil pattern However, the small dimensions limit the inductance, and it is far more common to use a circuit called a gyrator that uses a capacitor and active components to behave similarly to an inductor Regardless of the design, because of the low inductances and low power dissipation on-die inductors allow, they are currently only commercially used for high frequency RF circuits 1.2 Types of inductor Recommandé pour toi 51 Suite du document ci-dessous Life B1 Pre Intermediate W b trang 51 Marketing BỘ ĐỀ ĐỌC HIỂU - NLXH - Lecture notes 1BỘ ĐỀ ĐỌC HIỂU - NLXH - Lecture notes mẫu đề cương NCKH Aucun Unit4BỘ ĐỀ ĐỌC HIỂU - NLXH - Lecture notes mẫu đề cương NCKH 100% (2) Aucun Unit3BỘ ĐỀ ĐỌC HIỂU - NLXH - Lecture notes mẫu đề cương NCKH Aucun Figure Type of inductor Air-core inductor: An antenna tuning coil at an AM radio station It illustrates high power high Q construction: single layer winding with turns spaced apart to reduce proximity effect losses, made of silver-plated tubing to reduce skin effect losses, supported by narrow insulating strips to reduce dielectric losses The term air core coil describes an inductor that does not use a magnetic core made of a ferromagnetic material The term refers to coils wound on plastic, ceramic, or other nonmagnetic forms, as well as those that have only air inside the windings Air core coils have lower inductance than ferromagnetic core coils, but are often used at high frequencies because they are free from energy losses called core losses that occur in ferromagnetic cores, which increase with frequency A side effect that can occur in air core coils in which the winding is not rigidly supported on a form is 'microphony': mechanical vibration of the windings can cause variations in the inductance Ferrite-core inductor For higher frequencies, inductors are made with cores of ferrite Ferrite is a ceramic ferrimagnetic material that is nonconductive, so eddy currents cannot flow within it The formulation of ferrite is xxFe2O4 where xx represents various metals For inductor cores soft ferrites are used, which have low coercivity and thus low hysteresis losses Ferromagnetic-core inductor A variety of types of ferrite core inductors and transformers Ferromagnetic-core or iron-core inductors use a magnetic core made of a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such as iron or ferrite to increase the inductance A magnetic core can increase the inductance of a coil by a factor of several thousand, by increasing the magnetic field due to its higher magnetic permeability Variable inductor Probably the most common type of variable inductor today is one with a moveable ferrite magnetic core, which can be slid or screwed in or out of the coil Moving the core farther into the coil increases the permeability, increasing the magnetic field and the inductance Many inductors used in radio applications (usually less than 100 MHz) use adjustable cores in order to tune such inductors to their desired value, since manufacturing processes have certain tolerances (inaccuracy) Sometimes such cores for frequencies above 100 MHz are made from highly conductive nonmagnetic material such as aluminum They decrease the inductance because the magnetic field must bypass them 1.3 Applications Inductors are used extensively in analog circuits and signal processing Applications range from the use of large inductors in power supplies, which in conjunction with filter capacitors remove ripple which is a multiple of the mains frequency (or the switching frequency for switched-mode power supplies) from the direct current output, to the small inductance of the ferrite bead or torus installed around a cable to prevent radio frequency interference from being transmitted down the wire Inductors are used as the energy storage device in many switched-mode power supplies to produce DC current The inductor supplies energy to the circuit to keep current flowing during the "off" switching periods and enables topographies where the output voltage is higher than the input voltage A tuned circuit, consisting of an inductor connected to a capacitor, acts as a resonator for oscillating current Tuned circuits are widely used in radio frequency equipment such as radio transmitters and receivers, as narrow bandpass filters to select a single frequency from a composite signal, and in electronic oscillators to generate sinusoidal signals Two (or more) inductors in proximity that have coupled magnetic flux (mutual inductance) form a transformer, which is a fundamental component of every electric utility power grid The efficiency of a transformer may decrease as the frequency increases due to eddy currents in the core material and skin effect on the windings The size of the core can be decreased at higher frequencies For this reason, aircraft use 400 hertz alternating current rather than the usual 50 or 60 hertz, allowing a great saving in weight from the use of smaller transformers Transformers enable switched-mode power supplies that isolate the output from the input Inductors are also employed in electrical transmission systems, where they are used to limit switching currents and fault currents In this field, they are more commonly referred to as reactors Inductors have parasitic effects which cause them to depart from ideal behavior They create and suffer from electromagnetic interference (EMI) Their physical size prevents them from being integrated on semiconductor chips So the use of inductors is declining in modern electronic devices, particularly compact portable devices Real inductors are increasingly being replaced by active circuits such as the gyrator which can synthesize inductance using capacitors 1.4 Distinguish conductor and inductor A conductor is depicted as a material that licenses electrons to stream uninhibitedly and effectively, starting with one specific then onto the next in at least one than one bearing Such free progression of electrons permits the energy as warmth or electric charge to go through the concerned material without any problem An inductor, then again, is a material that doesn’t allow electrons to stream uninhibitedly Despite what is generally expected, it holds the electrons firmly inside the molecules of a material and thus deters the free progression of energy as warmth or electric flow to go through the material Parameters comparision Work Frequency Unit Formula Types of Current of Conductor It opposes changes in voltage The voltage in a Conductor doesn’t change immediately The unit of conductance is Farad Voltage slacks current by �/2 The conductor capacities as a short out for rotating current Inductor It oppses changes in current The current in an inductor dosesn’t change promptly The unit of inductance is Henry Current slacks voltage by �/2 Inductor capacities as a short out for direct current Table 1.1: Distingust Inductor and Conductor Differences between PLC and relays PLC Relay Basic Programmable Logic Control Relay is an electro-mechanical (PLC) is a solid-state switching hardware device computerized industrial (Hardware Switching Device) controller that performs software logic by using input & output modules, CPU, memory, and others Function PLC plays a monitoring as Relay plays only a controlling well as controlling role in role in the designing circuit designing circuits Monitoring is not so easy with a relay Working In the PLC, we can write the In the Relay, we cannot write program using different types the program of programming languages Function Design PLC consists of more Relay gives only one fault programming functions like detection function And it does timer, counter, memory, etc not have much-advanced functionalities You can easily modify the Modification of the electronic designing circuit circuit is more difficult as compared to PLC I/O PLC has more capabilities of The relay does not have more input and output modules capabilities Flexibility PLC provides more flexibility The relay than the relay flexibility Fault You can easily find the fault by It is very hard to find fault in using the software the Relay circuit Time PLC has a time response of Relays have less than 10 msec nearly 50 msec and above response time Memory It consists of memory to store It does not consist of memory the program provides less 18 Figure 3 PLC & RELAY Introduce PLC S7-300 of Siemens 3.1 Construction PLC Step S7-300 belongs to the Simatic family manufactured by Siemens This is a multi-block PLC The basic structure of this type of PLC is a basic unit (for processing only) then add expansion modules to the right side, there are standard expansion modules These external modules include functional units that can be combined to suit specific engineering tasks Figure PLC S7-300 of Siemen 19 Figure CPU front face shape 3.2 Modules The PLC S7-300 is modular in design These modules are used for many different applications The modular construction of PLCs is very convenient for the design of compact systems and easy for system expansion The number of modules used more or less depends on each application, but at least one module is always the CPU module The remaining modules are signal transmission and reception modules with external control objects, specialized function modules, etc They are collectively called expansion modules Expansion modules include: Power Module (PS) The module expands the input/output (SM) port, including: DI, DO, DI/DO, AI, AO, AI/AO The coupling module (IM) Separate control function module (FM) Communication Service Module (CP) 20 Figure S7-300 Module overview 3.3 Methods to make programs Start up and create a new project Declare PLC work station Hard configuring the station PLC programming – OB1 Run simulation program: PLC-SIM Graph the program to the PLC SIM Run simulation to see the results 3.4 Examples of using PLC S7-300 In fact, PLC S7-300 is used in a variety of applications, such as: Controlling industrial robots, clean water treatment lines, controlling servo motor systems or tool-making machines v.v 21 Chapter 4: SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a system of software and hardware elements that allows industrial organizations to: Control industrial processes locally or at remote locations Monitor, gather, and process real-time data Directly interact with devices such as sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and more through human-machine interface (HMI) software Record events into a log file SCADA systems are crucial for industrial organizations since they help to maintain efficiency, process data for smarter decisions, and communicate system issues to help mitigate downtime The basic SCADA architecture begins with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or remote terminal units (RTUs) PLCs and RTUs are microcomputers that communicate with an array of objects such as factory machines, HMIs, sensors, and end devices, and then route the information from those objects to computers with SCADA software The SCADA software processes, distributes, and displays the data, helping operators and other employees analyze the data and make important decisions For example, the SCADA system quickly notifies an operator that a batch of product is showing a high incidence of errors The operator pauses the operation and views the SCADA system data via an HMI to determine the cause of the issue The operator reviews the data and discovers that Machine was malfunctioning The SCADA system’s ability to notify the operator of an issue helps him to resolve it and prevent further loss of product Figure A Basic SCADA Diagram 22 Applications of SCADA SCADA systems are used by industrial organizations and companies in the public and private sectors to control and maintain efficiency, distribute data for smarter decisions, and communicate system issues to help mitigate downtime SCADA systems work well in many different types of enterprises because they can range from simple configurations to large, complex installations SCADA systems are the backbone of many modern industries, including: - Energy - Food and beverage - Manufacturing - Oil and gas - Power - Recycling - Transportation - Water and waste water - And many more Virtually anywhere you look in today's world, there is some type of SCADA system running behind the scenes: maintaining the refrigeration systems at the local supermarket, ensuring production and safety at a refinery, achieving quality standards at a waste water treatment plant, or even tracking your energy use at home, to give a few examples Effective SCADA systems can result in significant savings of time and money Numerous case studies have been published highlighting the benefits and savings of using a modern SCADA software solution such as Ignition Figure Applications of SCADA 23 SCADA systems The structure of a SCADA system has the following basic components : Figure SCADA system Central monitoring control station: is one or more central servers ( central host computer server ) Intermediate data acquisition station: Are blocks of remote I / O devices ( RTUs ) or programmable logic control units ( PLCs ) with communication functions contact with actuators (field level sensors, switch control boxes and actuator valves, etc.) Communication system: includes industrial communication networks, telecommunications equipment and multiplexing converters that transmit field-level data to control units and servers Human-machine interface HMI ( Human-Machine I nterface ) : Are devices that display data processing for the operator to control the system's operations 24 Systems using Scada 4.1 Water and Wastewater Figure 4 Municipal water supply and sewage treatment Water treatment plants and water usage facilities can their part by making sure their monitoring equipment is up-to-date and as accurate as possible While SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems are more commonplace in modern operations, an updated version exists and is proving to a more reliable and better solution: a cloud-based SCADA system A cloud-based SCADA system allows water management plants to not only monitor levels of specific chemicals and toxins but to have precise records accessible from anywhere No longer are digital read-outs only available at a fixed point on the SCADA unit Instead, any manager or operator who needs data can access it from their own satellite- or WIFI-enabled device In the contaminated water study, the EPA sought to mitigate the ramifications until stricter guidelines could be drawn up When it comes to healthy drinking water, Americans don’t want to waste time in the bureaucratic process of defining regulations Unfortunately, Congress mandates that before the EPA imposes new limitations on the nation’s water utilities, it has to prove that there is a meaningful opportunity to improve public health It is a long, arduous process that takes years; officials have not successfully regulated any new contaminant in two decades because the process is complicated and contentious Another benefit of a cloud-based SCADA system is that data collected in realtime from the contaminated areas can be studied, compared, and shared with 25 researchers in a faster, more efficient, digital manner By comparing the data points, researchers can have the most accurate knowledge from which to draw, and that hopefully can lead to quicker results and faster action Because of our industrial advancements, the environment is changing faster than we can understand However, because of our technological advancements, we can use the digital tools available, like a cloud-based SCADA solution, to monitor, record, and support research for improvements 4.2 Oil and Gas SCADA Efficiency Benefits Figure Oil and Gas systems One of the key benefits of SCADA is improving the efficiency of the process necessary for the gas and oil industry This process must be monitored closely to ensure performance When the supply chain is optimized, inefficiencies are minimized, waste is decreased and the proper maintenance of equipment is assured Oil and gas SCADA software provides operators with the ability to monitor pipelines and gas well production If there are any issues, automatic notifications and alerts are sent The improvement in performance enables the gas and oil industry to remain competitive by maximizing their resources and processes The oil and gas industry can be a liability for the environment and a safety hazard to the public Leaks and spills are expensive and damage the ecosystems drastically Environmental standards are critical for both distribution and production A SCADA monitoring system offers alarm notifications, speed and sophistication SCADA systems make finding a solution for any issue much faster Operators know when a malfunction has occurred thanks to mobile device notifications being integrated with their monitoring system Quicker deployment of solutions helps ensure the public remains safe and standards for protecting the environment are maintained 26 The Three Oil and Gas SCADA Applications RTUs are effective for monitoring downstream conditions at a refinery This encompasses a significant footprint Time is required due to the complex nature and size of the sites The temperatures in holding tanks can rise to dangerous levels When the maintenance workers are aware of the issue, first responders arrive earlier and more prepared Not only will this save valuable time, but lives can be saved as well SCADA systems are valuable for the oil and gas industry because downtime is prevented, management receives important information and risks are decreased SCADA monitors telecommunication networks and physical wellheads for upstream applications Any adverse conditions at communications towers or remote well pads are detected by RTUs If a pump is threatened by extreme heat or a loss of pressure, the regional or field office managers are notified prior to the pump breaking This decreases the financial impact by preventing downtime RTUs are also important for midstream applications This is especially true for pipelining The flow rate is monitored by the RTUs so managers can stop overpressure and eliminate the risk of a leak Information is available prior to the issue becoming any worse This prevents dangerous blowouts and spills SCADA equipment is an effective and durable investment that offers peace of mind, safety for valuable assets, and lasts for years The Main Benefits of SCADA SCADA provides numerous benefits to companies in the gas and oil sector at every operational level These benefits are detailed below Reducing Errors: Human error is eliminated through the automation support of SCADA This offers the precision necessary for improving efficiency and effectively decreasing expensive downtime risks Crisis response: SCADA is critical when there is machinery failure The system enables management to handle the issue immediately Not only does this minimize the impact of an environmental disaster, but it is also important for the safety of the workers Decision Making: SCADA gathers important data This makes certain the data can be carefully studied by the company, the execution of strategic responses is instant and trends can be correctly anticipated Supervision from a Distance: Machinery can be controlled and supervised from a distance due to SCADA This includes remote geographic areas where not enough manpower is available Communication between the remote equipment and the control center is then possible Automation: Routine tasks are automated by SCADA These tasks were taken care of by employees in the past The result is increased productivity because the project can be completed more reliably and much faster 27 4.3 SCADA building HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) SCADA building HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems are the most energy efficient and use optimal levels on the control and monitoring of the HVAC system BMA provides control and monitoring solutions for HVAC systems Helps reduce energy use in the building through criteria after EUI (Energy Use Intensity) and SPF (System Performance Factor) After consulting and surveying the building system The use plan for the system and necessary control devices will be installed to ensure controllability and energy saving Controlled on the basis of device distribution of connection points The system will be controlled and monitored through WebAccess/BEMS software This is an Advantech software specifically designed for energy management and control systems To build solutions and demonstrate utility BMA has built a DEMO system to use for the building's HVAC system Based on Webaccess software and DDC controller Figure HAVC systerms 28 Funtionalities of PLCs in a SCADA Figure Funtionalities of PLC in a SCADA A PLC is an essential piece of hardware It performs many functions, such as monitoring inputs and outputs A PLC also collects various vital system data, and processing numerous other data points If SCADA is akin to a brain, then a PLC is the wiring that enables its intelligence When programmed properly, a PLC can efficiently control extremely complex functions in an industrial control system “The programmable logic controller receives information from connected input devices and sensors, processes the received data, and triggers required outputs as per its pre-programmed parameters,” as explained by Motion Control Online “A PLC can easily monitor and record runtime data… This means that PLCs are robust and flexible manufacturing process control solutions that are adaptable to most applications.” A PLC and SCADA system are both necessary for a control system to operate As the core intelligence platform of an industrial system, SCADA relies on the data performance duties of PLCs to function PLCs transmit data and forth to SCADA software The SCADA software then determines what control and monitoring functions are needed in real-time It then sends back that information via the PLC There are numerous PLC brands on the market But not all are created equal Some clients use them because of their legacy placement within dated systems; others offer more functionality and features 29 It’s vital is that a control system design takes into account the kind of performance that will be needed from a PLC to make the system work And, of course, perhaps most important of all: The SCADA software must be compatible with the PLC that will be installed Then you will ensure an efficient operation, saving clients time and money Compare DCS and SCADA DCS SCADA It used in factories and located within a It used by private companies and PSU more limited area which covers large geographical areas A significant amount of closed loop Closed loop control is not a high priority control is present on the system in it It is process oriented and control of the It is data gathering oriented where process as its main task control center and operator are its focus More controllers used to implement Many RTU and PLC for collection of advance process control technique data This can not carry out advance process control Its always connected to its data source It needs to maintain database of last So, it doesn’t need to maintain a known good values for prompt operator display database of current values Redudancy is usually handled by parallel Redundancy is usually handled in a equipment distributed manner 30 Figure Distributed control system Figure Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition 31 THE END During the time of making thematic report, I have received a lot of help, suggestions and enthusiastic guidance from teachers and friends I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr Nguyen Ngoc Khoat, a lecturer who wholeheartedly guided and guided me during the course of the thesis With my lack of experience and knowledge, my thematic report is still incomplete, I hope to use the sincere guidance of the teachers Finally, I would like to sincerely thank my teachers and friends for always creating conditions, caring and helping me throughout the study process and completing the report !